Topic 2 P2 [172 marks]

An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a crane. The other
end of the rope is connected to a block which is initially at position A. The block is released from
rest. The mass of the rope is negligible.

The unextended length of the rope is 60.0 m. From position A to position B, the block falls freely.

1a. At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block at position B. [2 marks]

Markscheme
use of conservation of energy
OR
v2 = u2 + 2as

v = «√2 × 60.0 × 9.81» = 34.3 «ms–1»

[2 marks]

At position C the speed of the block reaches zero. The time taken for the block to fall between B
 At position C the speed of the block reaches zero. The time taken for the block to fall between B
and C is 0.759 s. The mass of the block is 80.0 kg.

1b. Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the block between B [2 marks]
and C.

Markscheme
use of impulse Fave × Δt = Δp
OR
use of F = ma with average acceleration
OR
80.0×34.3
F= 0.759

3620«N»

Allow ECF from (a).

[2 marks]

Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block between B and
1c. Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block between B and [2 marks]
C. The arrow on the diagram represents the weight of the block.

Markscheme
upwards
clearly longer than weight

For second marking point allow ECF from (b)(i) providing line is upwards.
[2 marks]

1d. Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the block [2 marks]
between B and C.
 Markscheme
3620 + 80.0 × 9.81
4400 «N»

Allow ECF from (b)(i).

[2 marks]

For the rope and block, describe the energy changes that take place

1e. between A and B. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(loss in) gravitational potential energy (of block) into kinetic energy (of block)

Must see names of energy (gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) – Allow for
reasonable variations of terminology (eg energy of motion for KE).
[1 mark]

1f. between B and C. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
(loss in) gravitational potential and kinetic energy of block into elastic potential energy of
rope

See note for 1(c)(i) for naming convention.

Must see either the block or the rope (or both) mentioned in connection with the appropriate
energies.
[1 mark]

1g. The length reached by the rope at C is 77.4 m. Suggest how energy considerations [2 marks]
could be used to determine the elastic constant of the rope.

Markscheme
1 2
k can be determined using EPE = 2
kx

correct statement or equation showing

GPE at A = EPE at C
OR
(GPE + KE) at B = EPE at C

Candidate must clearly indicate the energy associated with either position A or B for MP2.
[2 marks]

A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
 A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
hemispherical bowl.

The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

2a. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1 mark]

Markscheme
towards the centre «of the circle» / horizontally to the right

Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl

[1 mark]

2b. On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of the [2 marks]
ball.
 Markscheme
downward vertical arrow of any length
arrow of correct length

Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not required. A
label is not required

eg:

[2 marks]

2c. Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the [3 marks]
following equation.

mg
F=
tan θ
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
F = N cos θ
mg = N sin θ
dividing/substituting to get result

ALTERNATIVE 2
right angle triangle drawn with F, N and W/mg labelled
angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions
correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

O mg
tan θ = A
= F

[3 marks]

2d. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball. [4 marks]
 Markscheme
mg v2
tan θ
=m r

r = R cos θ

v=√ /√ tan θ /√ 9.81×tan

gRcos2θ gR cos θ 8.0 cos 22
sin θ 22

v = 13.4/13 «ms –1»

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13.9/14 «ms –1». MP2 omitted
[4 marks]

2e. Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to [2 marks]
the radius of the bowl.

Markscheme
there is no force to balance the weight/N is horizontal
so no / it is not possible

Must see correct justification to award MP2

[2 marks]

A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is
2f. A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is [3 marks]
displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls remain in contact.
Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two balls.

Markscheme
speed before collision v = «√2gR =» 12.5 «ms–1»
1
«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 2
initial speed «vc =
12.5
2
= 6.25 ms –1»
2
v 6.252
h = « 2gc = 2×9.81
» 2.0 «m»

Allow 12.5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

Award [3] for a bald correct answer
Award [0] for mg(8) = 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.
Allow ECF from MP1
Allow ECF from MP2
[3 marks]

At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block at position B.
3a. At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block at position B. [2 marks]

Markscheme
use of conservation of energy
OR
v2 = u2 + 2as

v = «√2 × 60.0 × 9.81» = 34.3 «ms–1»

[2 marks]

3b. Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the block between B [2 marks]
and C.
 Markscheme
use of impulse Fave × Δt = Δp
OR
use of F = ma with average acceleration
OR
80.0×34.3
F= 0.759

3620«N»

Allow ECF from (a).

[2 marks]

3c. Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block between B and [2 marks]
C. The arrow on the diagram represents the weight of the block.

Markscheme
upwards
clearly longer than weight

For second marking point allow ECF from (b)(i) providing line is upwards.
[2 marks]

Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the block
3d. Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the block [2 marks]
between B and C.

Markscheme
3620 + 80.0 × 9.81
4400 «N»

Allow ECF from (b)(i).

[2 marks]

3e. between A and B. [1 mark]

Markscheme
(loss in) gravitational potential energy (of block) into kinetic energy (of block)

Must see names of energy (gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) – Allow for
reasonable variations of terminology (eg energy of motion for KE).
[1 mark]

3f. between B and C. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
(loss in) gravitational potential and kinetic energy of block into elastic potential energy of
rope

See note for 1(c)(i) for naming convention.

Must see either the block or the rope (or both) mentioned in connection with the appropriate
energies.
[1 mark]

3g. The length reached by the rope at C is 77.4 m. Suggest how energy considerations [2 marks]
could be used to determine the elastic constant of the rope.

Markscheme
1 2
k can be determined using EPE = 2
kx

correct statement or equation showing

GPE at A = EPE at C
OR
(GPE + KE) at B = EPE at C

Candidate must clearly indicate the energy associated with either position A or B for MP2.
[2 marks]

An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a crane. The other
 An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a crane. The other
end of the rope is connected to a block which is initially at position A. The block is released from
rest. The mass of the rope is negligible.

The unextended length of the rope is 60.0 m. From position A to position B, the block falls freely.

In another test, the block hangs in equilibrium at the end of the same elastic rope. The elastic
constant of the rope is 400 Nm–1. The block is pulled 3.50 m vertically below the equilibrium
position and is then released from rest.

3h. Calculate the time taken for the block to return to the equilibrium position for the first [2 marks]
time.

Markscheme
T = 2 π√ 80.0
400
= 2.81 «s»

T
time = 4
= 0.702 «s»

Award [0] for kinematic solutions that assume a constant acceleration.

[2 marks]

Calculate the speed of the block as it passes the equilibrium position.

3i. Calculate the speed of the block as it passes the equilibrium position. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
2π
ω= 2.81
= 2.24 «rad s –1»

v = 2.24 × 3.50 = 7.84 «ms–1»

ALTERNATIVE 2
1 2 1 1 1
2
kx = 2
mv2 OR 2
400 × 3.5 2 = 2
80v2

v = 7.84 «ms–1»

Award [0] for kinematic solutions that assume a constant acceleration.

Allow ECF for T from (e)(i).
[2 marks]

Hydrogen atoms in an ultraviolet (UV) lamp make transitions from the first excited state to the
 Hydrogen atoms in an ultraviolet (UV) lamp make transitions from the first excited state to the
ground state. Photons are emitted and are incident on a photoelectric surface as shown.

4a. Show that the energy of photons from the UV lamp is about 10 eV. [2 marks]

Markscheme
13.6
E1 = –13.6 «eV» E2 = – 4
= –3.4 «eV»

energy of photon is difference E2 – E1 = 10.2 «≈ 10 eV»

Must see at least 10.2 eV.

[2 marks]

The photons cause the emission of electrons from the photoelectric surface. The work function
 The photons cause the emission of electrons from the photoelectric surface. The work function
of the photoelectric surface is 5.1 eV.

4b. Calculate, in J, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons. [2 marks]

Markscheme
10 – 5.1 = 4.9 «eV»
4.9 × 1.6 × 10 –19 = 7.8 × 10 –19 «J»

Allow 5.1 if 10.2 is used to give 8.2×10 −19 «J».

4c. Suggest, with reference to conservation of energy, how the variable voltage source [2 marks]
can be used to stop all emitted electrons from reaching the collecting plate.

Markscheme
EPE produced by battery
exceeds maximum KE of electrons / electrons don’t have enough KE

For first mark, accept explanation in terms of electric potential energy difference of
electrons between surface and plate.
[2 marks]
4d. The variable voltage can be adjusted so that no electrons reach the collecting plate. [1 mark]
Write down the minimum value of the voltage for which no electrons reach the collecting
plate.

Markscheme
4.9 «V»

Allow 5.1 if 10.2 is used in (b)(i).

Ignore sign on answer.
[1 mark]

The electric potential of the photoelectric surface is 0 V. The variable voltage is adjusted so that
the collecting plate is at –1.2 V.

4e. On the diagram, draw and label the equipotential lines at –0.4 V and –0.8 V. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
two equally spaced vertical lines (judge by eye) at approximately 1/3 and 2/3
labelled correctly

[2 marks]

4f. An electron is emitted from the photoelectric surface with kinetic energy 2.1 eV. [2 marks]
Calculate the speed of the electron at the collecting plate.

Markscheme
kinetic energy at collecting plate = 0.9 «eV»
speed = «
√ 2×0.9
−19
×1.6×10
» = 5.6 × 10 5 «ms–1»
9.11 10−31
×

Allow ECF from MP1

[2 marks]

5a. State the direction of the resultant force on the ball. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
towards the centre «of the circle» / horizontally to the right

Do not accept towards the centre of the bowl

[1 mark]

5b. On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of the [2 marks]
ball.

Markscheme
downward vertical arrow of any length
arrow of correct length

Judge the length of the vertical arrow by eye. The construction lines are not required. A
label is not required

eg:

[2 marks]

Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the
5c. Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the [3 marks]
following equation.

mg
F=
tan θ

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
F = N cos θ
mg = N sin θ
dividing/substituting to get result

ALTERNATIVE 2
right angle triangle drawn with F, N and W/mg labelled
angle correctly labelled and arrows on forces in correct directions
correct use of trigonometry leading to the required relationship

O mg
tan θ = A
= F
[3 marks]

The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.
5d. The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball. [4 marks]

Markscheme
mg v2
tan θ
=m r

r = R cos θ

v=√ /√ tan θ /√ 9.81×tan

gRcos2θ gR cos θ 8.0 cos 22
sin θ 22

v = 13.4/13 «ms –1»

Award [4] for a bald correct answer

Award [3] for an answer of 13.9/14 «ms –1». MP2 omitted
[4 marks]

5e. Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to [2 marks]
the radius of the bowl.
 Markscheme
there is no force to balance the weight/N is horizontal
so no / it is not possible

Must see correct justification to award MP2

[2 marks]

5f. A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is [3 marks]
displaced so that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls remain in contact.
Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two balls.
 Markscheme
speed before collision v = «√2gR =» 12.5 «ms–1»
1
«from conservation of momentum» common speed after collision is 2
initial speed «vc =
12.5
2
= 6.25 ms –1»
vc2 6.252
h = « 2g = 2×9.81
» 2.0 «m»

Allow 12.5 from incorrect use of kinematics equations

Award [3] for a bald correct answer
Award [0] for mg(8) = 2mgh leading to h = 4 m if done in one step.
Allow ECF from MP1
Allow ECF from MP2
[3 marks]

The ball is now displaced through a small distance x from the bottom of the bowl and is then
released from rest.

The magnitude of the force on the ball towards the equilibrium position is given by
mgx
R
where R is the radius of the bowl.

5g. Outline why the ball will perform simple harmonic oscillations about the equilibrium [1 mark]
position.
 Markscheme
the «restoring» force/acceleration is proportional to displacement

Direction is not required

[1 mark]

5h. Show that the period of oscillation of the ball is about 6 s. [2 marks]

Markscheme
ω=«
√ R » = √ 9.81
g
8.0
«= 1.107 s –1»

T=«
2π
ω =
2π
1.107
=» 5.7 «s»

Allow use of or g = 9.8 or 10

Award [0] for a substitution into T = 2π √ Ig

[2 marks]

The amplitude of oscillation is 0.12 m. On the axes, draw a graph to show the variation
5i. The amplitude of oscillation is 0.12 m. On the axes, draw a graph to show the variation [3 marks]
with time t of the velocity v of the ball during one period.

Markscheme
sine graph
correct amplitude «0.13 m s –1»
correct period and only 1 period shown

Accept ± sine for shape of the graph. Accept 5.7 s or 6.0 s for the correct period.
1
Amplitude should be correct to ± 2
square for MP2

eg: v /m s –1

[3 marks]

A wheel of mass 0.25 kg consists of a cylinder mounted on a central shaft. The shaft has a
 A wheel of mass 0.25 kg consists of a cylinder mounted on a central shaft. The shaft has a
radius of 1.2 cm and the cylinder has a radius of 4.0 cm. The shaft rests on two rails with the
cylinder able to spin freely between the rails.

The stationary wheel is released from rest and rolls down a slope with the shaft rolling on the
rails without slipping from point A to point B.

6a. The moment of inertia of the wheel is 1.3 × 10 –4 kg m 2. Outline what is meant by the [1 mark]
moment of inertia.

Markscheme
an object’s resistance to change in rotational motion
OR
equivalent of mass in rotational equations

OWTTE
[1 mark]

In moving from point A to point B, the centre of mass of the wheel falls through a
6b. In moving from point A to point B, the centre of mass of the wheel falls through a [3 marks]
vertical distance of 0.36 m. Show that the translational speed of the wheel is about 1 m
s–1 after its displacement.

Markscheme
ΔKE + Δrotational KE = ΔGPE
OR
1 1 v2
2
mv2 + I
2 r2
= mgh

1 1 v2
2
× 0.250 × v2 + 2
× 1.3 × 10 –4 × = 0.250 × 9.81 × 0.36
1.44×10−4
v = 1.2 «m s –1»

[3 marks]

6c. Determine the angular velocity of the wheel at B. [1 mark]

Markscheme
ω «=
1.2
0.012
» = 100 «rad s –1»

[1 mark]

The wheel leaves the rails at point B and travels along the flat track to point C. For a short time
 The wheel leaves the rails at point B and travels along the flat track to point C. For a short time
the wheel slips and a frictional force F exists on the edge of the wheel as shown.

6d. Describe the effect of F on the linear speed of the wheel. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force in direction of motion
so linear speed increases
[2 marks]

6e. Describe the effect of F on the angular speed of the wheel. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
force gives rise to anticlockwise/opposing torque on
wheel ✓ so angular speed decreases ✓

OWTTE
[2 marks]

A girl on a sledge is moving down a snow slope at a uniform speed.

7a. Draw the free-body diagram for the sledge at the position shown on the snow slope. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
arrow vertically downwards labelled weight «of sledge and/or girl»/ W/mg/gravitational
force/Fg/Fgravitational AND arrow perpendicular to the snow slope labelled reaction
force/R/normal contact force/N/FN
friction force/F/f acting up slope «perpendicular to reaction force»
Do not allow G/g/“gravity”.
Do not award MP1 if a “driving force” is included.
Allow components of weight if correctly labelled.
Ignore point of application or shape of object.
Ignore “air resistance”.
Ignore any reference to “push of feet on sledge”.
Do not award MP2 for forces on sledge on horizontal ground
The arrows should contact the object

7b. After leaving the snow slope, the girl on the sledge moves over a horizontal region [3 marks]
of snow. Explain, with reference to the physical origin of the forces, why the vertical
forces on the girl must be in equilibrium as she moves over the horizontal region.

Markscheme
gravitational force/weight from the Earth «downwards»
reaction force from the sledge/snow/ground «upwards»
no vertical acceleration/remains in contact with the ground/does not move vertically as
there is no resultant vertical force
Allow naming of forces as in (a)
Allow vertical forces are balanced/equal in magnitude/cancel out

When the sledge is moving on the horizontal region of the snow, the girl jumps off the
7c. When the sledge is moving on the horizontal region of the snow, the girl jumps off the [2 marks]
sledge. The girl has no horizontal velocity after the jump. The velocity of the sledge
immediately after the girl jumps off is 4.2 m s–1. The mass of the girl is 55 kg and the mass of
the sledge is 5.5 kg. Calculate the speed of the sledge immediately before the girl jumps from it.

Markscheme
mention of conservation of momentum
OR
5.5 x 4.2 = (55 + 5.5) «v»
0.38 «m s–1»
Allow p=p′ or other algebraically equivalent statement
Award [0] for answers based on energy

7d. The girl chooses to jump so that she lands on loosely-packed snow rather than frozen [3 marks]
ice. Outline why she chooses to land on the snow.
 Markscheme
same change in momentum/impulse
the time taken «to stop» would be greater «with the snow»
Δp
F= Δt
therefore F is smaller «with the snow»

OR
force is proportional to rate of change of momentum therefore F is smaller «with the snow»
Allow reverse argument for ice

The sledge, without the girl on it, now travels up a snow slope that makes an angle of 6.5˚ to the
horizontal. At the start of the slope, the speed of the sledge is 4.2 m s–1. The coefficient of
dynamic friction of the sledge on the snow is 0.11.

7e. Show that the acceleration of the sledge is about –2 m s –2. [3 marks]

Markscheme
«friction force down slope» = µmg cos(6.5) = «5.9 N»
«component of weight down slope» = mg sin(6.5) «= 6.1 N»
12
«so a = F
m» acceleration = 5.5
= 2.2 «m s –2»

Ignore negative signs

Allow use of g = 10 m s –2

Calculate the distance along the slope at which the sledge stops moving. Assume that
7f. Calculate the distance along the slope at which the sledge stops moving. Assume that [2 marks]
the coefficient of dynamic friction is constant.

Markscheme
correct use of kinematics equation
distance = 4.4 or 4.0 «m»
Alternative 2
KE lost=work done against friction + GPE
distance = 4.4 or 4.0 «m»
Allow ECF from (e)(i)
Allow [1 max] for GPE missing leading to 8.2 «m»

7g. The coefficient of static friction between the sledge and the snow is 0.14. Outline, [2 marks]
with a calculation, the subsequent motion of the sledge.

Markscheme
calculates a maximum value for the frictional force = « µR=» 7.5 «N»
sledge will not move as the maximum static friction force is greater than the component of
weight down the slope
Allow correct conclusion from incorrect MP1
Allow 7.5 > 6.1 so will not move
 A non-uniform electric field, with field lines as shown, exists in a region where there is no
gravitational field. X is a point in the electric field. The field lines and X lie in the plane of the
paper.

8a. Outline what is meant by electric field strength. [2 marks]

Markscheme
force per unit charge
acting on a small/test positive charge

8b. An electron is placed at X and released from rest. Draw, on the diagram, the direction of [1 mark]
the force acting on the electron due to the field.

Markscheme
horizontally to the left
Arrow does not need to touch X

The electron is replaced by a proton which is also released from rest at X. Compare,
8c. The electron is replaced by a proton which is also released from rest at X. Compare, [4 marks]
without calculation, the motion of the electron with the motion of the proton after
release. You may assume that no frictional forces act on the electron or the proton.

Markscheme
proton moves to the right/they move in opposite directions
force on each is initially the same
proton accelerates less than electron initially «because mass is greater»
field is stronger on right than left «as lines closer»
proton acceleration increases «as it is moving into stronger field»
OR
electron acceleration decreases «as it is moving into weaker field»
Allow ECF from (b)
Accept converse argument for electron

The diagram below shows part of a downhill ski course which starts at point A, 50 m above level
 The diagram below shows part of a downhill ski course which starts at point A, 50 m above level
ground. Point B is 20 m above level ground.

A skier of mass 65 kg starts from rest at point A and during the ski course some of the
gravitational potential energy transferred to kinetic energy.

9a. From A to B, 24 % of the gravitational potential energy transferred to kinetic energy. [2 marks]
Show that the velocity at B is 12 m s–1.

Markscheme
1 2
2
v = 0.24 gh
v = 11.9 «m s –1»

Award GPE lost = 65 × 9.81 × 30 = «19130 J»

Must see the 11.9 value for MP2, not simply 12.
Allow g = 9.8 ms –2.

Some of the gravitational potential energy transferred into internal energy of the skis,
9b. Some of the gravitational potential energy transferred into internal energy of the skis, [2 marks]
slightly increasing their temperature. Distinguish between internal energy and
temperature.

Markscheme
internal energy is the total KE «and PE» of the molecules/particles/atoms in an object
temperature is a measure of the average KE of the molecules/particles/atoms

Award [1 max] if there is no mention of molecules/particles/atoms.

9c. The dot on the following diagram represents the skier as she passes point B. [2 marks]
Draw and label the vertical forces acting on the skier.
 Markscheme
arrow vertically downwards from dot labelled weight/W/mg/gravitational
force/Fg/Fgravitational AND arrow vertically upwards from dot labelled reaction force/R/normal
contact force/N/FN
W>R

Do not allow gravity.

Do not award MP1 if additional ‘centripetal’ force arrow is added.
Arrows must connect to dot.
Ignore any horizontal arrow labelled friction.
Judge by eye for MP2. Arrows do not have to be correctly labelled or connect to dot for
MP2.

9d. The hill at point B has a circular shape with a radius of 20 m. Determine whether the [3 marks]
skier will lose contact with the ground at point B.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
mv2
recognition that centripetal force is required / r seen
= 468 «N»
W/640 N (weight) is larger than the centripetal force required, so the skier does not lose
contact with the ground

ALTERNATIVE 2
v2
recognition that centripetal acceleration is required / r seen
a = 7.2 «ms –2»
g is larger than the centripetal acceleration required, so the skier does not lose contact with
the ground

ALTERNATIVE 3
recognition that to lose contact with the ground centripetal force ≥ weight
calculation that v ≥ 14 «ms –1»
comment that 12 «ms –1» is less than 14 «ms –1» so the skier does not lose contact with the
ground

ALTERNATIVE 4
mv2
recognition that centripetal force is required / r seen
calculation that reaction force = 172 «N»
reaction force > 0 so the skier does not lose contact with the ground

Do not award a mark for the bald statement that the skier does not lose contact with the
ground.

The skier reaches point C with a speed of 8.2 m s –1. She stops after a distance of 24
9e. The skier reaches point C with a speed of 8.2 m s –1. She stops after a distance of 24 [3 marks]
m at point D.
Determine the coefficient of dynamic friction between the base of the skis and the snow.
Assume that the frictional force is constant and that air resistance can be neglected.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
0 = 8.2 2 + 2 × a × 24 therefore a = «−»1.40 «m s −2»
friction force = ma = 65 × 1.4 = 91 «N»
91
coefficient of friction = 65×9.81
= 0.14

ALTERNATIVE 2
KE = 12 mv2 = 0.5 x 65 x 8.2 2 = 2185 «J»

friction force = KE/distance = 2185/24 = 91 «N»

91
coefficient of friction = 65×9.81
= 0.14

Allow ECF from MP1.

At the side of the course flexible safety nets are used. Another skier of mass 76 kg falls normally
into the safety net with speed 9.6 m s–1.

9f. Calculate the impulse required from the net to stop the skier and state an appropriate [2 marks]
unit for your answer.
 Markscheme
«76 × 9.6»= 730
Ns OR kg ms –1

9g. Explain, with reference to change in momentum, why a flexible safety net is less likely [2 marks]
to harm the skier than a rigid barrier.

Markscheme
safety net extends stopping time
Δp
F= therefore F is smaller «with safety net»
Δt
OR
force is proportional to rate of change of momentum therefore F is smaller «with safety net»

Accept reverse argument.

A glider is an aircraft with no engine. To be launched, a glider is uniformly accelerated from rest
 A glider is an aircraft with no engine. To be launched, a glider is uniformly accelerated from rest
by a cable pulled by a motor that exerts a horizontal force on the glider throughout the launch.

10a. The glider reaches its launch speed of 27.0 m s –1 after accelerating for 11.0 [2 marks]
s. Assume that the glider moves horizontally until it leaves the ground. Calculate
the total distance travelled by the glider before it leaves the ground.

Markscheme
correct use of kinematic equation/equations
148.5 or 149 or 150 «m»

Substitution(s) must be correct.

10b. The glider and pilot have a total mass of 492 kg. During the acceleration the glider is [3 marks]
subject to an average resistive force of 160 N. Determine the average tension in the
cable as the glider accelerates.
 Markscheme
27
a= 11
or 2.45 «m s –2»

F – 160 = 492 × 2.45

1370 «N»

Could be seen in part (a).

Award [0] for solution that uses a = 9.81 m s –2

10c. The cable is pulled by an electric motor. The motor has an overall efficiency of 23 %. [3 marks]
Determine the average power input to the motor.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«work done to launch glider» = 1370 x 149 «= 204 kJ»
204×100
«work done by motor» = 23
204×100 1
«power input to motor» = 23
× 11
= 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W»

ALTERNATIVE 2
use of average speed 13.5 m s –1
«useful power output» = force x average speed «= 1370 x 13.5»
100
power input = «1370 × 13.5 × 23
=» 80 or 80.4 or 81 k«W»

ALTERNATIVE 3
work required from motor = KE + work done against friction «
= 0.5 × 492 × 272 + (160 × 148.5)» = 204 «kJ»
work required from motor×100
«energy input» = 23
883000
power input = 11
= 80.3 k«W»

Award [2 max] for an answer of 160 k«W».

10d. The cable is wound onto a cylinder of diameter 1.2 m. Calculate the angular velocity of[2 marks]
the cylinder at the instant when the glider has a speed of 27 m s–1. Include
an appropriate unit for your answer.
 Markscheme
27
ω = « vr =» 0.6
= 45
rad s –1

Do not accept Hz.

Award [1 max] if unit is missing.

10e. After takeoff the cable is released and the unpowered glider moves horizontally [2 marks]
at constant speed. The wings of the glider provide a lift force. The diagram shows
the lift force acting on the glider and the direction of motion of the glider.

Draw the forces acting on the glider to complete the free-body diagram. The dotted lines show
the horizontal and vertical directions.

Markscheme

drag correctly labelled and in correct direction

weight correctly labelled and in correct direction AND no other incorrect force shown

Award [1 max] if forces do not touch the dot, but are otherwise OK.

Explain, using appropriate laws of motion, how the forces acting on the glider
10f. Explain, using appropriate laws of motion, how the forces acting on the glider [2 marks]
maintain it in level flight.

Markscheme
name Newton's first law
vertical/all forces are in equilibrium/balanced/add to zero
OR
vertical component of lift mentioned
as equal to weight

10g. At a particular instant in the flight the glider is losing 1.00 m of vertical height for every [3 marks]
6.00 m that it goes forward horizontally. At this instant, the horizontal speed of the
glider is 12.5 m s–1. Calculate the velocity of the glider. Give your answer to an appropriate
number of significant figures.

Markscheme
any speed and any direction quoted together as the answer
quotes their answer(s) to 3 significant figures
speed = 12.7 m s –1 or direction = 9.46 º or 0.165 rad «below the horizontal» or gradient of
− 16

A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.
 A student investigates how light can be used to measure the speed of a toy train.

Light from a laser is incident on a double slit. The light from the slits is detected by a light
sensor attached to the train.
The graph shows the variation with time of the output voltage from the light sensor as the train
moves parallel to the slits. The output voltage is proportional to the intensity of light incident on
the sensor.

11a. Explain, with reference to the light passing through the slits, why a series of voltage [3 marks]
peaks occurs.
 Markscheme
«light» superposes/interferes
pattern consists of «intensity» maxima and minima
OR
consisting of constructive and destructive «interference»
voltage peaks correspond to interference maxima

11b. The slits are separated by 1.5 mm and the laser light has a wavelength of 6.3 x 10 –7 m.[1 mark]
The slits are 5.0 m from the train track. Calculate the separation between two adjacent
positions of the train when the output voltage is at a maximum.

Markscheme
6.3×10−7×5.0
«s = λD
= =» 2.1 x 10 –3 «m»
d 1.5×10−3

If no unit assume m.
Correct answer only.

11c. Estimate the speed of the train. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
correct read-off from graph of 25 m s
2.1×10−3
v = « xt = =» 8.4 x 10 –2 «m s –1»
25×10−3

Allow ECF from (b)(i)

11d. In another experiment the student replaces the light sensor with a sound sensor. The [2 marks]
train travels away from a loudspeaker that is emitting sound waves of
constant amplitude and frequency towards a reflecting barrier.

The sound sensor gives a graph of the variation of output voltage with time along the track that
is similar in shape to the graph shown in the resource. Explain how this effect arises.

Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
«reflection at barrier» leads to two waves travelling in opposite directions
mention of formation of standing wave
maximum corresponds to antinode/maximum displacement «of air molecules»
OR
complete cancellation at node position

A mass is suspended from the ceiling of a train carriage by a string. The string makes
12. A mass is suspended from the ceiling of a train carriage by a string. The string makes [4 marks]
an angle θ with the vertical when the train is accelerating along a straight horizontal
track.

What is the acceleration of the train?

A. g sin θ
B. g cos θ
C. g tan θ
g
D. tan θ

Markscheme
C

Curling is a game played on a horizontal ice surface. A player pushes a large smooth stone
across the ice for several seconds and then releases it. The stone moves until friction brings it to
rest. The graph shows the variation of speed of the stone with time.

The total distance travelled by the stone in 17.5 s is 29.8 m.

13a. Determine the coefficient of dynamic friction between the stone and the ice during [3 marks]
the last 14.0 s of the stone’s motion.
 Markscheme
ALTERNATIVE 1
3.41
«deceleration» = 14.0
«= 0.243 m s−2 »

F = 0.243 × m
0.243×m
μ= m×9.81
= 0.025
ALTERNATIVE 2
distance travelled after release = 23.85 «m»
KE lost = 5.81 m «J»
KE lost 5.81m
μd = mg×distance
= 23.85mg
= 0.025
Award [3] for a bald correct answer.
Ignore sign in acceleration.
Allow ECF from (a) (note that
μ = 0.0073 x candidate answer to (a) ).
Ignore any units in answer.
Condone omission of m in solution.
Allow g = 10 N kg –1 (gives 0.024).

13b. The diagram shows the stone during its motion after release. [3 marks]

Label the diagram to show the forces acting on the stone. Your answer should include the
name, the direction and point of application of each force.
 Markscheme
normal force, upwards, ignore point of application
Force must be labeled for its mark to be awarded. Blob at poa not required.
Allow OWTTE for normal force. Allow N, R, reaction.
The vertical forces must lie within the middle third of the stone
weight/weight force/force of gravity, downwards, ignore point of application
Allow mg, W but not “gravity”.
Penalise gross deviations from vertical/horizontal once only
friction/resistive force, to left, at bottom of stone, point of application must be on the
interface between ice and stone
Allow F, µR. Only allow arrows/lines that lie on the interface. Take the tail of the arrow as
the definitive point of application and expect line to be drawn horizontal.
Award [2 max] if any force arrow does not touch the stone
Do not award MP3 if a “driving force” is shown acting to the right. This need not be labelled
to disqualify the mark. Treat arrows labelled “air resistance” as neutral.

N.B: Diagram in MS is drawn with the vertical forces not direction of travel collinear for
clarity

A company designs a spring system for loading ice blocks onto a truck. The ice block is placed
 A company designs a spring system for loading ice blocks onto a truck. The ice block is placed
in a holder H in front of the spring and an electric motor compresses the spring by pushing H to
the left. When the spring is released the ice block is accelerated towards a
ramp ABC. When the spring is fully decompressed, the ice block loses contact with the spring at
A. The mass of the ice block is 55 kg.

Assume that the surface of the ramp is frictionless and that the masses of the spring and the
holder are negligible compared to the mass of the ice block.

14a. (i) The block arrives at C with a speed of 0.90ms −1. Show that the elastic energy [4 marks]
stored in the spring is 670J.
(ii) Calculate the speed of the block at A.

Markscheme
(i)
≪ Eel= ≫ 12 mv2 + mgh
OR
«Eel=»EP+EK
1
≪ Eel= ≫ 2
× 55 × 0.902 +55 × 9.8 × 1.2
OR
669 J
«Eel = 669 ≈ 670J»
Award [1 max] for use of g=10Nkg –1, gives 682 J.
(ii)
1
2
× 55 × v2 = 670J

v =≪ √ 2×55670 = ≫ 4.9ms−1

If 682J used, answer is 5.0ms –1.

14b. Describe the motion of the block [3 marks]
(i) from A to B with reference to Newton's first law.
(ii) from B to C with reference to Newton's second law.

Markscheme
(i)
no force/friction on the block, hence constant motion/velocity/speed
(ii)
force acts on block OR gravity/component of weight pulls down slope
velocity/speed decreases OR it is slowing down OR it decelerates
Do not allow a bald statement of “N2” or “F = ma” for MP1.
Treat references to energy as neutral.

14c. On the axes, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of the block varies with [2 marks]
time from A to C. (You do not have to put numbers on the axes.)
 Markscheme
straight line through origin for at least one-third of the total length of time axis covered by
candidate line
followed by curve with decreasing positive gradient

Ignore any attempt to include motion before A.

Gradient of curve must always be less than that of straight line.

14d. The spring decompression takes 0.42s. Determine the average force that the spring [2 marks]
exerts on the block.

Markscheme
Δp 55×4.9
F ≪= Δt
≫= 0.42
F=642≈640N
Allow ECF from (a)(ii).

14e. The electric motor is connected to a source of potential difference 120V and draws a [2 marks]
current of 6.8A. The motor takes 1.5s to compress the spring.
Estimate the efficiency of the motor.
 Markscheme
«energy supplied by motor =» 120 × 6.8 × 1.5 or 1224 J
OR
«power supplied by motor =» 120 × 6.8 or 816 W
e = 0.55 or 0.547 or 55% or 54.7%
Allow ECF from earlier results.

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