Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Passi City
Passi National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Passi City, Iloilo
Tel. No: 311-5997

SELF LEARNING MODULE FOR

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
LEARNERS
Grade Levels: Grade 11
Core Subject: General Mathematics
Semester: First Semester – Week 4

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

In this module, you will learn to:

1. determine the: (a) intercepts; (b) zeroes; and (c) asymptotes of rational
functions. M11GM-IC-1
2. solve problems involving rational functions, equations, and inequalities.
M11GM-IC-3

In this module, you will understand and determine the main properties
of rational functions such as x- and y-intercepts, its zeroes, vertical and
horizontal asymptotes. Here, you will also learn how to solve problems
involving rational function equations, and inequalities which are happening
in our daily lives.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of rational functions.
2. solve problems involving rational functions, equations, and inequalities.
 LESSON 1: DETERMINING THE INTERCEPTS, ZEROES, AND ASYMPTOTES OF
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Pretest
Select the letter of the best answer. You may write your answers in
your Mathematics Notebook.
1. It is the set of all values that the variable x in a function can take.
A. Domain C. Zeroes
B. Range D. Intercepts

2. It is the values of x which make the function zero.

A. Domain C. Zeroes
B. Range D. Intercepts

3. It is the set of values that f(x) can take.

A. Domain C. Zeroes
B. Range D. Intercepts

4. It is the function value when x = 0.

A. x-intercept C. Horizontal Asymptotes
B. y-intercept D. Vertical Asymptotes

5. It is a diagram showing the relation concerning the variables measured

along one pair of axes at right angles. It is a plot or trace on a Cartesian
Plane.
A. Graph C. Table of Values
B. Points D. None of the above

Activity 4.1 Developing your research skills

Unlock the meaning of the following terms using google.com in your
smart phones (if available or you may ask for help from your friends or
relatives who have smart phones)!

Zeroes

Vertical Asymptote

Horizontal Asymptote
______________________ 1. The vertical line x=a is a ___________ of a
function f if the graph of f either increases without bound as the x-values
approach a from the right or left.
______________________ 2. The horizontal line x=a is a ___________ of
a function f if the graph of f either increases without bound as the
x-values approach a from the top or bottom.
______________________ 3. They are the x values where the height of
the function is zero.

Activity 4.2 Identify me!

Copy the graph and the box in your notebook. Identify the following
properties of rational function pointed by the arrow / s and write the
answers on the space provided inside the box.
x-intercept

Vertical Asymptote

Horizontal Asymptote

y-intercept

1. 2. 3. 4.

1. Based on the graph in Activity 3.2, what are the two intercepts
present?
2. How can we identify the vertical and horizontal asymptote of a
rational function given a graph presented in Activity 3.2?
 Now we are already familiar with some terms that we will be dealing
with in the graph of rational functions. Rational function is one of the
tedious and confusing function to graph. It would be a big help for us in
graphing to start with the properties. The properties that are unique in the
graph are the x- and y- intercepts, zeroes, vertical and horizontal
asymptotes.
𝑁(𝑥)
Rational function is in the form of f(x)= where N(x) and D(x) are
𝐷(𝑥)
polynomial functions and D(x) is not a zero function. Asymptotes are
imaginary lines that help us in graphing rational functions. The behavior of
the graph in these lines are predictable. The graph either increases or
decreases without bound as they get closer to these lines.

Definition. x-intercept
X-intercepts of a rational function are the values of x that
will make the function zero. A rational function will be equal zero
if its
numerator is zero. Also, the zeroes of a rational function are
also its x-intercepts.

3𝑥
Example 4.1 Using the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 determine the x-
intercept and the zeroes of the function.

Solution: Change f(x) to y

Set y = 0
3𝑥
0 = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3
By cross multiplication, we have
3x = 0
3𝑥 0
Dividing both sides by 3, 3 =3
x=0
Thus, the x-intercept of the rational function is at (0,0).
Since the x-intercept is at (0,0); therefore, the zeroes of the function is
also at (0,0).

Definition. y-intercept
The y-intercept of a rational function is the function value
when x =0.

3𝑥
Example 4.2 Using the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = determine the y-
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3
intercept.
Solution: Change f(x) to y
Set x = 0
3(0)
y = (0)2 +2(0)−3
Simplifying, we have
0
y = −3
y=0
Thus, the y-intercept of the rational function is at (0,0).

Definition. VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE

The vertical line x=a is a vertical asymptote of a function f if the
graph increases or decreases without bound as the x values approach
a from the right or left.

3𝑥
Example 4.3 Using the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 determine the
vertical asymptote.

Solution: Simplify the rational function. Factor the numerator and

denominator then
cancel out the common factor.
3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
Since there is no common factor, we will proceed to the next step.
Find the value/s a that will make the denominator equal to zero. The line
x= a is a
vertical asymptote.
Set the denominator equal to zero.
x+3 = 0 then solve for x, x=-3
x - 1=0 then solve for x, x=1
Thus, x=-3 and x=1 are vertical asymptotes.

Definition. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE

The horizontal line y=b is a horizontal asymptote of the
function f if f(x) gets closer to b as x increases or decreases without
bound.

How to find the horizontal asymptote of a rational function?

Given that n and m are the degrees of the numerator and of the denominator,
respectively:
 If n < m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0
𝑎
 If n = m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 𝑏 , where a is the leading
coefficient of the numerator, and b is the leading coefficient of
 the denominator.
 If n > m, there is no horizontal asymptote.

3𝑥
Example 4.4 Using the rational function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 determine the
horizontal asymptote.

Solution: The degree of the numerator is 1 and the degree of the

denominator is 2,
1<2 hence the horizontal asymptote is y=0.

5𝑥 2
Example 4.5 Using the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 −4 determine the
horizontal asymptote.
Solution: The degree of the numerator is 2 and the degree of the
denominator is 2,
𝟓
2=2 hence the horizontal asymptote is y=𝟔.

5𝑥 3
Example 4.6 Using the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4 determine the
horizontal asymptote.

Solution: The degree of the numerator is 3 and the degree of the

denominator is 2,
3>2 hence there is no horizontal asymptote.

Activity 4.3: Copy the problem in your notebook and answer what is
required in the problem.
The Western Visayas Medical Center found out that the number of patients
𝑥−5
model the rational function f(x)=𝑥−4 in a specific domain. Fill in the blanks
below.

1. Vertical Asymptote: ___________

2. Horizontal Asymptote:_________
3. X-intercept:_________________
4. Y-intercept: __________________
5. Zeroes of a function: __________
 In your notebook, write your reflection on what you have learned in today’s
lesson. Please copy the format below.

I have learned that ________________

______________________.

I have realized that ________________

______________________.

I will apply _____________________________________________.

LESSON 2: SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING RATIONAL FUNCTION, EQUATION, AND

INEQUALITIES.

Looking Back To Your Lesson

Steps in Solving Rational Equation

1. Find the value/s that will make the equation undefined.
2. Eliminate the denominators by multiplying each term by the lowest
common denominator.
3. Solve the equation.
4. Check for any extraneous solution.

Steps in Solving Rational Inequalities

1. Rewrite the inequality as a single fraction on one side of the
inequality symbol and 0 on the other side.
2. Determine over what intervals the fraction takes on positive and
negative values
a. Locate the x-values for which the rational expression is zero or
undefined.
Factor the numerator and denominator.
b. Mark the numbers found in (a.) on a number line. Use a shaded
circle to indicate that the value is included in the solution set, and a
hollow circle to indicate that the value is excluded. These numbers
divide the number line into intervals.
c. Select a test point within the interior of each interval in (b.), the
sign of the rational expression at this test point is also the sign of
the rational expression at each interior point in the interval.
d. Choose the interval that satisfy the sign of the inequality.
Summarize the interval containing the solutions.
Pretest
A. Find solutions for the rational equation below.
3 2
=
𝑥+1 𝑥−3

B. Find the solution set for the inequality below.

𝑥+1
≤2
𝑥+3

Now, you are already a master in solving rational equations and

inequalities! Indeed! You are now more than ready to solve problems
involving these concepts. Usual problem that involves solving rational
equation involves work-rate problems, water current, speed and more.
Let’s now recall the process of solving word problem.

STEPS IN SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS

According to George Polya, known as the father of modern problem
solving, the following are steps to solve word problems:

Step 1: Understand the problem

Read the problem very carefully. List all the given data and identify
variables that you can use in forming a mathematical equation to solve the
problem.

Step 2: Devise a plan (Translate)

When you devise a plan, you are translating the given data and variables
into a mathematical equation. Drawing a diagram or a chart can help you in
analyzing the given data to set up your equation.

Step 3: Carry out the plan (Solve)

The next step is to solve the equation.

Step 4: Look back (Check and Interpret)

Last step is to check if the answer you obtained is correct.

(Word Problem Involving Rational Functions, Equation, and

Inequality)
Example 4.7
A fence is to enclose a rectangular vegetable farm with an area of
400 square
meters. If x is the length of one side of this fence, find a function P (x)
representing the
perimeter of the fencing material required. Find the perimeter of the fence if
one side has length 10 meters, 50 meters.

Solution:
Perimeter(rectangle) = 2(length) + 2(width)
Area(rectangle) = length x width
If area = 400 and length = x, then
400
Width = 𝑥
If P(x) represents the perimeter of the fencing material required, then
By substitution of the width to the formula in finding the perimeter, we have
400
P(x) = 2x + 2( )
𝑥
800
P(x)= 2x + 𝑥
Simplifying,
2𝑥 2 +800
P(x) = (function which represents the perimeter of the fencing
𝑥
material required)

If one side of the fence has a length of 10 meters, the perimeter is

2𝑥 2 +800
From P(x) = 𝑥
2(10)2 +800
P(10) = 10
P(10)=100 meters

If one side of the fence has a length of 50 meters, the perimeter is

2𝑥 2 +800
From P(x) =
𝑥
2(50)2 +800
P(50) = 50
P(50)=116 meters

Example 4.8
In an inter-barangay basketball league in Passi City, the team from
Barangay Man-it has won 12 out of 25 games, a winning percentage of
48%. How many games should they win in a row to improve their win
percentage to 60%?

Solution: Let x represent the number of games that they need to win to
raise their percentage to 60%. The team has already won 12 out of their 25
games. If they win x games in a row to increase their percentage to 60%,
then they would have played 12 + x games out of 25 + x games. The
equation is
12 + 𝑥
= 0.6
25 + 𝑥

Since 25 + x is the only denominator, we multiply it to both sides of the

equation.
We then solve the resulting equation:
 12 + 𝑥
= 0.6
25 + 𝑥
12 + 𝑥
(25 + 𝑥) = 0.6(25 + 𝑥)
25 + 𝑥
12 + x = 0.6(25+x)
12+x=0.6(25) + 0.6x
x-0.6x = 15-12
0.4x = 3
x = 7.5
Since x represents the number of games, this number should be an
integer. Therefore; Barangay Man-it needs to win 8 games in a row to
raise their winning percentage to 60%.

Example 4.9
A box with a square base is to have a volume of 8 cubic meters. Let x
be the length of the side of the square base and h be the height of the box.
What are the possible measurements of a side of the square base if the
height should be longer than a side of the square base? Hint: The volume
of a rectangular box is the product of its width, length, and height.

Solution:
Since the base of the box is square, its width and length are equal.
The variable x is the length of a side of the box, while h is its height. The
equation relating h and x is
8 = x2h

Express h in terms of x:
8
ℎ=
𝑥2
Since the height is greater than the width, h > x and our inequality is

8
>𝑥
𝑥2
(a) To solve this inequality, we rewrite with zero on one side:
8
>𝑥
𝑥2
8
−𝑥 >0
𝑥2
8 − 𝑥3
>0
𝑥2
(2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4)
>0
𝑥2
(b) The rational expression will be zero for x = 16 and x = 28 and undefined
for x = 0 and x = 4. Plot on a number line and use hollow circles since
these values are not part of the solution set.
(c) Construct a table of signs to determine the sign of the function in each
interval
determined by 0 and 2.

(d) Since the rational expression is positive in the interval 0 < x < 2, this is
the solution set of the inequality. We reject the interval x < 0 even if the
expression is positive here since we only consider positive values of x for
this problem.

Therefore; the height of the box should be less than 2 meters.

Activity 4.4
Direction: There are 3 problem solving activities presented below. You can
choose 1 activity, analyze them and answer the questions that follow. You
also have the freedom on how you are going to show your answers. You
can draw them, label, and solve. You can also give your answers coupled
with your logical reasons.

1. A Garden Plot

Vincent is a farmer. He loves to plant vegetables. He found that the area of

his rectangular garden is 200 square meters. Let x represent the width of
his garden in meters. Express the length of the garden L as a function of
width x.

Complete the following to solve to solve the problem.

a. The formula in finding the area of a rectangle is
_________________.
b. Given an area (A) and width (x), the formula in finding length (L) of a
rectangle is _____.
c. Using the formula, we may express the length of the garden (L) as a
function of width (x) as: L(x)=____________

2.Do It Together

Rodalyn can do a job in 5 days while Apple can do the same job in 3 days.
How long will it take them to do the job if they work together?

Complete the following to solve to solve the problem.

 1
a. The part of the job accomplished by Rodalyn on the first day is 5. So,
the part of the job accomplished by Apple on the first day is
_________.
b. If x represents the time it will take them to do the job together, the
part of the job accomplished on the first day of working together
is_________.
c. Looking at the relationship, we arrive at the equation:
1 1 1
+3=𝑥
5
d. Solving the rational equation, the value of x is _____________.
Working together, they can finish the job in ______ day and _____
hours.

3. Growing Bacteria

Suppose the amount of bacteria growing in a petri dish is represented by the

function
100𝑡
𝐵(𝑡 ) = for 0 < t < 15 where t is in hours and B is in millions. How many
𝑡+2
bacteria will there be after 10 hours?

What I Have Learned

Direction: In your own words, write the different steps to solve real-life
problems involving rational functions, equations, and inequalities.

_______________________________________________________
_________
____________________________________________________________
__________
____________________________________________________________
__________

POST-TEST

(𝑋−5)(𝑋−2)
1. Describe the vertical asymptote(s) for the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑋−2)(𝑋+4).
A. Asymptote is at x = -4 C. Asymptote is at x = -5
B. Asymptote is at x = -4 and x = 2 D. Asymptote is at x = 4

6𝑋 2 +1
2. Determine the horizontal asymptote of the FUNCTION 𝑦 = 2𝑋2 −3.
1
A. 𝑦 =3 C. 𝑦 =3
1
B. 𝑦 = -3 D. 𝑦 =-3
3. Mayor Palmares bought 1000 units of USB flash drives to be given to
schools in Passi City for the opening of classes. If the Passi City
Division Office has chosen x schools, write the function which
represents the relationship of the allotted units of USB flash drives
per school (y-variable) versus the total number of schools in the
Division Office of Passi City.

1000 𝑥 1000𝑥
A. 𝑦 = B. 𝑦 =1000 C. 𝑦 = D. 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
=1000+𝑥

4. Aling Nena cuts a rectangular cloth with a perimeter of 150 meters.

Write the function which represents the width (y) of the cloth as a
function of the length (x).
150 𝑥 150
A. 𝑦 = B. 𝑦 = C. 𝑦 = D. 𝑦 = 75 –
𝑥 150 𝑥+1
x

5. Maryjoy can bake a cake in 2 hours. Clarissa can do it in 4 hours.

How long will it take them to bake a cake if they joined together?
1 1 5
A. 2 hours B. 13 hours C. 16 hours D. 3 hours

6. Kardo was given 2 hours to walk for her morning exercise. She plans
to walk 5 kilometers
at an average speed of 3 kilometers per hour. How many kilometers
more does she need
to walk to spend at most 2 hours?
A. less than or equal to 2 kilometers C. exactly 3 kilometers
B. greater than or equal to 2 kilometers D. less than or equal to
1 kilometer

7. Brgy. Captain Palmares solicited 500,000 pesos to be given to families

affected by the
Pandemic COVID-19 in Poblacion Ilaya. If he plans to give at least
10,000 pesos for each
of the 100 families, how much more money does he need to solicit?
A. At least 500,000 pesos C. At least 300,000 pesos
B. At least 400,000 pesos D. At least 200,000 pesos
(𝑋−3)
8. What is the y-intercept of 𝑓 (𝑥) = (𝑋+3)?
A. y = 0 B. y = -1 C. y = -3 D. y = -5

(𝑋−1)
9. What is the x-intercept of 𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
𝑋
A. x = -1 B. x = 0 C. x = 1 D. all real
numbers
 10. Complete the sentence. The x-intercept of a rational function is also
the ____________
of the graph of the function.
A. asymptote C. zero
B. range D. domain

NOTE:
If you can’t submit your answer sheets or performance task
outputs due to some unavoidable circumstances, you can take
pictures of them and submit it through your subject teacher’s email
account or messenger account. Furthermore, if you have questions or
clarifications, you may call or send text messages to your subject
teacher from Monday to Friday from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM only.

References

Crisologo, Leo Andrei A., Ocampo, Shirlee R., Miro, Eden Delight P., Tresvalles,
Regina M., Hao, Lester C., Palomo, Emellie G., General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide
Lexicon Press Inc. 2016

Tan-Faylogna, Ferli B., Lasic-Calamiong, Lanilyn., Cruz-Reyes, Rowena., General

Mathematics. Sta. Ana, Manila: Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc. 2019
General Mathematics Learner’s Material. First Edition. 2016.pp. 25-32

*DepEd Material: General Mathematics Learner’s Material

Prepared by:

LOVELY V. CASTRO
TEACHER II