Phy 102 F2

OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY
LE A R N I N G M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M
(VIRTUAL CLASS)
https://lms.uniosun.edu.ng
3080
GENERAL PHYSICS II
Course Code: PHY 102
Session: 2019/2020
OLADEJO O. F. (Ph.D)
Department of Physics
Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences
https://lms.uniosun.edu.ng 2
Week 2 – T h e E l e c t ri c F i e l d , E l e c t ri c F i e l d
Li n e s, E l e c t ri c F l u x a n d G a u ss’ s La w
• an electric field is said to exist in the region of space around

a charged
object.
• The electric field produced by a charge Q at the location of
a small “test” charge q0 is defined as the electric force
exerted by Q on q0, divided by the test charge q0
𝐹
𝐸=
𝑞0
SI Unit: newton per coulomb (N/C)
• Once the electric field due to a given arrangement of charges is
known at some point, the force on any particle with charge q
placed at that point can be calculated from
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸
• We say that an electric field exists at a point if a test charge at
that point is subject to an electric force there
𝐾𝑒 𝑞1 |𝑞2|
• Remember 𝐹 =
𝑟2
• Because the magnitude of the electric field at the position of the
𝐹
test charge is defined as 𝐸 = , we see that the magnitude of the
𝑞0
electric field due to the charge q at the position of q0 is
𝐾𝑒 𝑞
𝐹=
𝑟2
Example: Charge q1 = 7.00 μC is at the origin, and charge q2
= 5.00μC is on the x-axis, 0.300 m from the origin. (a)Find the
magnitude and direction of the electric field at point P, which
has coordinates (0, 0.400) m. (b) Find the force on a charge
of 2.0 × 108 C placed at P.
• ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
• ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW
Consider an electric field that is uniform in both magnitude and
direction. The electric field lines penetrate a surface of area A,
which is perpendicular to the field. The number of lines per unit
area, N/A, is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field.
Electric flux is the product of magnitude of electric field E and
surface area A Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴
SI units of Φ𝐸 is 𝑁. 𝑚2 /𝐶 and is proportional to the number of field
lines that pass through some area A oriented perpendicular to the
field.
If the surface under consideration is not perpendicular to the field,
the expression for the electric flux is
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Gauss’s Law: Gauss’s law state that the electric flux Φ𝐸
through any closed surface is equal to the net charge inside
the surface, 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
divided by 𝜀𝑜
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Φ𝐸 =
𝜀𝑜
Which implies that
𝐸𝐴 = Φ𝐸 =
𝜀𝑜
Example: A spherical conducting shell of inner radius a and
outer radius b carries a total charge +Q distributed on the
surface of a conducting shell. The quantity Q is taken to be
positive. (a)Find the electric field in the interior of the
conducting shell, for r < a, and (b)the electric field outside the
shell, for r > b. (c) If an additional charge of –Q is placed at
the center, find the electric field for r > b.
Solution:
a) EA = E(4π𝑟 2 ) = =0⇒𝐸=0
𝜀𝑜
b) EA = E 4π𝑟 2 =
𝜀𝑜
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑄
E= =
4𝜋𝜀𝑜𝑟2 4𝜋𝜀𝑜𝑟2
𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 +𝑄−𝑄
c) EA = E 4π𝑟 2
= = =0
𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑜
Capacitance , Combinations of Capacitors .
• A capacitor is a device used in a variety of electric circuits

—for example, to tune the frequency of radio receivers,
eliminate sparking in automobile ignition systems, or store
short-term energy for rapid release in electronic flash units.
• Capacitance: The capacitance C of a capacitor is the
ratio of the magnitude of the charge on either conductor
(plate) to the magnitude of the potential difference
between the conductors (plates).
𝑄
𝐶=
Δ𝑉
SI Unit: farad (F) = coulomb per volt (C/V )
THE PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR: The capacitance of a device
depends on the geometric arrangement of the conductors.
Recall: i. that the magnitude of the electric field between two
𝜎
plates is given by E= , where 𝜎 is the magnitude of the charge
𝜀𝑜
per unit area on each plate.
ii. that the potential difference between two plates is Δ𝑉 =
𝐸𝑑 where d is the distance between the plates.
iii. That the charge on one plate is given by q = 𝜎𝐴, where A is the
area of the plate. Substituting these three facts into the definition of
capacitance gives the desired result
𝑞 𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐴 𝜀𝑜 𝐴
𝐶= = = 𝜎 =
Δ𝑉 𝐸𝑑 ( ൗ𝜀𝑜 )𝑑 𝑑
Example: A parallel-plate capacitor has an area A = 2.0 ×
10−4 𝑚2 and a plate separation d = 1.0 × 10−4 𝑚 (a)Find its
capacitance. (b)How much charge is on the positive plate if
the capacitor is connected to a 3.00-V battery? (c) Calculate
the charge density on the positive plate, assuming the density
is uniform, and (d)the magnitude of the electric field between
the plates.
COMBINATIONS OF CAPACITORS
Capacitors in Parallel: Two capacitors connected as
shown in Figure below are said to be in parallel. The
left plate of each capacitor is connected to the
positive terminal of the battery by a conducting
wire, so the left plates are at the same potential. In
the same way, the right plates, both connected to
the negative terminal of the battery, are also at the
same potential. This means that capacitors in
parallel both have the same potential difference V
across them.
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑄1 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑉 and 𝑄2 = 𝐶2 ∆𝑉
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑒𝑞 ∆𝑉
𝐶𝑒𝑞 ∆𝑉 = 𝐶1 ∆𝑉 + 𝐶2 ∆𝑉
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛
Example: (a)Determine the capacitance of the single
capacitor that is equivalent to the parallel combination of
capacitors shown in Figure below, and (b) find the charge on
the 12.0 μF capacitor.
Capacitors in Series: For a series combination of
capacitors, the magnitude of the charge must
be the same on all the plates.
𝑄
∆𝑉 =
𝐶𝑒𝑞
𝑄 𝑄
∆𝑉1 = and ∆𝑉2 =
𝐶1 𝐶2
∆𝑉 = ∆𝑉1 + ∆𝑉2
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
= +
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛
Example: Four capacitors are connected in series with a
battery, as in Figure below (a) Calculate the capacitance of
the equivalent capacitor. (b) Compute the charge on the 12-
μF capacitor. (c)Find the voltage drop across the 12- μF
capacitor
Practice Question
• (a) How much charge is on each plate of a 4.00-μF capacitor
when it is connected to a 12.0-V battery? (b) If this same
capacitor is connected to a 1.50-V battery, what charge is
stored?
• A parallel-plate capacitor has an area of 5.00 𝑐𝑚2 , and the plates
are separated by 1.00 mm with air between them. The capacitor
stores a charge of 400 pC. (a) What is the potential difference
across the plates of the capacitor? (b) What is the magnitude of
the uniform electric field in the region between the plates?
• Four capacitors are connected as shown in Figure below. (a)
Find the equivalent capacitance between points a and b. (b)
Calculate the charge on each capacitor if a 15.0-V battery is
connected across points a and b
Recommended Text
• Physics for Scientist and Engineers with Modern Physics,
Seventh Edition by John W. Jewett, Jr. and Raymond A.
Serway
• Schaum’s Series Outline, College Physics, Ninth Edition BY
Rfrederick J. Bueche and Eugene Hecht.
HAVE ANY
THANKS!
ENQUIRIES?
OSUN STATE UNIVERISTY
OSOGBO, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
lms.support@uniosun.edu.ng

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OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY

• an electric field is said to exist in the region of space around

• A capacitor is a device used in a variety of electric circuits

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