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Electromagn Biol Med, 2015; 34(2): 106–112

! 2015 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Transduction of DNA information through water and electromagnetic

waves
Luc Montagnier1,2, Emilio Del Giudice3,4*, Jamal Aı̈ssa2, Claude Lavallee1, Steven Motschwiller5,
Antonio Capolupo6,7, Albino Polcari8, Paola Romano8,9, Alberto Tedeschi10, and Giuseppe Vitiello6,7
1
World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention (UNESCO), Paris, France, 2Nanectis Biotechnologies, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 3Sezione INFN,
Milano, Italy (retired), 4Centro Studi Eva Reich, Milano, Italy, 5Chronix Biomedical, GmbH, Göttingen, Germany, 6Dipartimento di Fisica E.R.
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Caianiello Università di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy, 7INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy, 8Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie,
Università del Sannio, Benevento, Italy, 9SPIN-CNR, Università di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy, and 10WHITE Holographic Bioresonance, Milano, Italy

Abstract Keywords
The experimental conditions by which electromagnetic signals (EMS) of low frequency can bacterial DNA transduction by tumor cells,
be emitted by diluted aqueous solutions of some bacterial and viral DNAs are described. coherence, digital DNA transduction, liquid
That the recorded EMS and nanostructures induced in water carry the DNA information water, Quantum field theory
(sequence) is shown by retrieval of that same DNA by classical PCR amplification using the TAQ
polymerase, including both primers and nucleotides. Moreover, such a transduction process History
has also been observed in living human cells exposed to EMS irradiation. These experiments
suggest that coherent long-range molecular interaction must be present in water to observe Received 27 January 2015
the above-mentioned features. The quantum field theory analysis of the phenomenon is Accepted 27 March 2015
For personal use only.

presented in this article. Published online 9 June 2015

Introduction then Escherichia coli). This was the beginning of an extensive

investigation on the role and the molecular origin of this new
This paper is an overview of what we have achieved during
phenomenon (Montagnier et al., 2009a,b, 2011).
the past 10 years in this new field of Biology: the role of water
We soon discovered that DNA was the main source of the
memory and electromagnetic waves in biological processes,
initiation of EMS in water. In contrast to the fresh preparation
including pathological conditions. The reported data are not
of biological fluids (blood plasma, culture media) which lose
only of theoretical interest, but also lead to many medical
their capacity of inducing EMS in water upon freezing, DNA
applications.
could be extracted from frozen material without losing its
This work could not have been done and analyzed without
EMS capacity.
the constant interaction of biologists and physicists. The
In fact, as we will see further, this property of some
quantum field theoretical analysis of the phenomenon points
bacterial and viral DNA sequences of emitting EMS is like an
to the crucial role played by coherent molecular dynamics.
indelible tag, and is faithfully transmitted to water structures.
Electromagnetic signaling of DNA The bacterial species with pathological potential cultured in
standard growth media yield DNA with EMS capacity.
The detection of electromagnetic signals However, we noticed that one apathogenic strain of E. coli
On 13 July 2005 (the eve of Bastille Day in France), using a used for DNA cloning lacks this capacity as does a probiotic
device previously designed by the Jacques Benveniste team to bacterium (Lactobacillus).
detect electromagnetic signals (EMS) in water dilutions of The size of DNA fragments emitting EMS ranges between
biologically active compounds, and with the help of one of his 104 base pair (LTR fragment of HIV) to several kilo-bases
former collaborators, Dr. Jamal Aı̈ssa, two of us (LM, JA) (adhesin gene of Mycoplasma pirum: 1.5–3 kbp). Some
observed for the first time an increase in amplitude and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons1 of 400–500 bp,
frequency of the recorded electric signals emitted by some have been found to be good emitters for the transduction
high dilutions of filtrates of bacteria (Mycoplasma pirum, experiments (see below). For detecting EMS in water
dilutions, the conditions are very strict, and are the same for

*Deceased 31 January 2014

1
Address correspondence to Giuseppe Vitiello, Dipartimento di Fisica An amplicon is a piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or
E.R. Caianiello Università di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy. product of natural or artificial amplification or replication events, usually
E-mail: vitiello@sa.infn.it PCR.
 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072 Transduction of DNA 107

Figure 2. Scheme of DNA transmission through EMS and water

Figure 1. Measuring EMS in water decimal dilutions of DNA. In yellow,
nanostructures (naneons).
dilutions emitting EMS; bottom: recording of EMS in milliseconds.

with the bacterial DNA. The same DNA sequences belonging

the extracted DNA as for the fresh unfrozen samples of to the chromosomal genome of the same patient never
plasma or of culture medium:
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produced EMS.
Moreover, the same sequence was found in the red blood
Double filtration: through 450 nm and then 100 nm cells of some healthy individuals, HIV negative; but in these
millipore filters, for detection of EMS having a bacterial HIV negative individuals, this sequence did not to emit
origin; or 450 nm then 20 nm (Whatman anotop, London, signals. This would indicate that the modification of this DNA
UK) for EMS of viral origin (only tested for some small resulting in EMS emission occurred only under pathogenic
virus DNA and HIV DNA). The usual starting concentra- conditions. This modification was maintained in all molecules
tion is 2 ng of DNA/1 ml diluted 100 times (10 mls) for derived by PCR amplification (amplicon).
filtration. As EMS are so far only detected in patients suffering of
Dilutions: several decimal dilutions are made in conic various chronic diseases, it is tempting to speculate that there
plastic tubes (Eppendorf) usually 0.1 ml/0.9 ml of water is a common biochemical modification of the DNA of
For personal use only.

under a laminar flow hood (Figure 1). Strong vortex infectious bacteria and/or viruses present in such diseases.
shaking (for 15 s) is made at each dilution at room This modification, which remains to be determined, should be
temperature. Water is purchased from commercial firms different from a base change (mutation), since there is no
(usually 5 prime water, DNase–RNase free from Sigma, St. difference in the base sequence of the previously mentioned
Louis, MO). Usually, the EMS-emitting dilutions are amplicons in deceased patients, compared to healthy
between 107 and 1013 for bacteria, 106 and 1010 for individuals.
small viruses (as HIV1). The first lower dilutions are
apparently ‘‘silent’’, not emitting detectable signals.
Capture of EMS: as the EMS are produced by resonance Water nanostructures and EMS do carry DNA
(Montagnier et al., 2011), we use either an artificial information
excitation (7 Hz which was found to be the minimally Our formerly reported experiments (Figure 2) (Montagnier
active frequency) in a closed environment shielded by et al., 2009) indicate that the ability of EMS production can
mu-metal, or in open air exposed to the background be transmitted from tube 1 containing an emitter DNA
ambient noise. Usually, this background noise predomi- dilution to tube 2 of ‘‘naive’’ water, provided the system is
nates in the 50–300 Hz range, so that the positive EMS, excited overnight by electromagnetic waves of a minimal
which are in the range of 500–3000 Hz, are easily detected. frequency of 7 Hz. Presumably tube 1 transmits waves to the
water in tube 2, which did not originally contain any trace of
In the measurement room, cell phones should be turned the DNA at the origin of the signals.
off (battery removed) as some phones are regulated by The emission of EMS by the exposed tubes is thus a
low-frequency signals. resonance phenomenon, dependent on external wave input.
More importantly, these EMS carry specific information of
Evidence that EMS emission depends on specific
the initial DNA, as shown by retrieving the DNA by PCR in
modification of the DNA molecule
the recipient tube.
The diversity of the DNA sequences emitting EMS does not This experiment has been repeated many times in our
indicate any clue as to attribute this EMS emission property to laboratory, with extraordinary precautions taken to avoid
specific sequences. However, we have studied an interesting contamination in the PCR step, and many controls were
situation in the case of HIV-infected patients: here, besides always done. Omission of any of the main parameters of the
EMS produced by HIV DNA (nanostructures filtering at procedure (7 Hz excitation, mu metal shield, time of exposure
20 nm pores), we detected EMS filtering at 100 nm pores and to the 7 Hz excitation, any ingredient of the PCR) as well as
retained at 20 nm pores produced by DNA of an intracellular any minor detail of the protocol will result in failure of the
bacterium present in red blood cells. Surprisingly, these experiment.
‘‘bacterial’’ EMS were found to be produced in part by To further make the demonstration unassailable, the EMS
human DNA sequences integrated in or strongly associated carrying the DNA information were recorded as a digital file
 108 L. Montagnier et al. Electromagn Biol Med, 2015; 34(2): 106–112

Figure 3. Digital transmission of DNA EMS to a distant laboratory.

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Figure 5. Scheme of transmission of Borrelia 16S DNA through EMS

and naneons into U937 or HL60 cells.

need, however, further theoretical analysis for a complete

understanding of the phenomenon, especially because we
Figure 4. Gel electrophoresis of Borrelia 16S DNA amplified by PCR have recent evidence that some other DNA polymerases have
from a water tube having received the DNA specific EMS (through the same capacity as the TAQ polymerase to read water
For personal use only.

computer, sound card and amplifier, not shown in this figure). messages and can act in living cells.

and sent via Internet to a recipient laboratory where work on

Transduction of DNA in living cells
this DNA or on the bacterium or virus which was the source
of that DNA had never been done (Figure 3). Several labs in The modified DNA transduction system is shown in Figure 5.
Italy and Germany accepted the challenge. Instead of magnetizing water in a tube placed inside a
Here, as an example, we show the results obtained at solenoid reading the modulated current from the recorded
Göttingen University using a recorded file (digitized in a lap EMS signature, we placed a flask containing cultured cells
top computer in our laboratory) of ribosomal 16S DNA from inside the solenoid; the flask was placed in a vertical position
Borrelia burgdorferi (Figure 4). for cells growing in suspension, and in a horizontal position
In the German laboratory, the electric current resulting for cells adhering to the surface of the flask. The voltage
from the digital file communicated by our laboratory was (between 2 and 4 volts) applied to the solenoid was adjusted
converted to analog and was amplified. The current was then in order to not generate heat damaging the cultured cells. This
connected to a solenoid. A tube of water was inserted in the weak intensity was compensated by the duration time of
solenoid and in this way was submitted to the induced exposure, between 5 and 10 days. A control flask was always
modulated magnetic field for one hour. Then the PCR placed outside the solenoid in the same 37  C incubator as the
ingredients were introduced in an aliquot of water from the exposed flask.
tube, and after 40 PCR cycles of amplification the original We used several recorded EMS files, including the 16S
DNA was detected, as shown by a specific band in gel Borrelia and the 194 bp HIV1 LTR amplicon all having been
electrophoresis of the expected molecular weight. previously shown to be good at transducing their DNA
These intriguing results raised several questions: through water.
We tested several immortalized human cell lines derived
(1) How a DNA polymerase (the TAQ polymerase of a from leukemias, or cancers: the HL60, originated from a
thermophilic bacterium) can ‘‘read’’ a genetic code on myeloblastic leukemia, the U937, derived from a lung
water structures? lymphoma, the MCF7, derived from a breast adenocarcinoma.
(2) What about other DNA polymerases of procaryotic In addition, we tested normal cells: the MRC5 diploid
and eucaryotic cells? Do they have the same capacity? fibroblast cell line, derived from the lung of a human embryo,
T lymphocytes from a healthy blood donor activated with
Although still at its early stages, the theoretical study of PHA, and interleukin 2.
how water structures can store molecular information and Results were striking: all cells of tumor origin synthesized
transport it by electromagnetic waves plays a crucial role to Borrelia 16S DNA after they were exposed for several days to
the coherent molecular dynamics in the formation of water magnetic field modulated by the EMS of Borellia 16S DNA.
nanostructures (see further and Montagnier et al. (2011)). We At the same time, cell growth was inhibited, ending in cell
 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072 Transduction of DNA 109

death. DNA was extracted from the dying cells and the water molecules set in as the consequence of the molecule
Borrelia amplicon was detected by PCR and its sequence was interaction with time-dependent radiative e.m.f. over an
found to be identical to its original version. extended region called coherence domain (CD) (Bono et al.,
Remarkably the resulting amplicon was found to be EMS 2012; Del Giudice and Vitiello, 2006; Del Giudice et al.,
emitter, showing that this initial property was not lost during 1985, 1986, 1988). Short-range H-bond and electric dipole–
the complex transmission of DNA information. The normal dipole static interactions are themselves the dynamical effects
differentiated MRC5 cells and the T lymphocytes were not caused by the most fundamental long-range molecular and
affected in their growth under the same culture conditions and radiative e.m.f. interaction. This last one is thus responsible
the Borrelia amplicon could not be detected in these cells for the dynamic origin of short-range interactions. This can be
(Figure 5). The 194 bp HIV LTR amplicon had no effect on better understood by recalling a few points of the discussion
the tumor cells. presented in Montagnier et al. (2011).
These preliminary results indicate that the tumoral cell Above a density threshold and below a critical tempera-
lines so far investigated do possess the enzymatic ability of ture, an ensemble of molecules interacting with the e.m.f.
reading the water nanostructures carrying the DNA informa- undergoes a transition to a dynamical regime characterized by
tion. It remains to be determined whether or not normal a minimum energy state where the phase oscillations of the
embryonic totipotent stem cells have the same ability to read molecules are no longer uncorrelated. Such a minimum
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the DNA sequence signals. energy state implies a configuration of the system where all
molecules enclosed within the CD oscillate in unison in tune
with the e.m.f. trapped within the CD (phase locking). The
Theoretical analysis
linear size of the CD is determined by the wavelength  of
In the previous section we have reported the experimental the trapped e.m.f. (typically of the order of 100 nm). The
observation that EMS can be emitted by diluted aqueous dynamical mechanism ruling the CD formation is one of the
solutions of bacterial and viral DNA under proper conditions. spontaneous breakdown of symmetry and it is described in
Moreover, it has been observed that duplication of the Del Giudice et al. (1985, 1986, 1988, 2010), Del Giudice and
emitting DNA segment can be obtained using pure water Tedeschi (2009), and Del Giudice and Vitiello (2006). Its
exposed to the corresponding DNA EMS and, upon the mathematical formulation (Matsumoto et al., 1975) is similar
addition of enzymes, primers, etc., submitted to PCR cycles. to one of the Anderson–Higgs–Kibble mechanisms
For personal use only.

Such a transduction process has been observed to occur also (Anderson, 1958; Higgs, 1966; Kibble, 1967) which has led
in EMS exposed living cells of tumoral origin. These to the recent discovery of the Higgs particle. One important
experimental observations suggest that long-range molecular aspect of such a general QFT mechanism is that the transition
interaction must be present in water to observe the above- to the coherent dynamical regime can be triggered by a
mentioned properties. Indeed, since in the transduction vanishingly weak external input. Due to the weakness of the
process the high level of sequential ordering among several input, the system does not get ‘‘slaved’’ by it, but reacts to it
hundreds of nucleotides entering the transduced DNA chain is according to its own internal dynamics and, provided that the
obtained, we can clearly observe the presence of collective mentioned conditions of temperature and density are satisfied,
molecular dynamical behavior of water. In quantum field the system sets in a coherent state, whose phase is determined
theory (QFT) it is known that the ordering of the elementary by the phase of the triggering input (Blasone et al., 2011;
components of a system is achieved as a result of the Umezawa, 1993). Its coherence strength, however, does not
spontaneous breakdown of symmetry and constitutes the depend on the input strength2. In the Appendix we will
observable manifestation of coherence (Blasone et al., 2011; comment on the question whether coherence is not destroyed
Fröhlich, 1977; Umezawa, 1993; Vitiello, 1998;). Ordering is by, or theoretically incompatible with the decoherence
thus not the result of short-range forces, but of long-range phenomenon in quantum mechanics (QM). This is an
collective coherent correlation. The classical behavior of the important issue, which shows that the DNA transduction
ordered pattern derives from the fact that in coherent states process is indeed a quantum field theory process; it could not
the ratio between the quantum fluctuation Dn in the be understood and described in QM, where the decoherence
correlation modes and their condensate number n is Dn/n phenomenon does in fact occur (Alfinito et al., 2001). Our
¼1/jj and quantum fluctuations are thus negligible for high framework, however, is one of the QFTs.
jj, which denotes the coherent strength. In the present case, These features already help us in understanding some of
the symmetry which gets broken is the rotational symmetry of the experimental observations. In particular, the observed
the electrical dipoles of the water molecules and correlation relevance of extremely low signal (ELS) in the phenomena
modes are the ones associated to the dipole waves (similar to under study is immediately recognized. The stimulation
spin waves in ferromagnets) (Del Giudice et al., 1985, 1986). caused by the electromagnetic background of very low
We thus conclude that the observed properties of the frequency is indeed observed to be essential in order for the
DNA–water system provide an indication of (may be
accounted by) the coherent molecular dynamics. The theor- 2
We stress that a strong input may drive the system shielding its own
etical analysis based on quantum electrodynamics (QED) internal dynamics. In such a case, the symmetry is said to be explicitly
shows (Montagnier et al., 2011) that liquid water appears to broken and one has a substantial modification of the original system by
behave as an active medium able to perform through very low inclusion of the strong perturbing agent. However, this is not what we are
interested in the present case, and in general in Biology, where small
frequency electromagnetic fields (e.m.f.). Short-range H-bond perturbing inputs may trigger relevant reaction of the system driven by
and electric dipole–dipole static interactions among liquid its own internal dynamics.
 110 L. Montagnier et al. Electromagn Biol Med, 2015; 34(2): 106–112

DNA–water system to emit the EMS. In the experiments, the hand, the oscillations of electric dipoles of the DNA macro-
background ELS is either produced from natural sources molecule may propagate on the DNA in wave form to
(the Schumann resonances which start at 7.83 Hz (Montagnier contribute to the EMS emission. These EMS are considered
et al., 2011; Nickolaenko and Hayakawa, 2002)) or from in Del Giudice et al. (1985, 1986), where it is shown that they
artificial sources. produce symmetry breakdown in the water in which the dipole
The fragment of DNA embedded in the water also acts as a chain (DNA or protein chain) is embedded and the mathem-
trigger in the surrounding water, causing the spontaneous atical details of the proof are reported.
formation of CDs, which appear as a self-produced cavity Finally, concerning the question 1 in the section ‘‘Water
with molecular coherence strength independent from the nanostructures and EMS do carry DNA information’’ (how a
specific input strength. However, there is ‘‘phase locking’’ DNA polymerase, the TAQ polymerase of a thermophilic
between the specific DNA molecular structure and the water bacterium, can ‘‘read’’ a genetic code on water structures),
molecules. Such a specific feature of the DNA–water coherent the whole dynamical scenario above presented provides the
coupling accounts for the experimental observations. In the answer to it. It is a complex scenario founded on QFT of
part of the experiment concerning the DNA transduction, the coherent systems and is then not surprising that those who are
dynamical phase locking is shared with pure water in a tube unaware of it could not conceive the positive answer, with all
when it is irradiated by the EMS emitted by the aqueous DNA of its complex but clear details, to that question.
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solution system. For brevity, we omit to report further

analysis of the interplay between the size of the CD, the e.m.f. Conclusion and perspectives
wavelength and the e.m.f. self-trapping and frequency inside This 10-year long collaborative work has yielded some
the CD. For the reader’s convenience, we report a brief scientific facts and concepts in a new domain of Science at
summary of some other features of CD discussed in the frontier of Biology and quantum field Physics.
Montagnier et al. (2011) in the Appendix section. A new property of some DNA molecules has been
The following question now naturally arises: Does the discovered, that of emitting low-frequency electromagnetic
EMS have any specific property related to the coherent waves in water dilutions. These DNAs originate from
dynamical structure discussed above? The question is pathogenic agents or agents endowed with pathogenic poten-
particularly relevant because the emitted EMS, acting on tial. It may not be pure coincidence that such EMS are
water molecular dynamics, produces coherent structures such associated with diseases, particularly chronic diseases.
For personal use only.

that in PCR processes the DNA transduction occurs with the Under natural conditions, EMS and water nanostructures
same nucleotide sequence similar to the parent DNA. The may play a role of stealthy elements carrying DNA informa-
answer to the question is provided by observing that the EMS tion of infectious agents while being undetected by the
appears to carry not only the specific information of its immune system or being insensitive to conventional therapies
frequency spectrum, amplitude and phase modulation (the (Figure 6). However, one cannot discard the possibility that
syntactic level), but it also describes the dynamics out of DNA waves can play a role in the physiology of living
which it is generated. In other words, beside the syntactic entities.
level of pure information (à la Shannon), there is a semantic Moreover, in the laboratory, we have shown for the first
content, which manifests itself in the underlying coherent time that EMS can be re-transcribed into DNA in living cells.
dynamics of the DNA–water system responsible of the These cells are so far of tumoral origin, opening the way to
polymerization (highly ordered sequence) of hundreds of non-invasive treatments of cancers, assuming that normal
nucleotides. We refer to such a semantic content as to the stem cells are not affected, or less affected. Thus, this new
‘‘meaning’’ of the EMS. In some recent papers it has been biology that we can call after Jacques Benveniste, Digital
shown that an isomorphism exists between (squeezed) Biology, has a very promising future, both at the level of
coherent states and self-similar fractal properties (Vitiello, quantum Physics, and in numerous medical applications.
2009a,b, 2012, 2014). Here, for brevity we do not proceed From the point of view of the theoretical understanding
further with our analysis on this point. Results will be of the observed phenomena, the above discussion suggests
presented elsewhere. that the dynamical law of coherence acts as a law of
Earlier we have mentioned the mechanism of phase locking form inducing guided polymerization processes (controlling
and phase content in water molecular dynamics. Let us close
this section by stressing indeed the crucial role played by the
phase in the considered processes. Due to the relation between
phase and electromagnetic potential, non-trivial topological
properties, with associated BohmAharonov-like effects, have a
non-secondary part in the molecular dynamical properties of
water (see, e.g. Del Giudice et al. (2010) and Del Giudice and
Vitiello (2006) and discussions there reported). Such a remark
may turn out to be important when considering charge transfer
along the double helix, produced by oxidative agents observed
in Genereux and Barton (2010). The question if such a current
could contribute to the production of EMS may have an
affirmative answer since the charge transfer along the DNA Figure 6. An hypothetic scheme of the role of EMS in pathogenic DNA
produces magnetic field in the surroundings. On the other amplification.
 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1036072 Transduction of DNA 111

morphogenesis): the specific polymerization so obtained is Del Giudice, E., Doglia, S., Milani, M., Vitiello, G. (1986).
Electromagnetic field and spontaneous symmetry breakdown in
the expression of the semantic content of the EMS mentioned biological matter. Nucl. Phys. B 275:185–199.
in the previous section, referred to as the signal meaning by Del Giudice, E., Fuchs, E. C., Vitiello, G. (2010). Collective molecular
us. The dynamics of coherence appears to play the role of dynamics of a floating water bridge. Water J. 2:69–82.
dynamic paradigm ruling the ordering (polymerization) Del Giudice, E., Preparata, G., Vitiello, G. (1988). Water as a free
electron laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61:1085–1088.
processes through dissipative non-equilibrium dynamics Del Giudice, E., Tedeschi, A. (2009). Water and the autocatalysis in
controlled by entropy variations and the consequent appear- living matter. Electr. Biol. Med. 28:46–52.
ance of the arrow of time (breakdown of time-reversal Del Giudice, E., Spinetti, P. R., Tedeschi, A. (2010). Water dynamics
symmetry) (Celeghini et al., 1992; Vitiello, 2012, 2014). at the root of metamorphosis in living organisms. Water J. 2:
566–586.
The experiments discussed in this paper suggest that also Del Giudice, E., Vitiello, G. (2006). Role of the electromagnetic field in
in the usual PCR processes the DNA duplication is obtained the formation of domains in the process of symmetry-breaking phase
due to the EMS emitted by the parent DNA in the transitions. Phys. Rev. A 74:022105.
environment of reciprocal interactions with water molecules, Fröhlich, H. (1977). Long-range coherence in biological systems. Rivista
Nuovo Cim. 7:399–418.
enzymes, primers and nucleotides in the solution. Genereux, J. C., Barton, J. K. (2010). Mechanisms for DNA charge
The EMS appears thus to be the carrier of the coherence transport. Chem. Rev. 110:1642–1662.
expressed in the DNA code. One might conjecture (Vitiello, Higgs, P. W. (1966). Spontaneous symmetry breakdown without
massless bosons. Phys. Rev. 145:1156.
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2014) that modifications are induced in the properties of the

Kibble, T. W. B. (1967). Symmetry breaking in non-Abelian gauge
EMS resulting in the ‘‘deformation’’3 of coherence (e.g. such theories. Phys. Rev. 155:1554.
as those, but not only those, induced by the observed bacterial Landau, L. D., Lifshitz, E. M. (1959). Fluids Mechanics. Reading, MA:
actions; cf. section ‘‘Evidence that EMS emission depends on Addison-Wesley.
specific modification of the DNA molecule’’). This may play Liboff, A. R. (1997). Electric-field ion cyclotron resonance.
Bioelectromagnetics 18:85–87.
an important role in epigenetic modifications, thus revealing Liboff, A. R., Smith, S. D., McLeod, B. R. (1987). Experimental
the appearance of ‘‘new meanings’’ (in the above-mentioned evidence for ion cyclotron resonance mediation of membrane
sense) associated to deformed properties of EMS. DNA transport. In: Blank, M., Findl, E. Mechanistic Approaches to
appears to be the vehicle through which coherence and its Interactions of Electric and Electromagnetic Fields with Living
Systems. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 109–132.
dynamical deformations propagate in living matter (Vitiello, Matsumoto, H., Papastamatiou, L., Umezawa, H., Vitiello, G. (1975).
2014). Dynamical rearrangement of symmetry in the Anderson–Higgs–
For personal use only.

Kibble mechanism. Nucl. Phys. B 97:61–89.

Montagnier, L., Aı̈ssa, J., Ferris, S., et al. (2009a). Electromagnetic
Acknowledgments signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from
We thank Pr. E. Schutz, and Dr. H. Urnovitz, Chronix bacterial DNA sequences. Interdiscip. Sci. Comput. Life Sci. 1:
81–90.
Biomedical, for allowing transduction experiments in their Montagnier, L., Aı̈ssa, J., Del Giudice, E., et al. (2011). DNA waves and
laboratory. Mrs. Laila Aı̈ssa is acknowledged for her skilled water. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 306:012007.
technician assistance. Mrs. S. McDonnell is acknowledged for Montagnier, L., Aı̈ssa, J., Lavallee, C., et al. (2009b). Electromagnetic
detection of HIV DNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by
her constant participation in the management of this work.
antiretroviral therapy. Interdiscip. Sci. Comput. Life Sci. 1:245–253.
Nickolaenko, A. P., Hayakawa, M. (2002). Resonances in the Earth-
Declaration of interest ionosphere Cavity. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
The authors report no declarations of interest. Partial financial Pollack, G. H. (2001). Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life. Seattle, WA:
support from MIUR and INFN is acknowledged. Ebner and Sons.
Pollack, G. H. (2013). The Fourth Phase of Water: Beyond Solid, Liquid,
and Vapor. Seattle, WA: Ebner and Sons.
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 112 L. Montagnier et al. Electromagn Biol Med, 2015; 34(2): 106–112

Appendix A: On some properties of water molecular We observe that thermal collisions could be in competition with
electrodynamic attraction of molecules inside the CD and produce
dynamics permanent fluxes of molecules between a coherent regime and a non-
One of the peculiarities of water consists in the fact that water molecules coherent one, and vice-versa, although the total number of coherent and
in the CD coherently oscillate between the ground state and an excited non-coherent molecules are constant for a given temperature T. Water is
state lying at 12.06 eV, just below the 12.60 eV ionization threshold thus not a homogeneous liquid, rather it appears as a two fluid system,
(Bono et al., 2012; Montagnier et al., 2011). The almost free electrons in with coexisting coherent and non-coherent phases, like in the Landau
the CD can be excited by external inputs to form coherent excitations theory of liquid Helium (Landau and Lifshitz, 1959). We have thus a
(vortices), whose entropy is lower than the entropy of the energy mixed structure system, consistent also with experimental findings
supplied by the inputs. Vortices, due to coherence and their non-trivial (Taschin et al., 2013), which may appear in observations only when
topology, are not easily destroyed by small, additional external supplies observation time is very short with respect to the time of flickering
of energy. On the contrary, additional energetic inputs may add up to between the two phases. Near surfaces, the coherent phase may be more
form a unique vortex, thus storing in the CDs an amount of energy which stable due to the interaction between water molecules and the surface
may be large enough to activate chemical reactions among molecules, (Pollack, 2001, 2013). For example, in living matter, water, which is
otherwise below the activation energy threshold. Thus, small energy bound to membranes or to biomolecules, could more easily manifest the
contributions coming from many high entropy inputs add up to form low properties of coherence.
entropy ordered patterns of upgraded high energy (Del Giudice et al., Let us finally consider the question whether the phenomenon of
2010; Voeikov and Del Giudice, 2009). decoherence in quantum mechanics (QM) might contradict our analysis
An important remark is that DNA and proteins are polyelectrolytes, based on the formation and non-vanishing life-time of coherent
and are surrounded by positive counterions. Ions having a cyclotron structures in water. We remark that the belief that coherence is possible
frequency,  c ¼ qB/(2m), where q and m are the electric charge and the only at very low temperatures is disproved by the fact that coherence is
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mass of the ion, respectively, and B is the magnetic field (Liboff, 1997; observed in a wide range of temperature, from very low to very high
Liboff et al., 1987), may play an important role in obtaining a collective ones: the diamond crystal loses its coherence (it melts) at a temperature
performance of water CDs, a coherence of coherent domains. The of about +3545  C in the absence of oxygen; the common kitchen salt
observed dependence of the signal emission on the aqueous dilution may NaCl melts at +804  C; in the iron the coherence of the elementary
be understood (Montagnier et al., 2011) as follows: suppose that a low magnets is lost at +770  C. In superconductors the critical temperature
magnetic field (e.g. a natural or artificially produced background Tc are much lower, in some compound of niobium they are not higher
magnetic field) matches the ion cyclotron frequency; suppose it may be than 252  C and for some high Tc superconductors it is a little above
then able to extract n ions per CD. Then, due to angular momentum 153  C. Also, the so-called BEC systems (which are mostly conden-
conservation, the plasma of N quasi-free electrons in the CDs starts to sates of atoms) need very low temperatures and are not so stable. All
counter-rotate with a frequency much higher than the ion cyclotron these systems are macroscopic systems and they are described in
frequency since electron mass is much smaller than the ion mass. This quantum field theory in terms of coherent Bose–Einstein condensates.
frequency depends on the number of involved ions, namely on their The bosons that condense in a crystal are called the phonons, i.e. the
concentration, which therefore is the only relevant variable. This occurs quanta of the elastic waves responsible of the ordering in crystals; in the
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on all the CDs of the system, whose number is irrelevant for the magnets, they are called the magnons, namely the quanta of the spin
frequency purpose, in agreement with observations. The magnetic waves in magnets; in the water, they are called ‘‘dipole wave quanta’’
component of EMS is produced by the so-induced rotation of the plasma (DWQ), the quanta of the fluctuating molecular dipole waves; and so on.
of the quasi-free electrons in the CDs. As a further effect, a co-resonating This teaches us that the ordered patterns we observe at a macroscopic
field appears in the surroundings of the rotating CDs depending on the scale in these systems are sustained and generated by long-range
ion concentration, i.e. on the DNA solution dilution. It could be at the correlations maintained by these waves (Alfinito et al., 2001). One would
origin of an extended coherence among CDs. The existence of the never be able to construct any of these systems using short-range
observed window of dilutions for the occurrence of the EMS emission interaction among the nearest neighbors. Short-range interaction, if it is
could be understood by presuming that the signal produced by the lower there, is made possible by the long range one which brings ‘‘near’’ the
dilutions could have a frequency higher than the interval of the values components (e.g. making possible the formation of H-bonds in water).
detectable by the used instruments. Higher dilutions, on the contrary, Decoherence in QM would forbid the existence of crystals, magnets,
could produce no signal because the ion concentration is decreased superconductors, etc. However, these systems do exist and are observed
below the threshold able to excite the CDs (Montagnier et al., 2011). since they are QFT systems.