THIRD QUARTER

MATHEMATICS 8
MODULE NO. 1
TOPIC: AXIOMATIC STRUCTURE OF A MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM IN
GEOMETRY

I. INTRODUCTION

Geometry is a way of thinking about and

seeing the world. It is evident in nature, art and
culture. It is both ancient and modern originated
as a systematic study in the works of Euclid,
through its synthesis with the work of Rene
Descartes, to its present connections with
computer and calculator technology. In this
module, the basic concepts of geometry will be
introduced.

II. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• describe a mathematical system; and
• illustrate the need for an axiomatic structure of a mathematical system in
general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined terms; (b) undefined
terms; (c) postulates; and (d) theorems.

III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

• An axiomatic system is a system composed of undefined terms, defined
terms, axioms or postulates, and theorems.
• Undefined terms are terms that are left undefined in the system.
• Definitions or defined terms are terms defined from the undefined terms in
the system.
• Postulates are statements that are considered true without proof or
validation.
• Theorems are statements proved to be true using postulates, definitions,
other established theorems, and logic.
• The word “axiom” can be used interchangeably with “postulate”.

Mathematics 8 – Module 1 – Third Quarter - Page 1 of 13

IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION
1. Concept Development
Undefined Terms

Undefined terms are words that do not require formal definition. Instead
of providing a definition for them, we resort to a description, illustration or
demonstration. There are three undefined terms in geometry:
Point
A point has no definition or actual size. Thus, it has no length, no width,
and no height (thickness). A point is usually named with a capital letter.

The figure above shows point B and point C. You can also associate point
to some real – life examples such as:

Line
A line has infinite length but don’t have a width nor height and it extends
to one dimension only. It is named using two capital letters with a double
arrowhead above them or a lower case letter.

The figure above is named as ⃡𝐴𝐵 and the other line is named as line m.
Lines can also be exhibited to some real – life examples such as:

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 Plane
A plane has two dimension and it extends indefinitely in all directions. It
has infinite length, infinite width and zero height. It is named by a single
letter or by three coplanar points, but noncollinear points.

The figure above can be named as plane m or plane ABC. You can also
identify plane in real – life objects such as:

Quick Check!
Determine whether each of the following suggests a point, a line, or a plane.
1. The corner of a room.
2. The intersection of the ceiling and the front wall
3. One of the guitar strings
4. The side of a box
5. The tip of your finger

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 To learn more about undefined terms, click these links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5etrWdIY6o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDWjhRfBsKM

Defined Terms
These are terms that are clarified by using known words such as point, line,
plane, etc. The undefined terms point, line, and plane are used to define
some important concepts such as:
Collinear Points
Three or more points that lie on the same line. Points P, Q, and R are
collinear points.

Noncollinear Points
Three or more points that do not lie on the same line. Points A, B, and C
are non – collinear points.

Coplanar Lines or Points

These are points or lines that lies on the same plane. 𝐴𝐶
⃡ and 𝐵𝐸
⃡ are
coplanar lines. Points A, B, C, D, and E, are coplanar points.

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Noncoplanar Lines or Points
These are points or lines that does not lie on the same plane. ⃡𝐶𝐷 and ⃡𝐵𝐸
are noncoplanar lines. Points A and E are noncoplanar points.

Line Segment
It is a section of a line with 2 endpoints. It is named using two capital
letters with a bar above them.

̅̅̅̅ is a line segment of 𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐵 ⃡ .

Ray
It is a section of a line with 1 endpoint. It is named using two capital
letters with a bar with single arrowhead above them.

𝑃𝑄 is a ray of ⃡𝑃𝑄 .
𝑄𝑃 is a ray of ⃡𝑃𝑄 .

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 Opposite Rays
2 rays emanating away from 1 point on the line.

𝑃𝑄 and 𝑄𝑃 are opposite rays.

To learn more about defined terms, click these links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX8tWvg_lHI

Postulates/ Axioms
These are statements that are considered true without proof or validation.
Geometricians need a place from which they can begin to prove statements.
Thus, they make the following assumptions:

Postulate 1.1. A line contains at least two distinct points.

Postulate 1.2. A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.

Postulate 1.3. Space contains at least four noncoplanar points.

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Postulate 1.4. If two distinct points are given, then a unique line
contains them.

Quick Check!
Points D, E, and F are noncollinear. Name all the different lines and
plane that can be drawn through these points.

Postulate 1.6. Through any three noncollinear points there is exactly one
plane. Through any two points there are infinitely many planes. Through
any three points there is at least one plane.

Postulate 1.7. If two point are in a plane, then the line that contains
those points lies entirely in the plane.

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 Postulate 1.8. If two distinct planes intersect, their intersection is a line.

Quick Check!
The figure shows the intersection of six planes. Name six planes and
their intersections.

Theorems
These are statements proved to be true using postulates, definitions, other
established theorems, and logic.

Theorem 1.1. If two distinct lines intersect, then their intersection is a

point.

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 Theorem 1.2. Through a line and a point not in the line there is exactly
one plane.

Since two points determine a line and there is a point not on the
line, it means that the three points are noncollinear. Therefore, by
Postulate 1.2, the line and a point not in the line lies on a plane.

Theorem 1.3. If two lines intersect, then exactly one plane contains
these lines.

Since two points determine a line, then, there are five noncollinear
points. Therefore, by Postulate 1.6, the intersected line lies on a plane.

2. Broadening of Concepts
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• How are the three undefined terms differing from one another?
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• What is the difference between postulates and theorems?

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 • What is the importance of knowing these basic concepts of geometry?
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• In todays, lesson you learned about Undefined terms, they are terms that
are left undefined in the system. If there are undefined protocols in
preventing CoVid-19, what do you think will happen to the whole world?
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3. Integrations
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• If you have proofs and a good reasoning, does it mean you are always
right? Explain your answer.
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• Postulates are statements that are considered true without proof or

validation. In real life, do you think it is important to have proofs of
evidence or validation? Why or why not?
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• Why do you think one of Jesus’ disciples was called ‘Doubting Thomas”,
how can you relate this to postulates?
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Mathematics 8 – Module 1 – Third Quarter - Page 10 of 13

V. EVALUATION/ ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Draw and label each figure.
1. ⃡𝑀𝑁

2. Three coplanar points: J, K, and L

3. Line d containing points C and M, but not point R.

4. Plane B

5. The intersection ⃡𝑋𝑌 and ⃡𝐵𝑆

6. Three collinear points: S, T, and X.

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 B. Directions: Give the number of lines determined for each situation.
1. Three noncollinear points
2. Four coplanar points, three of which are collinear
3. Two intersecting planes
4. Four coplanar and noncollinear points

VI. CLOSURE/ SYNTHESIS

Directions: Check your status right now.

I need help and I can’t keep working.

I need help, but I can keep working.

I’m working fine.

How will you summarize our lesson for today?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

You’re done with Module 1!

VII. REFERENCE
Adem, R. (14 May 2016). 3 Undefined Terms in Geometry. Retrieved December
2020 from https://www.slideshare.net/RoselleAdem/3-undefined-terms-in-
geometry
Anicoy, M. (6 March 2017). Undefined Terms in Geometry. Retrieved December
2020 from https://www.slideshare.net/maikoanicoy/undefined-terms-in-
geometry-72845704
Banaag, G. (25 June 2011). Undefined Terms. Retrieved December 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/geckbanaag/undefined-terms
Higgins, G. (2017). Applied Geometry Lesson 1 – 3 Postulates. Retrieved
December 2020 from https://slideplayer.com/slide/10031073/
Karagdag, J. (22 June 2013). Undefined Terms in Geometry. Retrieved December
2020 from https://www.slideshare.net/jeffersonkaragdag/undefined-
terms-in-geometry

Mathematics 8 – Module 1 – Third Quarter - Page 12 of 13

Need Math (27 September 2007). Introduction to Postulates and Theorems.
Retrieved December 2020 from
https://www.slideshare.net/needmath/introduction-to-postulates-and-
theorems
Video Citations
Math Antics (10 September 2013). Points, Lines, and Planes. Retrieved
December 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5etrWdIY6o
The Organic Chemistry Tutor (27 December 2017). Points, Lines, and Planes,
Segments, & Rays – Collinear and Coplanar Points. Retrieved December
2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDWjhRfBsKM
Biezen, M. V. (17 September 2018). Ch. 1: Basic Concepts (2 of 49) Defined
Terms. Retrieved December 2020 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nX8tWvg_lHI

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