CH 8. Plane Electromagnetic Waves: Chap 8.1 8.3
CH 8. Plane Electromagnetic Waves: Chap 8.1 8.3
CH 8. Plane Electromagnetic Waves: Chap 8.1 8.3
Plane Electromagnetic
Waves
Chap 8.1~8.3
B 0
H 0 H 0
Then,
1 2 E
E 2
2
0
u 1/ u t 2 Ek E 0
2 2
k
u
1 2 H H k H 0
2 2 wavenumber
H 2
2
0
u t 2
Homogeneous vector Helmholtz’s equations.
2
k0 : free space wavenumber k 0 0 0 ( rad / m)
c
2 2 2 For the component Ex (in Cartesian coordinates)
E aˆ x 2 2 2 E x
2
x y z 2 2 2 2
2 k 0 E x 0.
x y z
2 2
2 2 2
aˆ y 2 2 2 E y
x y z For a uniform plane wave
(uniform magnitude, constant phase,
2 2 2 in the plane surfaces perpendicular to z.)
aˆ z 2 2 2 E z
x y z
2 E x / x 2 0 and 2 Ex / y 2 0 .
d 2 Ex
k 2
0 Ex 0. ( E x is function of ' z ')
dz 2
Chung-Ang University Field & Wave Electromagnetics
8.2 Plane Waves in Lossless Media
d 2 Ex
k 2
0 Ex 0. ( E x is function of ' z ')
dz 2
- the solution : Ex ( z ) E x ( z ) E x ( z ) E0 e jk0 z E0e jk0 z .
The real time representation of the first phasor term on the right side of the solution. (using
.) cos t
E x ( z , t ) e[ E x ( z )e jt ]
e[ E0 e j (t k0 z ) ] E0 cos(t k0 z ) (V / m).
Wave traveling in positive z direction.
E(V/m)
* The red point is looked
∙∙∙∙∙∙
A T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 like that point is moving.
Ex E0 cos(t k0 z )
O Z(m)
for red points, t k0 z constant
-A
dt k0 dz 0
dz 1
up c 3 108 (m / s ). (Phase velocity in free space)
dt k0 0 0
E = axEx propagates in a lossless simple media (εr =4, μr =1, σ=0) in the +z direction. Assume sinusoidal 100 MHz an
d peak 104 (V/m) at t =0 and z = 1/8.
(a) Instantaneous expression for E
(b) Instantaneous expression for H
(c) Location where Ex is a positive maximum when t = 10-8 (s)
Sol) (a) Sol) (b) H a y H y a y Ex / / 0 / r 60
4
k0 r r (rad / m)
c 3 104 4 1
E ( z , t ) ax Ex ax 104 cos(2 108 t k0 z ) (V / m). H ( z, t ) a y cos[2 108 t ( z )] ( A / m).
60 3 8
peak at t 0 and z 1/ 8, 2 108 t k0 z 0 Sol) (c) 4 1
2 108 (108 ) ( zm ) 2n
kz 6 / 3 8
4 13 3
E ( z, t ) ax104 cos(2 108 t z ) zm n (m) n 0,1, 2....
3 6 8 2
2 13
4 1 n (m),
ax104 cos[2 108 t ( z )] (V / m). k 8
3 8
u T` u
θ
uΔt
θ
r`
T
r0 r0
At t=0 R At t=Δt R
- Let us assume that the source T of a time-harmonic wave of a frequency f moves with a velocity u at an angle θ.
z E ( R ) E0 e jk R E0e jkan R (V / m)
1 jka R
Finally, H ( R) (an E0 )e n ( A / m). by Eq. (8-26) & Eq. (8-29)
It is now clear
that a uniform plane wave propagating in an arbitrary
direction, an , is a TEM wave with E H and that both E and H are
normal to an .
Chung-Ang University Field & Wave Electromagnetics
8.2 Plane Waves in Lossless Media
8-2.3 Polarization of Plane Waves
When the E vector of the plane wave is fixed in the x-direction E ax Ex ,
the wave is said to be linearly polarized in the x-direction.
Consider the superposition of two linearly polarized waves: one
polarized in the x-direction, and the other polarized in the y-direction
and lagging 90˚ in time phase.
- Phasor notation
E ( z ) ax E1 ( z ) a y E2 ( z ) ax E10e jkz a y jE20 e jkz ,
where E10 and E20 are the amplitudes of the two linearly polarized waves.
- Instantaneous expression
E ( z , t ) e{[ ax E1 ( z ) a y E2 ( z )]e jt }
ax E10 cos(t kz ) a y E20 cos(t kz ).
2
E1 (0, t ) E2 (0, t )
- Analytically, cos(t ) , sin(t ) ,
E10 E20 y
- Which leads to the following equation for an ellipse: E(0,t)
ω
2 2
E1 (0, t ) E2 (0, t ) E2
1. α
E10 E20 E1 x
0
E ( z ) a x E1 ( z ) a y E2 ( z ) ax E10e jkz a y jE20e jkz ,
- Circularly polarized if E10 E20
E10 E20 <Circular polarization>
- Elliptically polarized if
- If two waves are in space quadrature E (0, t ) (ax E10 a y E20 ) cos(t ).
,
but in time phase. y
E20
E20
tan 1
E10
0 E10 x
<Linear polarization>
- using Eq. (7-110), Eq. (7-114), c j ` j ``
1/ 2 1/ 2
``
j j 1 j ` 1 j
j `
Helmholtz’s equation using propagation constant : E E 0
2 2
- The electric and magnetic field intensities in a lossy dielectric are thus not in
time phase, as they are in a lossless medium.
1 1 ``
2
- Phase velocity :
up 1 ( m / s).
` 8 `
phase angle of 45˚. Hence the magnetic field intensity lags behind the electric field intensity by 45˚.
- Phase velocity in a good conductor - Wavelength in a good conductor
for copper
for copper at 3 MHz
5.80 107 ( S / m), 2 u p
2 (m).
2 f f 0.24 (mm),
(m / s), 4 10 ( H / m),
7
up
100 (m) in air.
u p 720 ( m / s) at 3 ( MHz ),
about twice the velocity of sound in air.
- Skin depth : due to e-αz, the amplitude of a wave will be attenuated by e –1 =0.368 when it travels a
distance δ=1/α (skin depth) in good conductor and at high frequency.
1
1 1
(m). (m).
f 2
E = ax100 cos(107πt) (V/m) @z=0, propagating + z direction in seawater (εr = 72, μr = 1, σ = 4 (S/m))
(a) Attenuation constant, phase constant, intrinsic impedance, phase velocity, wavelength, skin depth
4
107 (rad/s), f / 2 5 106 (Hz), 200 1, good conductor!
0 r 7 1 9
10 10 72
36
f 8.89 (Np/m) c (1 j ) f / e j 4 () 2 / 0.707 (m),
f 8.89 (rad/m) u / 3.53 106 (m/s) =1/ 0.112 (m)
p
p 1 Ne2
- Plasma frequency: fp ( Hz ).
2 2 m 0