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Week 1 Polynomial Functions

The document discusses polynomial functions of degree higher than 2. It defines polynomial functions as functions of the form P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0, where n is a nonnegative integer and the a's are real coefficients. The key properties covered are: - Polynomial graphs pass the vertical line test and are continuous - The degree of a polynomial determines the maximum number of x-intercepts and turning points - The leading coefficient and degree determine the end behavior of the graph Examples are provided to illustrate finding zeros, turning points, and solving word problems involving polynomial functions.

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potaters
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
225 views

Week 1 Polynomial Functions

The document discusses polynomial functions of degree higher than 2. It defines polynomial functions as functions of the form P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0, where n is a nonnegative integer and the a's are real coefficients. The key properties covered are: - Polynomial graphs pass the vertical line test and are continuous - The degree of a polynomial determines the maximum number of x-intercepts and turning points - The leading coefficient and degree determine the end behavior of the graph Examples are provided to illustrate finding zeros, turning points, and solving word problems involving polynomial functions.

Uploaded by

potaters
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polynomial Functions

Prepared by :
Elvira J. De Villa
Casimiro A. Ynares Sr. MNHS
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
1.Illustrate polynomial functions.
2.Understand, describe and interpret
the graph of polynomial functions; and
3.Solve problems involving polynomial
functions.
Remember that the graph of a polynomial functions
whose degree is 0 or 1 is a line. The graph of a
polynomial function is a parabola if it is a quadratic
function.
• How does the value of b in y = bx + c affects
the behavior of the line?
• How does the value of a in y = 𝑎𝑥 + bx + c
2

affect the end behavior of the parabola?


You are expected in this lesson to focus on
polynomial functions of degree higher than 2.
What is a polynomial function? A polynomial of
degree n is a function of the form
P(x) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +….+ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 x + 𝑎0 , where
n is a nonnegative integer, the a’s such as, 𝑎𝑛 ,
𝑎𝑛−1 , …,𝑎2 , 𝑎1,𝑎0 , are real numbers called the
coefficients 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 is the leading term, 𝑎𝑛 is the
leading coefficient and 𝑎0 is the constant term.
• The terms of a polynomial may be written in any order.
However, if they are written in decreasing powers of x, we
say that the polynomial is in standard form.
Other than P(x), a polynomial function can also be denoted by
f(x). Sometimes, a polynomial function is represented by a set
of P of ordered pairs (x, y). Thus, a polynomial function can be
written in different ways, like the following.
f(x) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +….+ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 x + 𝑎0
y = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +….+ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 x + 𝑎0
Illustrative Example 1
• f(x) = 4𝑥 3 - 3𝑥 2 + 2 is a polynomial of degree 3, as 3 is the highest power of x in
the formula. This is called a cubic polynomial, or just a cubic. The leading term is
4𝑥 3 , so, the leading coefficient is 4. The term with no variable is 2, so 2 is the
constant term.
Illustrative Example 2
• 1. f(x) = 4x + 𝑥 - 1 , is not a polynomial function since there is a variable x
1
inside the radical sign which can be written as f(x) = 4x + 𝑥 -1.
2

4 2 3
• 2.f(x) = 5𝑥 − 2𝑥 + , is not a polynomial as it contains a variable x in the
𝑥
3
denominator. The term can also be expressed as 3𝑥 −1 , as we learned in the
𝑥
laws of exponent.
Polynomials may also be
written in factored form and as
a product of irreducible
factors, that is, a factor that
can no longer be factored using
coefficients that are real
numbers.
* 1. The graph of any type of function must pass Graph of P(x)
the vertical line test.
• 2. Every polynomial function with real
coefficients has the set of real numbers as its
domain; hence it is continuous function. This
means that the graph of a polynomial function
has no breaks, holes or gaps.
• 3. A polynomial equation of the nth degree
cannot have more than n roots. This only This is not a graph of P(x)

means that the graph cannot intersect the x-


axis more than n times.
• 4. A graph of a polynomial function has only
smooth, rounded turns. A polynomial function
cannot
Zeros of Polynomial Function
• It can be shown that for a polynomial function of
degree n, the following statements are true:
• The function has, at most, n real zeros.
• The graph has, at most, n – 1 turning points.
• Turning points (relative maximum or relative minimum)
are points at which the graph changes from increasing
to decreasing or vice versa.
The zeros of a polynomial function are the values of x which make f(x) = 0. These
values are the roots, or solutions of the polynomial equation when y = 0. All real
roots are the x-intercepts of the graph
Illustrative Example 3
• How many turning points does f(x) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 - x – 3 have?
• Find all the zeros of… f(x) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 - x – 3
• Set up the equation: x 3 + 3x 2 - x – 3 = 0 and solve.
• Using synthetic division :
• Therefore, the zeros are -3, -1 , 1. These are the x-intercepts. And the y-
intercept is -3.
• The degree of the function is 3, the graph has 2 turning points.
Multiplicities of Zeroes
• The multiplicity of a zero is the number of times the real root of a polynomial
functions results in f(x) = 0.
Illustrative Example 4
• Solve for the zeroes of f(x) = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 , then show the graph.
𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 = 0
• By Zero Product Property
𝑥 2 = 0 or (𝑥 − 2)2
𝑥 2 = 0 therefore x = 0 to the multiplicity of 2
(𝑥 − 2)2 = 0 therefore x = 2 to the multiplicity of 2
• The exponent tells us the multiplicity.
The graph of the polynomial function as
• shown at the right is tangent to the x-axis at points (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Behavior of Polynomial functions
• The behavior of the graph of a function to the far left and far right is
called its end behavior.
• Although the graph of a polynomial function may have intervals
where it increases or decreases, the graph will eventually rise or fall
without bound as it moves far to the left or far to the right.
How can we determine the end behavior of a polynomial function?
• Using the table on the next page, observe how the end behavior of
the graph changes in relation to the leading coefficient and degree of
the polynomial functions.
Solving Word Problems Involving Polynomial Functions
• Polynomial functions have varied applications in real life situations. Consider
the problem below.
• Illustrative Example 5
• Find the length of the edge of a cube, if an edge is increased by 3 dm, another
edge has a 6 dm increase and the third one decreases by 2 dm, results to 100%
increase of its original volume.
• Representation:
x + 3 – first edge
x + 6 – Second edge
x – 3 – third edge
The volume of cube is equal to 𝑥 3 , and it increases 100% or
it is doubled.

(x + 3)(x + 6)(x – 2) = 2𝑥 3
2 3
(x + 3)(𝑥 + 4x – 12) = 2𝑥
3 2 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 - 12x + 3𝑥 + 12x – 36 = 2𝑥 3
3 2
𝑥 + 7𝑥 - 36 = 2𝑥 3
3 3 2
2𝑥 - 𝑥 - 7𝑥 + 36 = 0
𝑥 - 7𝑥 + 36 = 0
3 2
Use synthetic division to find x.
• The factors are ( x – 3)( 𝑥 2 - 4x – 12)
• but 𝑥 2 - 4x – 12 is still factorable.
• So, the complete factors are .
( x – 3)( x – 6)( x + 2)
• Equating the factors to zero, we have
( x – 3)( x – 6)( x + 2) = 0
Then, by Zero product property
x–3=0 x–6=0 x+2 =0
x=3 x=6 x = -2
• -2 is not acceptable solution because when substituted will result to negative dimension. This
is considered as extraneous root. Substituting to the edges, the dimensions will be 6 dm x 9
dm x 1dm or if we use , dimensions will be 9 dm x 12 dm x 4 dm.
Learning Task 2: In your answer sheet, copy and answer the following.
1. Describe the properties of the graph of the given polynomial functions.
A.) f(x) = 𝑥 4 - 𝑥 3 - 2𝑥 2 and
B.) f(x) = (𝑥 − 1)2 (x + 1) as to the following:
• a. Standard form
• b. Leading term
• c. x-intercepts and its multiplicities
• d. y-intercepts
• e. number of turning points
• f. possible graph with end behavior
2. Sketch the graph of the polynomial functions given in Part A.
3. Find two numbers whose difference is 16 and the product is 720.
Learning Task 3: In your answer sheet, write the letter of
the correct answer.
1. Which is a polynomial function?
3 2
A. P(x) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 - 4x + 4 −3
C. G(x) = 2𝑥 + 5
1
2𝑥 3 −5𝑥+3
B. H(x) = 4𝑥 + 3x – 4
2 D. F(x) =
3𝑥 2
2. What are the zeros of P(x) = 𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 - x + 6?
A. -6, -1, 1 B. -6, -1, -1 C. 6, -1, 1 D. 6, 1, 1
3. How many turning points does the graph P(x) = (x – 7)( x + 4)(x – 2) have?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
4. What are the three consecutive positive integers such that the sum of their squares is 149?
A. 5,6,7 B. 6,7, 8 C. 7,8,9 D. 8,9,10
5. What is the y-intercept in P(x) = 𝑥 3 - 2𝑥 2 - 5x + 6 ?
A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6
6. Which of the following are graphs of polynomial functions.
A B C D
For numbers 7-16, identify the value of the leading coefficient
and the degree of the polynomial function. Then, describe the
end behavior of the graph of the following polynomials.
7-11. f(x) = 𝑥 4 - 4𝑥 2
7. 𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 < 0 _____________________________
8. degree (odd or even) ______________________________
9. end behavior of the graph _________________________
10-11. Sketch the graph

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