By relative lengths of sides

Triangles can be classified according to the relative lengths of their sides:

In an equilateral triangle, all sides have the same length. An equilateral triangle
is also a regular polygon with all angles measuring 60.[1]
In an isosceles triangle, two sides are equal in length.[2] An isosceles triangle
also has two angles of the same measure; namely, the angles opposite to the two
sides of the same length. Some definitions state that isosceles triangles may have
only two equal sides, whereas some state that an isosceles triangle is one with at
least two equal sides.[3] The latter definition would make all equilateral triangles
isosceles triangles.
In a scalene triangle, all sides and angles are different from one another.[4]

Equilateral

Isosceles

Scalene

[edit] By internal angles

Triangles can also be classified according to their internal angles, measured here in
degrees.

A right triangle (or right-angled triangle, formerly called a rectangled

triangle) has one of its interior angles measuring 90 (a right angle). The side
opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right
triangle. The other two sides are the legs or catheti[5] (singular: cathetus) of the
triangle. Right triangles obey the Pythagorean theorem: the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the two legs is equal to the square of the length of the
hypotenuse: a2 + b2 = c2, where a and b are the lengths of the legs and c is the
length of the hypotenuse. Special right triangles are right triangles with
additional properties that make calculations involving them easier.

Triangles that do not have an angle that measures 90 are called oblique
triangles.

A triangle that has all interior angles measuring less than 90 is an acute
triangle or acute-angled triangle.

A triangle that has one angle that measures more than 90 is an obtuse triangle
or obtuse-angled triangle.

A triangle that has two angles with the same measure also has two sides with the same
length, and therefore it is an isosceles triangle. It follows that in a triangle where all
angles have the same measure, all three sides have the same length, and therefore such
triangle is equilateral.

Right

Obtuse

Acute
Oblique

[edit] Basic facts

Triangles are assumed to be two-dimensional plane figures, unless the context provides
otherwise (see Non-planar triangles, below). In rigorous treatments, a triangle is
therefore called a 2-simplex (see also Polytope). Elementary facts about triangles were
presented by Euclid in books 14 of his Elements, around 300 BC.

A triangle, showing exterior angle d

The measures of the interior angles of a triangle in Euclidean space always add up to
180 degrees. This allows determination of the measure of the third angle of any triangle
as soon as the measure of two angles are known. An exterior angle of a triangle is an
angle that is a linear pair (and hence supplementary) to an interior angle. The measure
of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two interior
angles that are not adjacent to it; this is the exterior angle theorem. The sum of the
measures of the three exterior angles (one for each vertex) of any triangle is 360
degrees.[6]
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle always exceeds the length of the
third side, a principle known as the triangle inequality. Since the vertices of a triangle
are assumed to be non-collinear, it is not possible for the sum of the length of two sides
be equal to the length of the third side.

Two triangles are said to be similar if every angle of one triangle has the same measure
as the corresponding angle in the other triangle. The corresponding sides of similar
triangles have lengths that are in the same proportion, and this property is also sufficient
to establish similarity.
A few basic theorems about similar triangles:

If two corresponding internal angles of two triangles have the same measure, the
triangles are similar.
If two corresponding sides of two triangles are in proportion, and their included
angles have the same measure, then the triangles are similar. (The included
angle for any two sides of a polygon is the internal angle between those two
sides.)
If three corresponding sides of two triangles are in proportion, then the triangles
are similar.[7]

Two triangles that are congruent have exactly the same size and shape:[8] all pairs of
corresponding interior angles are equal in measure, and all pairs of corresponding sides
have the same length. (This is a total of six equalities, but three are often sufficient to
prove congruence.)
Some sufficient conditions for a pair of triangles to be congruent are:

SAS Postulate: Two sides in a triangle have the same length as two sides in the
other triangle, and the included angles have the same measure.
ASA: Two interior angles and the included side in a triangle have the same
measure and length, respectively, as those in the other triangle. (The included
side for a pair of angles is the side that is common to them.)
SSS: Each side of a triangle has the same length as a corresponding side of the
other triangle.
AAS: Two angles and a corresponding (non-included) side in a triangle have the
same measure and length, respectively, as those in the other triangle.
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem: The hypotenuse and a leg in a right triangle
have the same length as those in another right triangle.
Hypotenuse-Angle Theorem: The hypotenuse and an acute angle in one right
triangle have the same length and measure, respectively, as those in the other
right triangle. This is just a particular case of the AAS theorem.

An important case:

Side-Side-Angle (or Angle-Side-Side) condition: If two sides and a

corresponding non-included angle of a triangle have the same length and
measure, respectively, as those in another triangle, then this is not sufficient to
prove congruence; but if the angle given is opposite to the longer side of the two
sides, then the triangles are congruent. The Hypothenuse-Leg Theorem is a
particular case of this criterion. The Side-Side-Angle condition does not by itself
guarantee that the triangles are congruent because one triangle could be obtuseangled and the other acute-angled.

Using right triangles and the concept of similarity, the trigonometric functions sine and
cosine can be defined. These are functions of an angle which are investigated in
trigonometry.

The Pythagorean theorem

A central theorem is the Pythagorean theorem, which states in any right triangle, the
square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of
the two other sides. If the hypotenuse has length c, and the legs have lengths a and b,
then the theorem states that

The converse is true: if the lengths of the sides of a triangle satisfy the above equation,
then the triangle has a right angle opposite side c.
Some other facts about right triangles:

The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.

If the legs of a right triangle have the same length, then the angles opposite those
legs have the same measure. Since these angles are complementary, it follows
that each measures 45 degrees. By the Pythagorean theorem, the length of the
hypotenuse is the length of a leg times 2.
In a right triangle with acute angles measuring 30 and 60 degrees, the
hypotenuse is twice the length of the shorter side, and the longer side is equal to
the length of the shorter side times 3 :

For all triangles, angles and sides are related by the law of cosines and law of sines (also
called the cosine rule and sine rule).

[edit] Points, lines and circles associated with a triangle

There are hundreds of different constructions that find a special point associated with
(and often inside) a triangle, satisfying some unique property: see the references section
for a catalogue of them. Often they are constructed by finding three lines associated in a
symmetrical way with the three sides (or vertices) and then proving that the three lines

meet in a single point: an important tool for proving the existence of these is Ceva's
theorem, which gives a criterion for determining when three such lines are concurrent.
Similarly, lines associated with a triangle are often constructed by proving that three
symmetrically constructed points are collinear: here Menelaus' theorem gives a useful
general criterion. In this section just a few of the most commonly-encountered
constructions are explained.

The circumcenter is the center of a circle passing through the three vertices of the
triangle.
A perpendicular bisector of a triangle is a straight line passing through the midpoint of a
side and being perpendicular to it, i.e. forming a right angle with it. The three
perpendicular bisectors meet in a single point, the triangle's circumcenter; this point is
the center of the circumcircle, the circle passing through all three vertices. The diameter
of this circle can be found from the law of sines stated above.
Thales' theorem implies that if the circumcenter is located on one side of the triangle,
then the opposite angle is a right one. More is true: if the circumcenter is located inside
the triangle, then the triangle is acute; if the circumcenter is located outside the triangle,
then the triangle is obtuse.

The intersection of the altitudes is the orthocenter.

An altitude of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex and perpendicular to (i.e.
forming a right angle with) the opposite side. This opposite side is called the base of the
altitude, and the point where the altitude intersects the base (or its extension) is called
the foot of the altitude. The length of the altitude is the distance between the base and
the vertex. The three altitudes intersect in a single point, called the orthocenter of the
triangle. The orthocenter lies inside the triangle if and only if the triangle is acute. The
three vertices together with the orthocenter are said to form an orthocentric system.

The intersection of the angle bisectors finds the center of the incircle.
An angle bisector of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex which cuts the
corresponding angle in half. The three angle bisectors intersect in a single point, the
incenter, the center of the triangle's incircle. The incircle is the circle which lies inside
the triangle and touches all three sides. There are three other important circles, the
excircles; they lie outside the triangle and touch one side as well as the extensions of the
other two. The centers of the in- and excircles form an orthocentric system.

The intersection of the medians is the centroid.

A median of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex and the midpoint of the
opposite side, and divides the triangle into two equal areas. The three medians intersect
in a single point, the triangle's centroid. The centroid of a stiff triangular object (cut out
of a thin sheet of uniform density) is also its center of gravity: the object can be
balanced on its centroid. The centroid cuts every median in the ratio 2:1, i.e. the
distance between a vertex and the centroid is twice the distance between the centroid
and the midpoint of the opposite side.

Nine-point circle demonstrates a symmetry where six points lie on the edge of the
triangle.

The midpoints of the three sides and the feet of the three altitudes all lie on a single
circle, the triangle's nine-point circle. The remaining three points for which it is named
are the midpoints of the portion of altitude between the vertices and the orthocenter. The
radius of the nine-point circle is half that of the circumcircle. It touches the incircle (at
the Feuerbach point) and the three excircles.

Euler's line is a straight line through the centroid (orange), orthocenter (blue),
circumcenter (green) and center of the nine-point circle (red).
The centroid (yellow), orthocenter (blue), circumcenter (green) and barycenter of the
nine-point circle (red point) all lie on a single line, known as Euler's line (red line). The
center of the nine-point circle lies at the midpoint between the orthocenter and the
circumcenter, and the distance between the centroid and the circumcenter is half that
between the centroid and the orthocenter.
The center of the incircle is not in general located on Euler's line.
If one reflects a median at the angle bisector that passes through the same vertex, one
obtains a symmedian. The three symmedians intersect in a single point, the symmedian
point of the triangle.

[edit] Computing the area of a triangle

The area of a triangle can be demonstrated as half of the area of a paralellogram which
has the same base length and height.
Calculating the area of a triangle is an elementary problem encountered often in many
different situations. The best known and simplest formula is:

where S is area, b is the length of the base of the triangle, and h is the height or altitude
of the triangle. The term 'base' denotes any side, and 'height' denotes the length of a
perpendicular from the point opposite the side onto the side itself.
Although simple, this formula is only useful if the height can be readily found. For
example, the surveyor of a triangular field measures the length of each side, and can
find the area from his results without having to construct a 'height'. Various methods
may be used in practice, depending on what is known about the triangle. The following
is a selection of frequently used formulae for the area of a triangle.[9]

[edit] Using vectors

The area of a parallelogram embedded in a three-dimensional Euclidean space can be
calculated using vectors. Let vectors AB and AC point respectively from A to B and
from A to C. The area of parallelogram ABDC is then

which is the magnitude of the cross product of vectors AB and AC, and is equal to

where h represents the altitude h as a vector.

The area of triangle ABC is half of this,

The area of triangle ABC can also be expressed in terms of dot products as follows:

In two-dimensional Euclidean space, expressing vector AB as a free vector in Cartesian

space equal to (x1,y1) and AC as (x2,y2), this can be rewritten as:

Applying trigonometry to find the altitude h.

[edit] Using trigonometry

The height of a triangle can be found through an application of trigonometry. Using the
labelling as in the image on the left, the altitude is h = a sin . Substituting this in the
formula S = bh derived above, the area of the triangle can be expressed as:

(where is the interior angle at A, is the interior angle at B, is the interior angle at C
and c is the line AB).
Furthermore, since sin = sin ( - ) = sin ( + ), and similarly for the other two
angles:

[edit] Using coordinates

If vertex A is located at the origin (0, 0) of a Cartesian coordinate system and the
coordinates of the other two vertices are given by B = (xB, yB) and C = (xC, yC), then the
area S can be computed as times the absolute value of the determinant

For three general vertices, the equation is:

In three dimensions, the area of a general triangle {A = (xA, yA, zA), B = (xB, yB, zB) and
C = (xC, yC, zC)} is the Pythagorean sum of the areas of the respective projections on the
three principal planes (i.e. x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0):

[edit] Using Heron's formula

The shape of the triangle is determined by the lengths of the sides alone. Therefore the
area S also can be derived from the lengths of the sides. By Heron's formula:

where

is the semiperimeter, or half of the triangle's perimeter.

Three equivalent ways of writing Heron's formula are

The area may also be computed by: S = r s, where r is the inradius, and s is the
semiperimeter.

[edit] Using Pick's Theorem

See Pick's theorem for a technique for finding the area of any arbitrary lattice polygon.
The theorem states:

Where I is the number of Internal lattice points and B is the number of lattice points
lying inline with the Border of the polygon

[edit] Computing the sides and angles

In general, there are various accepted methods of calculating the length of a side or the
size of an angle. Whilst certain methods may be suited to calculating values of a rightangled triangle, others may be required in more complex situations.

[edit] Trigonometric ratios in right triangles

Main article: Trigonometric functions

A right triangle always includes a 90 (/2 radians) angle, here labeled C. Angles A and
B may vary. Trigonometric functions specify the relationships among side lengths and
interior angles of a right triangle.
In right triangles, the trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine and tangent can be used to find
unknown angles and the lengths of unknown sides. The sides of the triangle are known
as follows:

The hypotenuse is the side opposite the right angle, or defined as the longest side
of a right-angled triangle, in this case h.
The opposite side is the side opposite to the angle we are interested in, in this
case a.
The adjacent side is the side that is in contact with the angle we are interested in
and the right angle, hence its name. In this case the adjacent side is b.

[edit] Sine, cosine and tangent

The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the
hypotenuse. In our case

Note that this ratio does not depend on the particular right triangle chosen, as long as it
contains the angle A, since all those triangles are similar.
The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the
hypotenuse. In our case

The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the
adjacent side. In our case

The acronym "SOH-CAH-TOA" is a useful mnemonic for these ratios.

[edit] Inverse functions
The inverse trigonometric functions can be used to calculate the internal angles for a
right angled triangle with the length of any two sides.
Arcsin can be used to calculate an angle from the length of the opposite side and the
length of the hypotenuse.

Arccos can be used to calculate an angle from the length of the adjacent side and the
length of the hypontenuse.

Arctan can be used to calculate an angle from the length of the opposite side and the
length of the adjacent side.

In introductory geometry and trigonometry courses, the notation sin1, cos1, etc., are
often used in place of arcsin, arccos, etc. However, the arcsin, arccos, etc., notation is
standard in higher mathematics where trigonometric functions are commonly raised to
powers, as this avoids confusion between multiplicative inverse and compositional
inverse.

[edit] The sine and cosine rules

Main articles: Law of sines and Law of cosines

A triangle with sides of length a, b and c and angles of , and respectively.

The law of sines, or sine rule,[10] states that the ratio of the length of a side to the sine of
its corresponding opposite angle is constant, that is

This ratio is equal to the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the given triangle.
Another interpretation of this theorem is that every triangle with angles , and is
similar to a triangle with side lengths equal to sin, sin and sin. This triangle can
be constructed by first constructing a circle of diameter 1, and inscribing in it two of the
angles of the triangle. The length of the sides of that triangle will be sin, sin and
sin. The side whose length is sin is opposite to the angle whose measure is , etc.
The law of cosines, or cosine rule, connects the length of an unknown side of a triangle
to the length of the other sides and the angle opposite to the unknown side. As per the
law:
For a triangle with length of sides a, b, c and angles of , , respectively, given two
known lengths of a triangle a and b, and the angle between the two known sides (or
the angle opposite to the unknown side c), to calculate the third side c, the following
formula can be used:

If the lengths of all three sides of any triangle are known the three angles can be
calculated:

[edit] Non-planar triangles