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Tutorial 1 Explanation

The document discusses hydrostatics and fluid mechanics concepts. It provides equations for: 1) Pressure force on a surface (F=-pAn), where pressure p depends on depth and density. 2) Bernoulli's equation relating pressure, velocity, and height for incompressible, irrotational flow. 3) Deriving Archimedes' law (buoyant force F=ρVg) using Gauss's divergence theorem applied to pressure. It also provides the continuity and momentum equations for steady, one-dimensional flow and derives an expression for shear stress on the boundary.

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木辛耳总
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Tutorial 1 Explanation

The document discusses hydrostatics and fluid mechanics concepts. It provides equations for: 1) Pressure force on a surface (F=-pAn), where pressure p depends on depth and density. 2) Bernoulli's equation relating pressure, velocity, and height for incompressible, irrotational flow. 3) Deriving Archimedes' law (buoyant force F=ρVg) using Gauss's divergence theorem applied to pressure. It also provides the continuity and momentum equations for steady, one-dimensional flow and derives an expression for shear stress on the boundary.

Uploaded by

木辛耳总
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial 1

1, Hydrostatics (vector notation)


a) Show that the force (vector) F that the water acts
on the surface of area A pointing in the direction
(vector) n into the water is

F = - pAn (1)

and the pressure is p=rgh=rg(y0-y) (2)


h is the depth
Tutorial 1
1, Hydrostatics (vector notation)
a) Show that the force (vector) F that the water acts
on the surface of area A pointing in the direction
(vector) n into the water is

F = - pAn (1)

and the pressure is p=rgh=rg(y0-y) (2)


h is the depth

The pressure is ‘the (magnitude of the) force per


unit area’ of the surface it acts. So if F is the force
vector acting on surface area A, the pressure p is
𝑭
𝑝= (force /area) (3)
𝐴
Tutorial 1
1, Hydrostatics (vector notation)
a) Show that the force (vector) F that the water acts
on the surface of area A pointing in the direction
(vector) n into the water is
F = - pAn (1)
and the pressure is p=rgh=rg(y0-y) (2)
h is the depth

The pressure is ‘the (magnitude of the) force per


unit area’ of the surface it acts. So if F is the force
vector acting on surface area A, the pressure p is
𝑭
𝑝= (force /area) (3)
𝐴

The direction of F is the opposite of direction n, so p(y)+dp


F= − 𝑭 𝒏 = −𝑝𝐴𝒏 (4)

The pressure p is found from the equilibrium of dy rgdy


column of water of small height dy y

p(y)
Tutorial 1
1, Hydrostatics (vector notation)
a) Show that the force (vector) F that the water acts
on the surface of area A pointing in the direction
(vector) n into the water is
F = - pAn (1)
and the pressure is p=rgh=rg(y0-y) (2)
h is the depth

The pressure is ‘the (magnitude of the) force per


unit area’ of the surface it acts. So if F is the force
vector acting on surface area A, the pressure p is
𝑭
𝑝= (force /area) (3)
𝐴

The direction of F is the opposite of direction n, so


F= − 𝑭 𝒏 = −𝑝𝐴𝒏 (4) p(y)+dp
-(p(y)+dp) – rgdy
The pressure p is found from the equilibrium of +p(y)=0
dy rgdy
column of water of small height dy
y dp =–rgdy
dp =–rgdy p=-–rgy+Const
p=–rgy+Const p(y)
The gauge pressure =0 at free surface y0 so
p=–rgy+ rgy0 = –rg(y -y0)= rgh, h=y0 -y
Tutorial 1
1, Hydrostatics (vector notation)
a) Show that the force (vector) F that the water acts
on the surface of area A pointing in the direction
(vector) n into the water is
F = - pAn (1)
and the pressure is p=rgh=rg(y0-y) (2)
h is the depth

So the pressure force F is


F= -rghAn =rg(y - y0)An (5)

The normal vector n on the dam surface in the


figure is
n= (-cos 45, sin45, 0)=(-0.701,0.701,0)
b) Draw the distribution of the magnitude and the
direction of the pressure force acting on the dam surface

Note the pressure force F is


F= -rghAn =rg(y - y0)An (5)

the units of force is N, pressure is N/m2=Pa


10m/cos45=
1.41m
b) Draw the distribution of the magnitude and the
direction of the pressure force acting on the dam surface

Note the pressure force F is


F= -rghAn =rg(y - y0)An (5)

the units of force is N, pressure is N/m2=Pa


98kPa
10m/cos45 deg=
The maximum pressure is at y0-y=h=10m, 14.14m
1000kg/m3 x 9.8m/s2 x 10m =98,000 kgm/s2/m2 =98,000Pa

c) Calculate the total force acting on the dam (of width 1m)
due to the water. Indicate either the direction and the
magnitude, or two components.
c) Calculate the total force acting on the dam (of width 1m)
due to the water. Indicate either the direction and the
magnitude, or two components.

The total magnitude is the area of the triangle

98.0 kPa x 14.14m /2 x 1m = 692.9 kN

The vertical component is 692.9kN x sin 45 = 489.9 kN


The horizontal component is 692.9 kN x cos 45 = 489.9 kN

d) Indicate all forces (magnitude and direction) acting on F1 F3


the triangular portion of water enclosed by dashed line and
F2
verify they are in equilibrium.

F1 on vertical surface = 98.0kPa x 10m /2 x 1m = 490 kN


F2 on dam surface = 692.9 kN
F3 weight = 10m x 10m /2 x1m x1000x9.8=
490 kN
c) Calculate the total force acting on the dam (of width 1m)
due to the water. Indicate either the direction and the
magnitude, or two components.

The total magnitude is the area of the triangle

98.0 kPa x 14.14m /2 x 1m = 692.9 kN

The vertical component is 692.9kN x sin 45 = 489.9 kN


The horizontal component is 692.9 kN x cos 45 = 489.9 kN

d) Indicate all forces (magnitude and direction) acting on F1=


490kN/m
F3 =490kN/m
the triangular portion of water enclosed by dashed line and
verify they are in equilibrium. F2 = 692 kN/m

F1 on vertical surface = 98.0kPa x 10m /2 x 1m = 490 kN 98kPa


F2 on dam surface = 692.9 kN
F3 weight = 10m x 10m /2 x1m x1000x9.8=
490 kN
e) Derive the Archimedes law
𝑭 = 𝜌𝑉𝒈
where F is the force acting on a body of volume V
completely immersed in fluid of density r, by
using the Gauss divergence theory relating a
surface integral of a normal component of a
vector to the volume integral of the gradient

ඵ 𝑝 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = ම ∇𝑝 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
and using the pressure force as given in question
a) p=-rgy+C
e) Prove F =rVg

ඵ 𝑝 𝒏𝑑𝑆 = ම ∇𝑝 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉

p=-rgy+C

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
∇𝑝 = −𝜌𝑔∇𝑦 = −𝜌𝑔 , , = −𝜌𝑔 0,1,0 = −𝜌𝑔 𝒋 , 𝒋= (0,1,0)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
then

ම ∇𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = − ම 𝜌𝑔𝒋 𝑑𝑉 = −𝜌𝑔𝒋 ම 𝑑𝑉 = −𝜌𝒈𝑉, 𝒈 = 𝑔𝒋


𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
2.a Write (one form of) Bernoulli’s equation and state what
conditions must be satisfied for the equation to hold.

The Bernoulli equation for irrotational flow is


𝜌 2
𝑉 + 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = Const
2

𝑉2 𝑝
+ 𝜌𝑔 + 𝑦 = Const
2𝑔

V: velocity, p: pressure, y: vertical position,

𝜌𝑉12 𝜌𝑉22 𝜌𝑉32


+ 𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = + 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2 = + 𝑝3 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦3 = 0 + 0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
2 2 2
𝜌𝑉22
0+𝜌𝑔ℎ = 2 + 0

𝑉2 = 2𝑔ℎ = 2 × 9.8 × 10 = 14.1 𝑚/𝑠


a) The equation of conservation of mass or
continuity equation is
(flow going in) –(flow going out)=0
𝐴𝑉 − (𝐴 + ∆𝐴) V + ∆V = 0
𝐴𝑉 − 𝐴𝑉 − ∆𝐴𝑉 − 𝐴∆𝑉 − ∆𝐴∆𝑉 = 0 P+Dp
Since the last term is a product of small
quantities it is smaller than other terms and

ADV+VDA=D(AV)=0 p

b) The momentum equation is


The change of momentum = sum of forces

Momentum going in – momentum going out


𝐴𝑉 𝜌𝑉 − (𝐴 + ∆𝐴)(𝑉 + ∆𝑉)𝜌 𝑉 + ∆𝑉
= 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 − 𝜌(𝐴𝑉 2 + 2𝐴𝑉∆𝑉 + 𝐴∆𝑉 2 + ∆𝐴𝑉 2 + 2∆𝐴𝑉∆𝑉 + ∆𝐴∆𝑉 2 )
= −2𝐴𝑉∆𝑉 − ∆𝐴 𝑉 2 = −𝑉 2𝐴∆𝑉 + 𝑉∆𝐴 = −𝐴𝑉∆𝑉
The sum of force
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑝 + ∆𝑝 𝐴 + ∆𝐴 − 𝜏𝑠∆𝐿 + 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝜃 ∆𝐿(𝐴 + ∆𝐴/2)
For the steady flow d/dt=0 and for small change of cross section
0 = −𝐴∆𝑝 − 𝑝∆𝐴 − 𝜏𝑠∆𝐿 + 𝜌𝑔 cos 𝜃 ∆𝐿(𝐴 + ∆𝐴/2)
∆A
∆𝑝 𝐴 ∆𝐴 A+ 2 ∆𝑝 𝐴
𝜏= − ∆𝐿 𝑠 − 𝑝 𝑠∆𝐿 + g cos θ = − ∆𝐿 𝑠 for DA=0
s

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