Science, Technology and Society

CHAPTER 1: General Concepts and Historical and

Events in Science, Technology, and Society

1.0 PREFEACE

Science, technology and Society (STS) is an essential course in the General Education for tertiary
education. it was conceptualized to develop appreciation and critical understanding of the role of
science and technology in the development of people and the society. (J. Serafica, G. Pawilen, B.
Caslib, Jr., E. Alata)

This module is designed to guide undergraduate student to develop critical thinking and creativity
as they utilize science in understanding various human conditions and social issues, explore the
role of science and technology in nation building, analyze, scientific ideas, theories, innovations,
research, and practices, and discover technological advancements brought by science to the
society. (J. Serafica, G. Pawilen, B. Caslib, Jr., E. Alata)

In this module, the students are expected to broaden their theoretical and practical understanding
of STS as a course and as a field of study. Each lesson contains important information, activities,
and guide questions that will help students in learning STS. This book leads the students to
acknowledge that science and the society are inseparable. The development of scientific ideas
draws inspiration from the physical and natural world, and the society is always a recipient of the
positive benefits of science and technology. (J. Serafica, G. Pawilen, B. Caslib, Jr., E. Alata)

In the pursuit of providing you a comprehensive module under this course, various available
materials were utilized to ensure that all objectives will be achieved. However, it does not limit
your prerogative to cross-reference. It is much better to suffice your readings with supplemental
credible materials from the different learning portals. It is our responsibility to ensure that there is
quality education even in this trying times. Let us work hand in hand to rise above. To the stars,
through the struggles!

May God blessed us all!

God bless St. Mary’s College of Catbalogan!

MR. JASON P. TY
Instructor - Science, Technology and Society
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1.1 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

A. Define Science and Technology.

B. Understand the concept of Intellectual Revolutions that defined society
C. Explain the concept of Science, Technology and nation building in the Philippines
D. Value the indigenous science and technology in the Philippines

1.2 INTRODUCTION

It’s not always obvious that science shapes our daily lives, but the fact is science impacts countless
decisions we make each day. From managing our health and well-being, choosing paper over
plastic at the grocery store, or answering a child who asks why the sky is blue, science has an
important role in our lives. * More than ever before, educators need to employ teaching strategies
that inspire and prepare children to embrace science and potentially pursue it in their college and
career choices.

Science is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical, social, and natural
worlds through observation and experimentation. It’s key to innovation, global competitiveness,
and human advancement. It’s important that the world continues to advance the field of science,
whether it’s finding new cures for cancer and other diseases or identifying and exploring new
galaxies.

Technological and digital literacy are two of the most important subjects for students in today’s
schools. Students are already bombarded with digital information from the internet, social media
and countless apps on “smart” devices. And they are constantly using different forms of
technology, whether making a Skype video call, getting money out of an ATM or playing the latest
video game. Although this leads many educators to believe their students are already “digital
natives,” true technological and digital literacy encompasses far more.

The abilities to adequately use and do research through digital platforms, judge the validity (and
appropriateness) of the information encountered, and communicate and collaborate via digital
mediums are necessary for student success in school and in their future careers. They will
constantly encounter new technologies because innovation is rapid and exponential. In addition,
many technologies can help adapt the content in science classrooms for students with disabilities.
If all students understand how to use today’s technologies, both software and hardware, they will
be better prepared for success in the present as well as adapt more quickly to new technologies in
the future.

1.3 TOPICS
1.3.1. Science and Technology
1.3.2. Intellectual Revolutions that defined society
1.3.3. Science, Technology and Nation Building
1.3.4. Science Education in the Philippines
1.3.5. Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines
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1.4 ACTIVATE YOUR MIND

Instruction: Please observe the following pictures. After observing the picture below, answer the
following questions: (Criteria in answering; 8- Content and 2- Sentence construction.
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1.5 DISCUSSION

What is
science?
The word "science" probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook,
white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a
naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein's equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the
launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers …. All of those images reflect some
aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because science has so
many facets:

• Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science

may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and static facts listed in a
textbook, but that's only a small part of the story. Just as importantly,
science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts
into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.
• Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe
and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how
they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill
of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before.
• Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and
reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and
deal with many other sorts of problems.
• Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our
knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for
future investigation. Science will never be "finished."
• Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world
participate in the process of science. And you can too!

Intellectual Revolutions that defined society

This lesson will give light to the development of science and scientific ideas in the heart of the
society. It is the goal of this lesson to articulate ways by which society is transformed by science
and technology.

Scientific Revolution
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Science is as old as world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where
science began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with society.
So, how can science be defined?

1. Science as an idea
It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and physical world.

2. Science as an intellectual activity

It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This
process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.

3. Science as a body of knowledge

It Is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to a school
science.

4. Science as a personal and social activity

This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to
develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and
survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.

Human being have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and understand everything
around them. They have persistently observed and studied and the natural and physical world in
order to find meanings and seek answers to many questions. They have developed noble ideas,
later known as philosophy, to provide alternative or possible explanations to certain phenomena.
Humans also used religion to rationalize the origins of life and all lifeless forms.

The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th
century in Europe. Why in Europe? The probable answer is the invention of the printing machine
and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing number
of scholars in various fields of human interests. This does not mean, however, that science is a
foreign idea transported from other areas of the globe. Anyone who can examine the history of
science, technology, medicine and mathematics is aware that all great civilizations of the ancient
world hand their own sophisticated traditions and activities related to these discipline.

Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy. Biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature. It explained the emergence of birth of modern science as a result of these developments
from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to
reflect, rethink and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. There is no doubt that it ignited
vas human interests to rethink how they do science and view scientific processes.

Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it
was also a deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or
condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion, and
theological views. Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of the early works of
scientists. But these did not stop people especially scientists to satisfy their curiosity of the natural
and physical world.
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SCIENCE IDEAS

Scientific
Revolution

HUMANS SOCIETY

Concept 1.0

Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of the
society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas. It significantly improved the conduct of
scientific investigations, experiment and observations. The scientific revolution also led to the
creation of new research fields in science and prompted the establishments of a strong foundation
for modern science. In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural world and world
ideas.

Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

To further understand what exactly happened during the scientific revolution, it is important to
examine the different individuals whose ideas have shaken and contested the dominant theories
and ideas during this period--- the truth of their nature. Scientists in all periods of time are driven
by their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the physical and natural world. Their
love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover.

SCEINTISTS SCEINTIST
Creativity
IDEAS

Curiosity Passion to Science

know Discoveries

Critical Passion to Technology

Thinking discover

Figure 2. Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas, Science Discoveries and Technology.

Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. They are ordinary people doing extra
ordinary things. Some scientists were never appreciated during their times; some were condemned
by the Church during their time. In spite of all the predicaments and challenges they experienced,
they never stopped experimenting, theorizing and discovering new knowledge and ideas.

In this part of the lesson, three notable scientists are discussed. For sure, there were many scientists
who worked before and after these individuals. However, it is important to note that these men,
particularly through their ideas, had shaken the world.
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NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of science, is Nicolaus

Copernicus. Knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentially
unchanged since the great days of Ancient Greece, some 1,500 years before
Copernicus came of the scene (Gribbin, 2003). This continued up to the
Renaissance period. In one important way, Copernicus resembled the Greek
ancient philosophers or thinkers – he did not do anything extensive such as
observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to test his ideas. His ideas were
an example of what is presently classed as thought experiment. By the time
he finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus had been appointed as canon at
Frombork Cathedral in Poland. Despite his duty as a canon, he had plenty of
time to sustain his interest in astronomy.

Copernicus was strongly influenced by a book entitled Epitome published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes
Mueller. This book contains Mueller’s observations of the heavens and some commentary on earlier works
especially that of Ptolemy.

Copernicu’s idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510. Not long after that, he circulated a
summary of his ideas to his few close friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little Commentary). There
was no proof that Copernicus was concerned about the risk of persecution by the Church if he published his ideas
formally.

Copernicus was a busy man. His duty as a canon and as a doctor affected his time to formally publish his work and
advance his career in astronomy. The publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution.

In his book, he wanted a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying
rates (Gribbin, 2003). Copernicus placed the Sin to be the centerpiece of the universe. The Earth and all the planets
are surrounding or orbiting the Sun each year. The Moon, however, would still be seen orbiting the Earth.
Copernicu’s model of the Earth orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the planets into a logical
sequence. In this model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion:

1. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the Sun.

From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the Sun. The
result would form a sequence from Mercury, with a shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
with the longest year. He placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun. One of the great problems
in the Copernicus model, however, was the position of the stars. The stars cannot be placed in a fixed position like
crystals in a distance sphere.

Copernicus is also a courageous man. Although the Copernican model males sense now, during those times, it was
judges to be heretic and therefore it was an unacceptable idea to be taught to Catholics. The Catholic Church
banned the Copernican model and was ignored by Rome for the rest of the 16th century.

CHARLES DARWIN

Charles Darwin is famous for theory of evolution. He changed our concept of

the world’s creation and its evolution. Johnson (2012) described Darwin as a
genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family. He
developed his interest in natural history during his time as a student at
Shrewsbury School. He would also spend time taking long walks to observe his
surroundings while collecting specimens and he pored over books in his father’s
library (Gribbin, 2003). According to Johnson, Darwin went to the best schools
but was observed to be a mediocre student. He struggled in his study in
medicine and ministry, which his father has imposed to him. Darwin’s life soon
changed when one of his professors recommended him to join a five-year
voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
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Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1989. This book is considered to be one of the most important
works in scientific literature. Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with
overwhelming evidence. His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and
adaptation that differentiate species. Like many other scholars, Darwin accumulated many pertinent materials and
data that he could ever possibly need to substantiate his theory.

Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of plants and animals
into the realms of humans. His book The Descent of Man was so impressive introduced the idea of all organic life,
including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This replaced the dominant views of a religious
or biblical design that places human beings in privileged positions of having been created by God. Darwin’s theory
of evolution scientifically questioned the view.

Dawrin’s accomplishments were so diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major
contributions; evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. Mre than these works, what made Darwin truly
remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during
those days. His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science. Darwin provided
a different framework for doing scientific activities. It is science marked by observation and experiment.

Please watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2APcvsEKB_s

Cradles of Early Science

Meso-American Civilization

•consists of four culture namely: Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca

•the manufacture of rubber ball in the ball game tlacht
•a game played by Meso-American civilizations from earliest times
•among the plants originated in Meso-America are corn, papaya, avocado and cocoa
•All Meso-American peoples shared the calendric and astronomical information of the heavens as
a critical part of
their sculpture, art and architecture
•The Mesoamerican contributon to the high civilizaton of the world was their creation of the
calendrical systems and sophisticated writing as a direct result of their need to be in harmony with
the celestial cycles

FOUR CULTURE OF MESO-AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

1. Olmec civilization: The mysterious Olmec civilization, located in ancient Mexico, prospered in
Pre-classical (Formative) Mesoamerica from c. 1200 BCE to c. 400 BCE and is generally
considered the forerunner of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures including the Maya and
Aztecs.
•Monumental sacred complexes
•Massive stone sculptures
•Ball games
•The drinking of chocolate
•Animal gods

Mayan Civilization

•One of the famous that lasted for approximately 2,000 years

•Mayans believed that stars and constellations, the planets and the moon were living beings who
interacted with the cycles, natural and social middle or physical world
•Mayan architects built large, elaborate palaces and pyramid shaped temples for astronomical
observation like Chicken Itza in Mexico
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•The Mayans are known for using two complicated calendar systems (260-day calendar and the
365-day calendar)
•They built hydraulics system and looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paint
•They are also believed to be the first people to produce rubber products
•Mayan knew how to make paper and had a pictorial script known as Mayan Hieroglyphics which
made them famous as one of the world’s first civilization to have a writing system
•Mayan Hieroglyphics - this allowed Maya to record all knowledge on long strips of paper, which
they folded harmonica-style into books
•Dresden Codex – one of the rescued Maya books, which is believed to be produced in 10th
century and contains predictions to be produced in 10th century and contains predictions of solar
eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted positons of Venus and bears testimony to the
advanced knowledge of Mayan civilization on Astronomy
•They also used advance numbering system that included the concept of zero which is the greatest
scientific achievement of Maya

Inca Civilization

•Incas are famous for roads paved with stones

•Incan engineer designed the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco (the capital city) which is a complex
structure that was strong enough to survive centuries of earthquakes and hard weather
•They developed improved methods of terrace farming and irrigation system and technique for
storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land
•They also developed the calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare
them for planting season
•They created the first suspension bridge
•Incan scholars developed a record keeping system that used colored, knotted string known as
Quipu which might have been used for accounting, keeping statistics and to record dates and events
•Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements

Aztec Civilization

•Mandatory Education
•Chocolates
•Antispasmodic medication
•Chiampa
•Aztec Calendar
•Invention of the Canoe

Development of Science in Asia

India

•They are known for iron and metallurgical works

•Ayurveda system – one of oldest system of medicine, based on the belief that health and wellness
depend on a delicate balance between the mind, body, and spirit
•Sushruta Samhita’s most well-known contribution to plastic surgery is the reconstruction of the
nose, known also as rhinoplasty; also the use of cheek flaps to reconstruct absent ear lobes, the use
of wine as anesthesia, and the use of leeches to keep wounds free of blood clots
•Ancient India is notable for developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical
self-supporting Earth and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
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•Siddhata Shiromani – covered topics such as mean of longitudes of the planets; risings and
settings; the moon’s crescent; conjunction of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the
planets with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Moon (Sama, 2008)
•Indus Valley Civilization tried to standardized measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro (Bisht, 1982)
•Aryabhata introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as
algorithms of algebra (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998)
•Brahmahgupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction; zero as a place holder and a
decimal digit along with Hindu-Arabic numeral system (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998)
•Madhama of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of Mathematical Analysis (Joseph,
1991)

China

•Silk road, a great trade route linking China to other Roman Empire where it allowed transport
and exchange of goods in these regions
•Acupuncture, a family procedures involving stimulation of points in the body using a variety of
techniques that has been most often studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin,
solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or electrical stimulation
•Famous discoveries and inventions include compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools
(Davies, 1995)
•Chinese civilization is also known for invention of iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller;
design for different models of bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983)
•Invented the first seismological detector and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et. al, 1971)

Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets which
were carefully
recorded and preserved to understand better heavenly bodies and their effects to our world (Mayall,
1939)

Development of Science in Middle East

1. Muslims
•Muslims Scientists put a greater value on science experiments rather than plain thought
experiments which led to the development of the scientific method in the Muslim world
•Ibn al-Haytham, is also regarded as the Father of Optcs (proofs on Intromission Theory of Light)
•Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, gave his name to the concept of algorithm
•Ibn Sina, pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct
clinical trials (Jacquart, 2008). Among his many contributions were the discovery of the contagious
nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig & Walter, 2000)
oBook of Healing and The Canon of Medicine were two of the most notable books of Ibn Sina,
these books were used as standard Medicinal texts.

Development of Science in Africa

1. Egyptian
•Rules of geometry were developed to preserve layout and ownership of Farmlands along Nile
River and build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt
•Egyptian pyramids and early dams built to divert water from Nile River
•Egypt is known to be the Center of Alchemy
•Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other
mathematical skills.
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2. African
•Used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stellar or a combination of the three
•Metallurgy was also known in the African Regions
•Lebombo Bone – oldest known mathematical artifact which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division and simple mathematical computation.

Some Intellectuals and Their Revolutionary Ideas

1. Copernican Revolution

a) Claudius Ptolemy (Lived c. 100-c.170/c.85-165 C.E.)

•Lifetime of Selected Ancient Greek Scholars (300 BC-200AD) – Aristarchus, Archimedes,
Erathosthenes, Hipparchus, Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemy, Galen

He published a 13-volume treatse on mathematics and astronomy called Megale mathmatike

systaxis (“The Great Mathematical Compilation”), which is better known today as The Almagest
•He described a model of the cosmos, including the solar system, that became the astronomical
dogma in Western civilizaton for more than one thousand years.

•A concept known as geocentrism

The Almagest’s Universe

1) Ptolemy proposed a universe consisting of nested spheres containing the heavenly bodies
2) He incorrectly placed earth at the center of the universe
3) He correctly showed the stars as the bodies farthest from Earth
4) He incorrectly showed Mercury as the planet closes to the Earth
5) Ptolemy’s universe arrangement of planets closest to the earth: *Moon*, Mercury, Venus, Sun,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn

b) Nicolaus Copernicus (1474-1543)

•Early Life and Education: Nicolaus Copernicus was born in the city of Torun, in the Prince-
Bishopric of Warmia, northern Poland on February 19, 1473. His name at birth was Mikolaj
Kopernik. At university he started calling himself the Latin form of his name, Nicolaus
Copernicus.
•He caused great controversy when he published a book (De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium)
proposing Sun was at the center of the solar system, not Earth
•He reasoned that the simplest way to account for the observed motions of the sun, moon, and
planets through the sky was to assume that Earth (and other planets) circle around the sun
•For years he worked without making his thoughts for two reasons: first, he feared persecution;
second, he had graved doubts about himself.
•Geocentrism vs. Heliocentrism

oGeocentrism

- Also known as the Ptolemaic Model of the Solar System

- According to his model, Earth stands at the center of the universe, and is orbited by the
Moon, the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn
- The stars in the sky are all positioned on a celestial sphere surrounding these other objects
at a fixed distance from Earth

oHeliocentrism

- also known as Copernican Model of the Solar System

- according to this model, that the sun is stationary and that the Earth revolves around the
sun
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2. Darwinian Revolution

a) Charles Darwin
•a naturalist who sailed around the world from 1831 to 1836 to study Biology and Geology aboard
HMS Beagle
•He introduced the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection which posited that populations pass
through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive.
•He proposed that natural selection is a process by which organisms with characteristics that are
suited to a certain environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than organisms
that do not have these characteristics
•His theory became controversial as people perceived as contradictory to the church’s teaching

3. Freudian Revolution

a) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

•Proposed the Theory of Psychoanalysis

He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior
and emotions
•He argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements

*The Psyche go*

1) Id: Instincts
2) Ego: Reality
3) Superego: Morality

•Psychoanalysis is a method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having
the patent talk about dreams, feelings, memories, etc.
•Freud’s method of psychoanalysis focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of man
•Freud believed that children are born with a libido – a sexual (pleasure) urge. There are number
of stages of childhood, during which the child seeks pleasure from a different**

oPsychosexual Stages

I. Oral – mouth-sucking, swallowing, etc. (Ego develops)

II. Anal – The anus – withholding or expelling faces
III. Phallic – The penis or clitoris masturbation (Superego develops)
IV. Latent – Little or no sexual motivation present
V. Genital - The penis or vagina – sexual intercourse
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ASSESSMENT NO. 1
.
ESSAY: Please the following in the best of your ability. (10 points each question.)
Please provide a yellow paper for your answers. Write first the question or statement before
answering the question.

1. What is the contribution of Copernicus in the Philosophy of science?

2. Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the present time?
3. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific activities?
4. What is Darwin’s contribution to modern science?
5. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence the following fields in modern time:
A. Economy
B. Agriculture
C. Political Science
D. Religion
6. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the controversies or questions on
Freud’s ideas?
7. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?
8. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes he would make to his theory?
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ASSESSMENT NO. 2

Please listen to the video discussion about indigenous science, the link is listed below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbM0Cn2Fdkc

After watching answer, the following:

Criteria: 8- Content and 2- Sentence construction
Please provide a yellow paper for your answer.

Guide Questions:

Explain the following living in the indigenous science on the following area:

A. Medicine
B. Living
C. Agriculture
D. Social Status
E. Infrastructure
F. Their understanding of life…
G. Science
H. Technology
I. Engineering
J. Leadership
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ASSESSMENT NO. 3

Instruction: Go back to Concept 1.0 and explain it thoroughly in the yellow paper. Do not forget
to draw it first before you explain the concept.

Criteria for answering: 80- Content, 20- Sentence Constructions

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ASSESSMENT 4

Instructions: Please answer the following in the yellow paper. Do not forget to write first the
question before you answer.
Criteria: 8- Content and Sentence construction-2

QUESTIONS:

1. How science evolve in the society?

2. What is science before the Spaniard came to colonized the Philippines?
3. Compare and contrast indigenous science to modern science.
4. As a Marian, how do you understand science and the technology?
5. For you, is technology important in day to day living? Explain your answer.
6. If you were to choose to live between ancient time and on modern time, what will you
choose and why?
7. Enumerate at least 10 importance of science and technology in the society.
8. Enumerate at least 10 disadvantages of science and technology in the society.