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    NGA Groundwater

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    Waleed Ejaz
    TDEM soundings are made by laying out a loop of wire 20 to 200 feet on a side and pulsing it with a controlled current. FDEM techniques are often used in a profiling mode to search for lateral changes in soil conditions. Seismic refraction, seismic reflection, and DC resistivity are also commonly applied.

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    NGA Groundwater

    Uploaded by

    Waleed Ejaz
    86 views2 pages
    TDEM soundings are made by laying out a loop of wire 20 to 200 feet on a side and pulsing it with a controlled current. FDEM techniques are often used in a profiling mode to search for lateral changes in soil conditions. Seismic refraction, seismic reflection, and DC resistivity are also commonly applied.

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    TDEM soundings are made by laying out a loop of wire 20 to 200 feet on a side and pulsing it with a controlled current. FDEM techniques are often used in a profiling mode to search for lateral changes in soil conditions. Seismic refraction, seismic reflection, and DC resistivity are also commonly applied.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    86 views2 pages

    NGA Groundwater

    Uploaded by

    Waleed Ejaz
    TDEM soundings are made by laying out a loop of wire 20 to 200 feet on a side and pulsing it with a controlled current. FDEM techniques are often used in a profiling mode to search for lateral changes in soil conditions. Seismic refraction, seismic reflection, and DC resistivity are also commonly applied.

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    Geophysical Services Groundwater

    Environmental • Groundwater • Geotechnical

    Geophysical Services for The instruments are carried by one or two persons and
    can cover a large area relatively quickly. However,
    FDEM profiles provide only limited depth information.
    GROUNDWATER
    EXPLORATION Time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) methods in
    groundwater exploration are useful as sounding
    techniques, as opposed to profiling techniques.
    Geophysical methods can be very effective in the
    Sounding techniques measure the depth to an interface,
    search for groundwater resources. The appropriate or interfaces. They can be used to measure the thickness
    geophysical program should be designed to meet of a gravel unit, depth and thickness of a clay aquitard,
    the geological objective and the expected or depth to bedrock.
    stratigraphic section. When combined with other
    available geologic and borehole information In the most common groundwater exploration
    geophysical data can refine the conceptual model configuration, TDEM soundings are made by laying
    of the subsurface geology and provide additional out a loop of wire 20 to 200 feet on a side and pulsing
    detail to the geologic interpretation. it with a controlled current. Measurements are made,
    usually in the center of the loop, with an antenna coil
    Several geophysical techniques are commonly applied about three feet across. All the equipment is easily
    in the search for ground water. These include portable; six to sixteen soundings can be made in a
    electromagnetic methods, both frequency-domain and day, depending on field conditions.
    time-domain, seismic refraction, seismic reflection, (Continued Next Page)
    and DC resistivity.

    ELECTROMAGNETIC
    METHODS:

    Electromagnetic methods induce small


    electrical currents in the ground. These
    currents flow more readily in conductive
    earth materials than in resistive strata.
    Sand or gravel aquifers tend to be much
    more resistive than silts and clays. By
    studying the behavior of the electrical
    currents in the ground we can deduce the
    location of resistive strata (aquifers).

    Frequency-domain electromagnetic
    (FDEM) techniques are often used in a FIGURE 1: TDEM RESISTIVITY CONTOUR MAP
    The resistivity contour plot shown above is from a time-domain
    profiling mode to search for lateral electromagnetic (TDEM) survey over alluvial deposits in the Willamette Valley.
    changes in soil conditions (e.g., mapping It shows the interpreted resistivity of a sand and gravel unit 20-30 meters in
    the geometry of a gravel paleo-channel). thickness. The higher resistivity gravels are expected to have a lower
    percentage of silt and clay, and hence a higher hydraulic transmissivity.

    Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.


    P.O. Box 1063, Corvallis, OR 97339-1063
    (541) 757-7231 Fax: (541) 757-7331
    www.nga.com info@nga.com
    © 2000 Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.
    Groundwater Page 2

    SEISMIC REFRACTION ELECTRICAL (DC) RESISTIVITY:


    and REFLECTION:
    DC resistivity is one of the oldest and most well known
    Seismic techniques use a small explosive or mechanical geophysical methods used in groundwater exploration.
    energy source to impart a seismic pulse to the ground. This technique measures the electrical resistivity of the
    The seismic waves travel through the soils to the ground, as do the EM techniques. Two-dimensional
    bedrock or other competent layers below. There, the (2D) geology can be readily modeled with electrical
    seismic waves are both reflected back to the surface resistivity data. However, DC resistivity generally has
    and refracted along the bedrock surface for some lower resolution than the TDEM technique, both
    distance before they return to the earth’s surface. vertically and horizontally.

    Seismic Refraction is commonly used for engineering DC resistivity involves deploying long lengths of wire
    and groundwater applications. The most common on the ground and injecting a DC current into the earth
    objective is to map the bedrock surface (i.e., determine through a widely spaced pair of electrodes. The distance
    the depth to bedrock, and variations in depth, along between current electrodes must be three or more times
    the survey line). the intended depth of exploration. DC resistivity can
    be an effective shallow sounding method. In general,
    Seismic Reflection can provide higher resolution of electrical techniques are not well suited to developed
    overburden stratigraphy and the bedrock surface, but areas due to interference from utilities, fences and
    at substantially higher cost. The reflection technique structures.
    involves acquiring more field data, and processing data
    more intensively than seismic refraction. In some OTHER TECHNIQUES:
    applications higher resolution may justify the higher
    survey costs, depending on the expected geologic There are other geophysical techniques which can be
    conditions and the objectives of the exploration used for groundwater exploration. These include
    program. gravity, magnetics, controlled source audio
    magneto-telluric (CSAMT), and “VLF”
    150 150
    EAST
    techniques. NGA is familiar with these techniques
    WEST
    Geophone
    Shotpoint
    and has employed them on numerous projects. NGA
    Positions Ground Surface
    will recommend the most cost effective geophysical
    5 7
    140 1
    4 6
    140 methods to meet the geological objective in the
    search for groundwater resources.
    Elevation (feet)

    Poorly Consolidated Soils


    2260 ft/sec
    130 130
    Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.
    (NGA) provides geophysical services for
    groundwater exploration and development
    Basaltic Bedrock including program design, field services, and
    12,770 ft/sec 120
    120
    interpretation.
    Vertical Exaggeration: 6x

    0 50 100 150 200 250


    Horizontal Distance (feet) FILE: Groundwater_Info02.p65
    REVISION: 8-FEB-2002
    FIGURE 2: SEISMIC REFRACTION PROFILE
    © 2000 Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.

    Northwest Geophysical Associates, Inc.


    Geophysical Services
    Environmental • Groundwater • Geotechnical

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