Triangle: (Classifying Triangles)

University of Zakho
College of Faculty of science

Dept. Mathematic
Third year
Sub: Geometry
((Triangle (classifying triangles)))
Prepared by: supervised:

Siyabend Abbas Mrs.Kavi
1
Introduction
A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of
the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is
denoted ∆ ∆ ABC .
In Euclidean geometry, any three points, when non-collinear,

determine a unique triangle and simultaneously, a unique plane (i.e. a
two-dimensional Euclidean space). In other words, there is only one
plane that contains that triangle, and every triangle is contained in
some plane. If the entire geometry is only the Euclidean plane, there is
only one plane and all triangles are contained in it; however, in
higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces, this is no longer true. This
article is about triangles in Euclidean geometry, and in particular, the
Euclidean plane, except where otherwise noted.
Definitions
Congruent - same shape, same size; equal
Right Triangle – a triangle with 1 right angle (and 2 acute angles)
Acute Triangle – a triangle with 3 acute angles
2
Obtuse Triangle – a triangle with 1 obtuse angle (and 2 acute angles)
Equilateral Triangle – a triangle with 3 equal sides
Scalene Triangle – a triangle with no equal sides
Isosceles Triangle – a triangle with exactly 2 equal sides
3
Classifying Triangles by Sides
We can classify triangles according to the measure of their sides. In

the figures below, sides are marked to show which are congruent. In
a scalene triangle all three sides have different measures, therefore
a scalene triangle does not have any congruent sides. An isosceles
triangle has two sides that have the exact same measure. And a
triangle where all three sides have the same measure is called
an equilateral triangle. And every equilateral triangle is also an
isosceles triangle, since it has two sides that are congruent.
4
Classifying Triangles by Angles
Triangles can also be classified by their angles. In an acute

triangle all three angles are acute (less than 90 degrees). A right
triangle contains one right angle and two acute angles. And
an obtuse triangle contains one obtuse angle (greater than 90
degrees) and two acute angles. And an isosceles triangle has two
congruent angles. Additionally, an equilateral triangle not only has
three congruent sides, but also three congruent angles all measuring
60 degrees. Likewise, an equilateral triangle is also an acute
triangle.
5
In addition, we can find angle measures for both the interior and
exterior angles with the Triangle Sum Theorem and the Exterior
Angle Theorem.
The Triangle Sum Theorem, also referred to as the Angle Sum

Theorem, says that the sum of the measures of the three interior
angles in a triangle is always 180°.
The Exterior Angle Theorem tells us that the measure of an

exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of
the two nonadjacent angles (sometimes called remote interior
angles).
6
Similarity and congruence
Two triangles are said to be similar, if every angle of one triangle has
the same measure as the corresponding angle in the other triangle. The
corresponding sides of similar triangles have lengths that are in the
same proportion, and this property is also sufficient to establish
similarity.
Some basic theorems about similar triangles are:
 If and only if one pair of internal angles of two triangles have the
same measure as each other, and another pair also have the same
measure as each other, the triangles are similar.
 If and only if one pair of corresponding sides of two triangles are
in the same proportion as are another pair of corresponding sides,
and their included angles have the same measure, then the triangles
are similar. (The included angle for any two sides of a polygon is
the internal angle between those two sides.)
 If and only if three pairs of corresponding sides of two triangles are
all in the same proportion, then the triangles are similar.
7
Two triangles that are congruent have exactly the same size and
shape: all pairs of corresponding interior angles are equal in measure,
and all pairs of corresponding sides have the same length. (This is a
total of six equalities, but three are often sufficient to prove
congruence.)
Some individually necessary and sufficient conditions for a pair of

triangles to be congruent are:
 SAS Postulate: Two sides in a triangle have the same length as two
sides in the other triangle, and the included angles have the same
measure.
 ASA: Two interior angles and the included side in a triangle have
the same measure and length, respectively, as those in the other
triangle. (The included side for a pair of angles is the side that is
common to them.)
8
 SSS: Each side of a triangle has the same length as a corresponding
side of the other triangle.
 AAS: Two angles and a corresponding (non-included) side in a

triangle have the same measure and length, respectively, as those
in the other triangle. (This is sometimes referred to as AAcorrS and
then includes ASA above.)
Some individually sufficient conditions are:
 Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem: The hypotenuse and a leg in a

right triangle have the same length as those in another right
triangle. This is also called RHS (right-angle, hypotenuse, side).
9
 Hypotenuse-Angle Theorem: The hypotenuse and an acute angle in
one right triangle have the same length and measure, respectively,
as those in the other right triangle. This is just a particular case of
the AAS theorem.
An important condition is:
 Side-Side-Angle (or Angle-Side-Side) condition: If two sides and a

corresponding non-included angle of a triangle have the same
length and measure, respectively, as those in another triangle, then
this is not sufficient to prove congruence; but if the angle given is
opposite to the longer side of the two sides, then the triangles are
congruent. The Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem is a particular case of
this criterion. The Side-Side-Angle condition does not by itself
guarantee that the triangles are congruent because one triangle
could be obtuse-angled and the other acute-angled.
10
EX:
If m<A=40 and m<B=80, find m<C
Sol:
m<A + m<B + m<C = 180
40 + 80 + C = 180
120 + m<C = 180
m<C=180 – 120
m<C=60
EX: if m<C=20, find m<B
m<A = 90
m<A + m<B + m<C = 180
90 + m<B + 20 = 180
m<B = 180 – 110
m<B = 70
11
using the ASA Postulate to prove congruence between two triangles.
12
use the AAS Postulate to prove the claim
Conclusion
13
Triangle conclusion means nothing but gathering full information
about standard triangles. Triangles are three-sided shapes that lie on
one plane. Triangle is one of the types of polygon. The sum of all the
angles in any type of triangle is 180º. Triangles are classified
according to the size of its angles. They are obtuse triangles, acute
triangles and right triangles. From the triangle conclusion we
classified based on lengths of the sides of triangles. The types of
triangles are scalene triangles, equilateral triangles and isosceles
triangles.
References
14
1- Weisstein, Eric W. "Triangle". MathWorld.
2- Zeidler, Eberhard (2004). Oxford Users' Guide to
Mathematics. Oxford University Press. p. 729. ISBN 978-
0-19-850763-5.
3- Weisstein, Eric W. "Law of Tangents". Wolfram
MathWorld. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
4- Benyi, Arpad, "A Heron-type formula for the
triangle," Mathematical Gazette" 87, July 2003, 324–326.
5- Johnson, Roger A., Advanced Euclidean Geometry,
Dover Publ. Co., 2007
15

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University of Zakho

College of Faculty of science

Prepared by: supervised:

In Euclidean geometry, any three points, when non-collinear,

Right Triangle – a triangle with 1 right angle (and 2 acute angles)

Acute Triangle – a triangle with 3 acute angles

Equilateral Triangle – a triangle with 3 equal sides

Scalene Triangle – a triangle with no equal sides

Isosceles Triangle – a triangle with exactly 2 equal sides

We can classify triangles according to the measure of their sides. In

Triangles can also be classified by their angles. In an acute

The Triangle Sum Theorem, also referred to as the Angle Sum

The Exterior Angle Theorem tells us that the measure of an

Some basic theorems about similar triangles are:

Some individually necessary and sufficient conditions for a pair of

 AAS: Two angles and a corresponding (non-included) side in a

Some individually sufficient conditions are:

 Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem: The hypotenuse and a leg in a

An important condition is:

 Side-Side-Angle (or Angle-Side-Side) condition: If two sides and a

If m<A=40 and m<B=80, find m<C

m<A + m<B + m<C = 180

120 + m<C = 180

EX: if m<C=20, find m<B

m<A + m<B + m<C = 180

m<B = 180 – 110

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