3 - RF Channel Analysis Rev1
3 - RF Channel Analysis Rev1
3 - RF Channel Analysis Rev1
RF Channel Analysis
Power
Frequency
Tim
eS
ele
cti
ve
Fa
ding
(F
as
to
rS
low
)
Time
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.4
0
0.2 0 5 10 15 20
-0.5
0
-50,000 -30,000 -10,000 10,000 30,000 50,000 -1
-0.2
-1.5
-0.4 Time
Frequency (1/T=10,000 Hz)
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Time (µs)
1.5
Carrier Symbol- carrier sinewave multiplied by symbol pulse
1
Amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5 0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1
-1.5
Time (µs)
0.8
0.6
0.4
Amplitude
0.2
0
-50,000 -40,000 -30,000 -20,000 -10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
-0.2
-0.4
Frequency (1/T=10,000 Hz)
1.5 1.5
Unfiltered Symbol Phase transition Filtered Symbols Phase Transition
1 1
0.5 0.5
Amplitude
Amplitude
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
Time Time
𝜋𝛼𝑡
𝑡 cos ( 𝑇 )
ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐( ) RC filter (time domain)
𝑇 1−( 2𝛼𝑡) 2
𝑇
𝜏 𝜋𝑇 1−𝛼
𝐻 𝑓 = 2 (1 + cos 𝑓 ) RC filter (frequency domain)
𝛼 2𝑇
Frequency response of a raised cosine filter Impulse response of a raised cosine filter
100
1
80 0.8
roll-off=1
60 0.6
Amplitude
roll- roll-off=1
Amplitude
40 off=0.5 0.4
roll-off=0.5
20 0.2 roll-off=0
0 0
-20000 -10000 0 10000 20000 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
-0.2
-20
Frequency (1/T= 10,000 Hz)
-0.4
Time (µs)
8
roll-off=1
6
roll-off=0.5
Amplitude
4 roll-off=1
0
-18000 -13000 -8000 -3000 2000 7000 12000 17000
-2
Frequency (1/T=10,000 Hz)
11/28/201 Copyright CelPlan Technolgoies, Inc. 3-15
3
The RF Signal Content
• The RF signal has to carry at least the following components
• Information Data
– This is the user data that has to be delivered through the RF communication
channel
– The data content is not previously known
• Control Data
– This data provides detail about the network access and characteristics and
when information data is sent, at which location, its origin and destination
• Reference Signal
– Is known information to the receiver that is used to estimate the response of
the RF channel
• Sub-channelization
– A broadband channel may have the information data modulated on a single
carrier or on multiple carriers
– Each carrier is called a sub-channel
– The set of carriers is called a channel
Frequency
Tim
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ele
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Fa
ding
(F
as
to
rS
low
)
Time
11/28/2013 Copyright CelPlan Technolgoies, Inc. 3-20
The RF channel topics
1. What is the RF channel?
2. What are the variations expected in an RF channel?
3. Does an RF channel vary over time?
4. What is a flat channel? How can we get a flat channel for a
duration of a symbol?
5. What are the equations that characterize the transmit and receive
signals?
6. Why is it important for the designer to understand the behavior of
the RF channel?
7. What is inter-symbol interference?
8. What causes the non linearity in a channel response?
9. What would be an ideal symbol bandwidth and duration?
Power
𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝜑
Frequency Selective Fading
Frequency
ℎ = 𝛼 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
cti
RF channel response
ve
Fa
ding
(F
as
to
𝒓= 𝒉𝒔 Received signal
rS
low
)
Frequency
Tim
eS
ele
cti
ve
Fa
ding
(Fa
s
to
rS
low
)
Time
11/28/2013 Copyright CelPlan Technolgoies, Inc. 3-30
RF Channel In Frequency Domain Topics
1. What is multipath in RF propagation?
2. What happens to a receiver that receives multipaths?
3. What is multipath fading?
4. What amount of multipath can destroy the received signal?
5. How does multipath affect the carrier and the modulating signal?
6. How multipath can be avoided?
7. What is coherence bandwidth?
8. What does coherence bandwidth correlation mean?
9. What is the typical amount of multipath in indoor, urban and
suburban environments?
10. What is the maximum multipath distance for the main
technologies?
11. What id shadow fading?
Relative
Amplitude (dB)
0 dB
-10 dB
-20 dB
-30 dB
-40 dB
Main signal and multipath (90°) Main signal and multipath (135°) Main signal and multipath (180°)
1.5 1.5
1.5
1 1 1
Amplitude
Amplitude
0 0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1
-1.5 -1.5
Delay spread expressed in degrees -1.5
Delay spread expressed in degrees Delay spread expressed in degrees
10 5
5 0
0 -5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
-5 0 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380 -10
-10 -15
-15 -20
-20 -25
-25 -30
-30
-35
-35
-40 -40
-45 -45
-50 -50
-55 -55
-60 -60
Delay spread expressed in degrees Delay spread expressed in degrees
0.10
0.01
0.00
0.00 5,000.00 10,000.00 15,000.00 20,000.00 25,000.00
Distance (m)
11/28/201 Copyright CelPlan Technolgoies, Inc. 3-37
3
Coherence Bandwidth
• The duration of the path or multipath spread, whichever is more restrictive, is
called the coherence bandwidth and is defined by the inverse of this time
• In literature, the coherence bandwidth is expressed as the bandwidth for which
a full cycle shift occurs and is given by the first equation below
• The coherence bandwidth can then be expressed for 50% correlation between
end frequencies (the channel varies by 3 dB), or for 90% correlation (0.5 dB
channel variation) and is defined respectively by equations below
• The 1/3 cycle criteria can be used to define a flat channel, which corresponds to
a variation of about 6 dB and is defined by the equation with 25% correlation
• Where τ = delay spread for signals within a 10 dB window
𝐵𝑐 = 1 𝜎𝜏 Coherence Bandwidth
Frequency
Tim
eS
ele
cti
ve
Fa
ding
(Fa
s
to
rS
low
)
Time
Trees Effect
Wind Speed (km/h) Wind Speed (m/s) Fading Time (ms)
10 2.778 360
5 1.389 720
1 0.278 3,600
0.1 0.028 36,000
0.01 0.003 360,000
11/28/201 Copyright CelPlan Technolgoies, Inc. 3-47
3
Vehicles Effect
• Vehicles reflect the signal on their sides and their speed
causes these reflections to impact fading differently. This
impact can be calculated by equation below
l=vehicle length (m)
ν=vehicle speed
Ft =fading time (s)
𝑑
𝐹𝑡 = Fading time due to vehicles
ν
Vehicle Movement Effect
Vehicle Vehicle Fading Time (ms)
Speed Speed 1 m long 4 m long
1
𝑇𝑐 = Coherence time for 75% correlation
6 ∆𝑓
WLAN (Wi-Fi) 0.3125 3.2 64QAM 1.25 4.00 320 156 666
30
25
20
15 64QAM1/2
CelPlan Technologies