of teeth

Dentition :
Arrangement
Horse

ly
•

bladder
17th ga , ,
food day Mice
•
I October Absent
= = •
whale

' '
•
vitamin -
c Amla

Labeo

}
•

Stomach
Lamprey
Absent

Hagfish

stomach : 1st part of

-
-
Alimentary 0rga⇐
•
: Gastric gland Gastric
juices
smooth
- -
/ Visceral
- -
-
Muscles
- -
HCl

HC 03
-

' '
:
J shaped

Digestion
•

→
Oesophagus
°
foot storage
@ host "" " " "" " "

"
-
s

y
> Hcl (O -
H -
0.540

}}}→r→
WIV )
• Acidic pte

.
=
gastro

deodenum
T surface
Valve
area

→
Duodenum
 ' 8
|pH2
bolus
'

f
H••#→ gastro oesophagus
-

D
Opper stomach [ Fundus ,
Main part →p→

}§•→•
food Enter

Rugue
Body
Pyloric
-

f-
valve .
•
t
.

Pyloric / lower stomach

food + saliva = Bolus

Bolus + Hcl =
Chyme

④ Peptic /
=
chief Inactive Enzyme
too
pepsinogen
5- 6 Years
t

HY
-
- - - -
-
-
→

2102

}
pm cheek

|pÉpsi
-

2102 m Teeth
# t

¥
Milk depend
Caseinm) Protein

1-
Rent in Enzyme
Psrosrennin ( Inactive )
Renin Hormone
=

⇐
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- -
zymogen - -
- -
-
-

Pepsinogen
-
-
>
pepsin
[
ca ,
l>
PeI / chief
-

>
Prorennin ¥ Rennin
(A)
 cells
2) Parietal loxyntic

come
I
.tl# Intrinsic factor

I [ castle 's factor ]

Activation I

iitztbssption
vitamins
cyanocobalamin
¥
,f Cobalt

Fat water
soluble soluble 3> Mucus cell
- -
- - - -

A B
Policeman
"

D
of the Alimentary
C
E Canal .
' '

#_ Exceptions
K ← lubrication
/

s
vi. t.tl

ÉÉ?pq
: Biotin
on
Irritation
"" " ' "

Mucus + Hcoz
-

mucus
£¥ >
eooison

Epithelial

✗
/ Protect

|Pept Endoscopy

\
⇐to

Inside Examination

Argenta ffin cells

- -
-
-
-

f.
To Prevent Allergic
- - -

Reaction u

Lase Intolerance
 I ← serotonin
- - - -

contraction

Muscles
stomach
stomach :
Gastoology Peptic cell
Pepsin
- - - - - -
-

→
A-

stomach
Parietal cell
Rennin
study of →
HCl -1

MUCUS castle
• G astrologist o
→ factor
Asrgentqffinlubrication
- -

Muscles
→
•
Peptic ulcer
contraction
•

Hyperacidity → severe

Treatment :→ Improve the lifestyle

→
Stress Induced Ulcer

Medicines
NaHC03C Buffer)
→

Medicines f.
A Antacid

÷¥¥i
- - -

1¥:b :p:÷ :] #
milk of
Ranitidine .

Magnesia
Digest improve Diastase
- - - -
-
l{IÉB3_ Ird
Constipation : Hard stool

→ Diarrhoea : soft / liquid stool

Heart Burn :
¥
D
failure
ima
•
of Oseophageal
spinster

0 Irritation / pain

• Gas propulsion

inflammation of stomach
Gastritis
→
 Classify
their
surface-
on

1alcolonW)
t,
I

→ -
O_0
→

length →
length
low
high
•
Duodenum •
Ascending
Descending
Jejunum
°
0

o Ileum 0 Transverse .

# Dental formula
- -

3142
l Dog of =
= 42

Man of =
2123 = 32 I bear
3%4
I
-

2123
Monkey

Rabbit
/ Horse
&
=
31ft
3143
= 44
:
20-33 = 28
,
1023 pig

cow

goat
& :

373
0033 = 32 / Rat
of
=

,l%}_ = 16

,
mouse

kangaroo = 3124 =
34

Sheep : 0033 =
32
313-3

Old world =3 2
Monkey
=
2123
-2123

New world
monkey
-

213-3/2133 =④
 ' '

Liber
"

of of Kurian
Zymogen cells
crypts
+
secretes

+
Anti -
Bacterial

lysozyme
stomach

hf Pancreas
Li§¥aese]
Heterocrinepyg.gg
Duocrine 1 Pancreas I
- -
-

Juices /\ Hormones
E-
Endocrine
✗ 0

crine

→
Lipases
-
e ,
} Inactive
Proteolytic Enzyme .

Enterokinase

Tngpsinogen - Trypsin
( Inactive ) ( Active )

①
②

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chymotrypsin
-

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carboxy Peptidase
peptidase

C In
Protein → Proteases + Peptones
I
?⃝
 t .

Dipeptide ④☒

_×p④]
20
I
Amino acids ④

good -→Protein@
ribosomes

Endne :

*ia
"
langerhans →
Polypepti
cells

"
→ somatostatin →
FGHC)
prÑ°%Ñ
.

Insulin → I Glucose

Is Glucagon → TGIUCOSC

s'ai→
'
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
starch Mattel Iso

( 30% , pH 6.8 maltose

=

Pancreatic

starch ÉPÉE maltose -1 Isomaitose

czo , ,,

PH 8. 4

PM
=
8.4 Small
- - -
Intestine
- - -
6.25inch
t
.

Intestinal Juices
 "
"
Succus Entericus

'
C' shaped
Duodenum majority digestion
Jejunum
large Intestine
g-
Ileum

Ileo -
colic valve

simplest
Digestion large molecule →

last form

step

• Disaccharide - monosaccharide

0
Dipeptide - Amino acids

~
>
Triglyceride
o
Lipase -
/ At 2 Glycerol

¥7 .

Mono
di glycerides
Glycoside
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - -
-

* Small Intestine Digestion *

-

•
Carbohydrate -
digestion
- - -
(5)
- -

→ starch A> Maltose -1 Isomaltose

( 30% ) 6.8

→
starch Isomaltose
maltose +

[ go , , 8- 4
 →
Maltose É Glucose + Glucose

Lactose É >
Glucose 1-
galactose

sucrose
=
% Glucose
=
1- fructose
=
Invertase
- -

disaccharides Monosaccharides
#
m sucrose
y Non
Lactose seducing
sugar
p sle milk
Foreclose sugar
Grape
fruit sugar
Glucose sugar
Blood
Galactose sugar
Brain
maltose sugar
Malt
- - - - - -
-
- - - - - - - -
-
sugar
- - - - -
- -

* Protein Digestion #
=

Protein in proteases + Peptones

2- 0
PH

/
Trypsin )
chymotrypsin )
Eoepsirg Carboxypeptidase
Di peptidase ) v

Amino g- Dipeptide
acids
Prorennin
Infant
= Rennin
milk casein t_> Paracas ein

t.

Paracaseinettca
 *
Lipids / Fats *

remove acidity
1) Fat Bi_> Emulsification
oil droplets
[ Emulsified fats )

/ Pancreatic Lipase
3 Fatty
+
acid
¢t+ ①
i

igiyceriaes
+

Mono glycerides
1 Glycerol
If fat is already

5.¥
Emulsified ,
#trie
Lipase will not be

"
it it
acting on ,

Inactive

:Io+tin the stomach

* Nucleic acid *

Nucleic acid Pt Nucleotides

Nuclease

Y
Intestinal

Nucleotidase

Intestinal ✗

Nitrogen +
sugar Nside
Base +
pop
 Infants
Prorennin Rennin

/
casein c- para casein

/
2
cat

(e)pt É Paracasienate

Hepatology →
Livery / Hepatic
Regenerating organ
gland

He②p cetology →
Reptiles f
Bite
/ Largest gland / largest chemical

Juices
factory
small

_.¥iµiµ÷÷÷
me
Bile
Bite
salts
Pigments

cholesterol .
Billillerdin •

Bilirubin store
Glycol ate
•

0 Taurocholate
0
Phospholipids

* Liver → es

quadrate

lobes → lobules
 lobuf
Hexagonal
shaped
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1
O
-1
l
I

llobes-floo%eeeeeeeeeeku-t.ee
l l

" " t
.
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!
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-

=
,

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↳ iii. iii. " %÷i:c ve

"

Tissues

l1ive '

]
's capsules
±
=

to
Thin lobes
connective
Tissues to

|l0bU/
Kieffer cell

d
Ea+ingW
cell
,

action
Phagocytic

Fat Fat globules ( targe )

y
digestion
t
]
Emulsification
.

Small C Mice , , , ,
no
has
→ Bile Enzyme
liver
pigments
-

→ Bile
salts
hepticdrect
-
15009M ←
1200

µ%•0•→
→
-1.5kg
1. 2
common
bite
cystic duct

Hepatic duct + duct common

cystic
Bile duct
 ||→ c. B. duct

•¥T_
K
-

hepato .

spinster of Oddi
Pancreatic -

duct
duodenum + Hepato
Pancreatic
duct

Absorptions
*

① Glucose
=
Active

Nat → co transport
- -

② Galactose Active

Nat

③ Fructose Passive

Facilitated diffusion

* carbohydrates
of

Protein
+

directly
Absorbed Blood capillaries
 *
*
Abstin of Lipids

fa+[
Fatty acids → micelles

f
+

Glycerol s

Mucosa

t
.

Re - esterification

f.
Protein →
Triglyceride
coat

Lipids ×
chy1omicron↳
--

Absorbed

through f.
Lymphatic
Vessels .
→ Blood
circulation
Lactealsm)
+
Blood
g- Lymphatic vessels
capillaries

* Absorption of A. A *

a.
Levo Dextro

I t
.

Active Passive

Nat → co -

transport facilitated diffusion

 Practical Theoretical
Igm -

carbohydrates 4. 0 kcal heal

Protein 4.0kcal 5.65

9.45
fats 9. 0 kcal
=

Cheese ,
butter , ghee ,
oil

* Khan → 40kcal
Salman logm egg
20 oil → 180kcal
gm

500 gm Swiss cheese 4500kcal

=

20 80kcal
9m gtu-o-n.io
←
-47¥
•
Tñc
Ulcerative

large
-
Intestine
-
colon colitis

Endoscopy colonoscopy
b to

lcoloI
Mouth Anus part

ve
Ileocoiic I
>
valve

escenaino
faecal

Ascending timid
.

colon
sigmoid
caecu④ " ✓
PAIKIISIN →
append
diamine NTS
vestigial
organ
 " " ""

D.
•
→
oesophagus stomach duodenum
small
ileum
intestine

t.fi large
intestine
A- Colon

"

grimy
Anti-fungal
✓
#benda¥e
# + "④
Antifungal 400mg

#
 > serosa
f mus
--_sub
-
mucosa
'
-

serosa : Mesothelium ( outermost ]

> outer :
longitudinal
Muscular is

t,
:-[ Inner : circular

Oblique
=L > stomach

Brunner
's gland
submucosa →

Nerve ,
B. V , lymph

cell
→ lubrication
Mucosa
→
goblet .

d.
In folding →
Fugue → stomach

Franny :/ Ii T surface
=
crypts of
Intestine Libcrkuhon .

}
* Mos 1- → mucosa → Brunner 's

duodenum
osa

A
c-i.s-lfiacriI .i.IS#D
→•☒Y
""

•
Parotid

É%%É0_
givin us / Bartholin
submandibu
sublingual
Warton 's duct
 MAXON > sheath
Brain →
nerve →
myelin

Liver → Glisson 's capsule

kidney Nephron
→

Heart → Pericardium

membrane
Lungs → pleural

Body → skin ( longest Gland )

→
largest = liver

Exocrine

largest Thyroid
Endocrine

smallest pineal
Endocrine

longest = Skin
Exocrine

Bzain = 1200 -14009M

1. I
2 - -

4kg

Lives = 1.2 -1.5kg

 Bite juices
teepati.ca#

cystic

µ→
duct
common bite duct

7- teepatopoancrea +

is

§¥
motor

¥#→ faecel

✗/ "
¥
 Lipoprotein

o ,
\→cn VLDL
microns

HDL LDL
I,
te
te t
Bad very
good very
cholesterol Bad

1^34 me 02
Igm →

159M → a) to 5- me

120M€ Lungs

✗ →
At little Hart

rest wa
15mL
10Mt -

5- me

Diseases
- - -
-

17 Jaundice : →
infected food & water
=
contaminated

- → Bile pigment deposited

-

'
I
/ skin / Eyes YeIh
#
biHb=
'Boea
?⃝
 ↳ in

}
✗ Omitting : Inflammation food
Intestine Poisoning
- -
-

stomach &
emesis

i '

ctz

Anti -

r omitting chemo

Anti - emetic receptor

drug smell Trigger zone

sensation

3) loss of H2o &

NIKI
electrolytes
✗ I,

✓
omitting loose
Osmosis Imbalance .

+
Dehydrating
Therapy : ORS

Isotonic ( o.at .
WIV Nacl )

Saline solution

Constipation : Hard stool formation

g)
÷

f. ✓ Castor
prevent
oil
, Isapgul ,
Jrelab

✓
Papaya , Drugs →
1la✗ati

/
 I

# =
D.

s
> Indigestion : ✓
Anxiety / stress / Tension
✓ Inadequate Enzyme
→ food
spicy
✓

Aristo - Yme ✓
Biological cycle Irregular
•

( 1020 )
"

Diastase ✓ Hard water

Papain

6>
Burping I air trapped in

Belching stomach

Flatus
 )
Burn spinster failure
7 Heart
gastroesophageal
- -
-

↳ teal
severe

[4*-7] oesophagus

☒
gastritis

>Bg#
8 S
: Propulsion of
gas
intestines
through

✓
Rumbling noise

9) ¥-1M →
P Energy malnutrition

g-
p+Eorie s
deficiency

marasmus

kwashiorkor

West a Central Africa

 1 Fluid fillup
'

→ →

stomach
107 Gastritis
:

Liver 1 E
H-ep-atiti.si
A C D
117 .
, ,

te
1 more common

to

s
Sexually Transmitted
disease

is consumption
127 Lives : Due to over

Alcohol
?⃝
 Ulcer in stomach
137 peptic Ulcer :

sonography

Endoscopy mouth

14 > colon ulcer / Ulcer in

large
:
Ulcerative intestine

colitis

sonography
Anus
colonoscopy

's> Pancreas
Pancreatitis →

l
otitis
:I%÷- ear
16 >
→ Ear
- -

Gastro logy stomach

172 =>

Liver
187 Hepatoiogy =

197 Herpetology - reptiles

birds
20
> Ornithology
21g Osteology =
> bones
PEM
Kwotniookor
227 Myology =

mu of

marasmus

231 Fungi
Mycology
247 large Intestine
cohomology =

25 teeth
odontology

267 raegaly →
Enlargement
Heart
Cardiomegaly
=
✓

Liver
✓
Hepatomegaly
'

L ⑤

277 Cardiomegaly
?⃝
 HYP-ezbil inebineI-iatseb.it/inlbiM
Tse
287 E →

left right
dark Light
→

Activated ¥01
Powder

→ Poison

f.
loose motion

307 Tounge Ulcer / → Vitamin

Mouth Ulcer
✗ it Bi - B12

4 folic acid
deficiency
sP
 Immuno
A
globin
-

( Ab -
A

317 Mother 's milk → Antibody →

_g
+ to
# # light yellowish
→
colostrum
# # ↳
*

* Revision

saliva → Mucin

Amylase / Ptylin
→

stomach →
pepsinogen
Renmin → Infant

Lipase

Amylase
Pancreas →
Trypsinogen
Nuclease
Chyna 9

Psocarboxy peptidase Lipase

 }
Bite Billiverdin
→
pigment
lives n rubin

salts
J
Intestine :
a Erepsin
Enter kinase
°

•
Nucleotidase
.
.
Sida se

sucrase
•

•
Lactase

• Maltase
0
Lipase

# [AÉ3
Pae
cells of

P .
Juices

" " " " "" " "

pp

bases
"
Libeskuhn btw microvilli n
# Crypts of
the

Intestine

#
Argentaffin All Alimentary
canal
?⃝
 I,
serotonin

+
smooth muscles
Palate
contraction
# Anterior = hard

Posterior __
soft

# stomach
Gaste6@ Anat sex

I
Piles /
Genitaywarts
#
ties I#
✗ I
homosexual
Blood s# / heterosexual

1
'

✓
I
✗

I. ia±±
recurrent
I
cryopreservation
>

↳ Immunity cauliflower

InCNrable@
Shaped

* Dental carries 1 tooth decay

"
H
"

Streptococcus mutans

infection / inflammation
* Fluorosis
=
Denitrifying Agent

discolouration

# duodenum = 30cm

"
* "" Intestine

ileum =
3m

ra m.sn
te
wall of
 large
Intestine

longitudinal
Muscles

%
⇐ ,

€
@ Bc¥ -