August 20 2021 Biotech Melc Module 3rdquarter

MODULE
1
HEREDITY
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners shall be able to demonstrate understanding about the pattern of
inheritance in Mendelian and non- Mendelian genetics, mutation and its causes
and genetic disorders
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
Make a pedigree of particular trait observed in the family.
LEARNING COMPETENCY
At the end of the module the learners should be able to:
1. explain how the traits are inherited according to Mendel's Law of Heredity;
2. identify and explain the different traits that do not follow the Mendelian
Pattern of Inheritance and give examples for each;
3. explain the different genetic disorders brought about by changes in
chromosome structure and number; and
4. explain how the different autosomal genetic disorder are inherited.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1

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PRE-TEST
Directions: Choose the letter of your answer and write it on your paper.
1. The science which deals with heredity and variation is called Genetics. Who was
regarded as the Father of Genetics?
A. Charles Darwin C. Gregor Mendel
B. Anton Van Leeuwenhook D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
2. Which statement best describe a gene?
A. the factors that control the inheritance of trait
B. The portion of RNA molecules responsible during protein synthesis
C. The factors that determine the appearance of DNA
D. The portion of protein that code amino acid
3. Which of the following is an example of homozygous dominant?
A. Xx B. XX C. X D. x
4. An organism with two of the same alleles for a trait is _____
A. heterozygous C. recessive
B. homozygous D. dominant
5. A non- Mendelian pattern of inheritance which is characterized by showing three
alleles for a particular trait. It is known as ____?
A. Incomplete dominance C. Polygene
B. Multiple allele D. Codominance
6. If both parents of a child is heterozygous blood type B and the child is blood type O?
What is the percentage of having blood type B children?
A. 100% B. 75% C. 50% D. 25%
7. If a black cat was mated with white and orange cat? What will be the possible color
of the fur of kittens?
A. Black B. White C. Orange D. A, B, and C

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8. It is a phenomenon wherein if you crossed homozygous dominant and homozygous
recessive parents, the offspring show a phenotype which in between
the phenotype of the parents. How do you call this pattern of inheritance?
A. Sex influence traits C. X linked trait
B. Incomplete dominance D. Multiple allele
9. Which among the description below is true about haemophilia?
I. it is a case of sex linked trait
II. It predominates to male population
III. It is the lack of clotting factor of an individual
IV. Lack of pigment for skin, eye and hair
A. I and II B. I, II and III C. III and IV D. I, II, III and IV
10. If a hemophilic man marries a woman whose a carrier of the disease, what would
be the chance that they will have hemophilic female children?
A. 100% B. 50% C. 25% D. 0%
A. I and II B. I, II and III C. I, II III and IV D. I, III and IV
11. A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes
when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors. Which among the
following are environmental causes of mutation?
I. UV light III. Chemical carcinogen
II. X- rays IV. Failure of DNA to copy correctly
A. I and II only B. I, II and III C. III and IV D. I, II, III and IV only
12. If mutation involves deletion, addition or change of a single base pair or a
nucleotide, how do you call this type of mutation?
A. Point mutation B. Chromosome mutation C. Gene mutation D. A, B, and C
13. When mutation resulted to the change in the structure of chromosome or
change in the number of chromosomes, it is known as _______
A. Genetic aberration C. chromosome aberration
B. point mutation D. gene mutation

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14. Albinism is a case of autosomal recessive genetic disorder. Which among the
following will describe the phenotype of albino individual?
A. They lack pigment C. They cannot see bright color
B. They have very dark skin D. Very tall
15. Which among the examples below are brought about by autosomal dominant case
of genetic disorders?
A. Achondroplasia C. Cystic fibrosis
B. Sickle cell anemia D. Galactosemia
16. There were many documentary videos about the premature aging of an individual.
This genetic disorders is known as ___
A. Progeria B. Achondroplasia C. Neurofibromatosis D. Down‘s Syndrome
17. Which among the following are the examples of losing or gaining one or more
chromosome (not the entire set)
I. Klinefelter‘s syndrome II. Down‘s syndrome
III. Turner‘s syndrome IV. Edwards syndrome
A. I and II B. I, II and III C. I, II, III and IV D. II, III and IV
18. Why do you think the effect of trisomy to other chromosome number like 1, 2, 3, 4,
are not detected yet?
A. The fetus was aborted before it developed further
B. There were no case of it yet
C. Such cases will not occur
D. These chromosomes are too big to study
19. What characteristics are present if an individual has trisomy 21?
I. Found approximately 1 in 800 live births
II. short, broad hands
III.have round heads with flat faces, protruding furrowed tongue
IV. Mental retardation
20. Which among the following are the advantages of changes in the entire set of
chromosome in plants?
I. Seedless fruits II. Bigger size of fruits III. Huge harvest IV. Easy to grow

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INTRODUCTION
People who know you may tell you that

you have your mother‘s eyes or your
father‘s eyes. However, your parents
do not literally give their eyes, nose,
height, or any traits to you. What, then,
is it actually inherited?
Heredity is also called inheritance or
Fig.3.1 Actress Carmina Villaroel
biological inheritance, is the passing of traits with her daughter Cassy
https://www.google.com.ph
from parents to offspring; either through
asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. https://en.wikipedia.org
Traits that are passed from parents to children include eye color, hair color, and
body built. Unfortunately, another trait that can be passed on is the tendency to get
certain diseases or disorders. Some examples of these are hemophilia, which is a
blood-clotting disorder, and cystic fibrosis, a breathing disorder. The tendency to get
certain cancers also can be inherited.
MODULE 1
LESSON 1 Genetics: An Introduction
OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. trace how Gregor Mendel was regarded as ―Father of Genetics‖;

2. describe the different term related to genetics; and
3. explain the Mendelian pattern of inheritance

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LOOKING BACK
Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to guess the magic word.
1. O B L X O Y I A C I D E C U N R E D C I
- blue print of life (makes up the chromosomes)
2.
C R H O E S O M O M
- composed of DNA and proteins
ACTIVITY 1
Introduction to Mendelian Genetics and Mendel‘s Three Laws
http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ma-Mu/Mendelian-Laws-of-Inheritance.html
Read the article and answer the questions given.

Mendelian laws of inheritance are statements about the way certain characteristics
are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism. The laws were derived
by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) based on experiments he conducted
in the period from about 1857 to 1865. For his experiments, Mendel used ordinary pea
plants. Among the traits that Mendel studied were the color of a plant's flowers, their
location on the plant, the shape and color of pea pods, the shape and color of seeds,
and the length of plant stems.
 READING CHECK:
1.What are laws of inheritance? _______________________
2. What type of plants did Mendel study? ________________
3. Give two examples of traits Mendel studied with his pea plants.
__________________________________________________________
Mendel's approach was to transfer pollen (which contains male sex cells) from the
stamen (the male reproductive organ) of one pea plant to the pistil (female reproductive

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organ) of a second pea plant. As a simple example of this kind of experiment, suppose
that one takes pollen from a pea plant with red flowers and uses it to fertilize a pea
plant with white flowers. What Mendel wanted to know is what color the flowers would
be in the offspring of these two plants. In a second series of experiments, Mendel
studied the changes that occurred in the second generation. That is, suppose two
offspring of the red/white mating ("cross") are themselves mated. What color will the
flowers be in this second generation of plants? As a result of these experiments,
Mendel was able to state three generalizations about the way characteristics are
transmitted from one generation to the next in pea plants. For example, a zygote might
contain one allele for white flowers and one allele for red flowers. The plant that
develops from that zygote would said to be heterozygous for that trait since its gene for
flower color has two different alleles. If the zygote contains a gene with two identical
alleles, it is said to be homozygous.
Mendel's laws
Mendel's law of segregation describes what happens to the alleles that make up a
gene during formation of gametes. For example, suppose that a pea plant contains a
gene for flower color in which both alleles code for red. One way to represent that
condition is to write RR, which indicates that both alleles (R and R) code for the color
red. Another gene might have a different combination of alleles, as in Rr. In this case,
the symbol R stands for red color and the r for "not red" or, in this case, white.
Mendel's law of segregation says that the alleles that make up a gene separate

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from each other, or segregate, during the formation of gametes. That fact can be
represented by simple equations, such as:
RR → R + R or Rr → R + r
Mendel's second law is called the law of independent assortment. That law refers to
the fact that any plant contains many different kinds of genes. One
gene determines flower color, a second gene determines length of stem, a third gene
determines shape of pea pods, and so on.
Mendel discovered that the way in which alleles from different genes separate
and then recombine is unconnected to other genes. That is, suppose that a plant
contains genes for color (RR) and for shape of pod (TT). Then Mendel's second law
says that the two genes will segregate independently, as:
RR → R + R and TT → T + T
Mendel's third law deals with the matter of dominance. Suppose that a gene
contains an allele for red color (R) and an allele for white color (r). What will be the
color of the flowers produced on this plant? Mendel's answer was that in every pair
of alleles, one is more likely to be expressed than the other. In other words, one
allele is dominant and the other allele is recessive. In the example of an Rr gene,
the flowers produced will be red because the allele R is dominant over the allele r.
Predicting traits
The application of Mendel's three laws makes it possible to predict the
characteristics of offspring produced by parents of known genetic composition.
Biologists have discovered that Mendel's laws are simplifications of processes that are
sometimes much more complex than the examples given here. However, those laws
still form an important foundation for the science of genetics.
READING CHECK:
4. Does Mendel‘s first law address gamete (sex cell) formation or fertilization?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What does Mendel‘s first law of inheritance mean? ___________________
6. What does Mendel‘s second law of inheritance mean? ________________
7. What does Mendel‘s third law of inheritance mean? _________________

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ACTIVITY 2
EXPLORING GENETICS TERMS

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Physical expression of a
gene. A.genotype
https://betterlesson.com
2. Actual combination of a
gene B. homozygous
dominant
3. A gene combination in
which an individual C. offspring
possesses two
dominant https://int.search.myway.com
alleles
which an individual D. phenotype
possesses two
recessive alleles https://int.search.myway.com
which an individual E. heterozygous
possesses two
different forms of an
allele
6. The immediate
biological descendant of F. homozygous
two adults recessive

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Heredity is the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring: it is
dependent upon the segregation and recombination of genes during meiosis and
fertilization and results in the genesis of a new individual similar to others of its kind but
exhibiting certain variations resulting from the particular mix of genes and their
interactions with the environment.
Genes are segments of DNA that carry instructions for the traits of an offspring.
Offspring are the children of two parent organisms. These organisms may be people,
animals, plants, or insects. Remember, when we talk of heredity, it's true of plants and
all these other organisms as well as people.
Gregor Mendel is often called the "Father of Genetics." Mendel was a monk who
lived in the 1800's in Austria. He was the first person to trace the characteristics of
successive generations of a living thing. Mendel was not a scientist, but he taught high-
school science at the monastery. He was interested
interested in nature and keenly observed the world around him.
In 1865 he published a paper describing experiments he did with garden pea
plants. He noticed that certain traits in the parent plants could be predicted to occur in a
certain percentage of the offspring. Traits like plant height, blossom color, color of
peas, and whether the peas were wrinkled or smooth appeared
to be passed down from the parent plant to the offspring. Mendel did not know about
DNA or chromosomes, and he could not explain how these traits were passed down.
His work was mostly ignored for many years. Mendel's work became the basis for the
field of genetics, the study of heredity.
Every organism has a set of genes that determines its traits. These genes occur
in pairs. Each gene in a pair is known as an allele. If one of the alleles masks the effect
of the other allele, it is called a dominant allele. The allele that is masked by the
dominant allele is called a recessive allele.

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Offspring inherit one allele from each parent. Sometimes an organism inherits
two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles for a trait. When this happens, the
organism shows the trait carried by the allele.
For example, if an organism has two alleles for tallness, it will be tall. If it has two
alleles for shortness, it will be short. An organism that carries two dominant or two
recessive alleles for a given trait is said to be pure for that trait.
Sometimes offspring inherit two different alleles for a trait. It may inherit an allele for
tallness from one parent and an allele for shortness from the other parent. In this case
the dominant allele would hide the trait of the recessive allele. An organism that carries
both a dominant allele and a recessive allele for a certain trait is called a hybrid. In
people, some dominant traits are curly hair, an unattached or "free" ear lobe, brown
eye color, or a widow's peak on the forehead. Some examples of recessive traits are
straight hair, an attached ear lobe, blue eye color, or a straight hairline on the forehead.
In humans, many easily observable traits are inherited. Some of these are hair
color, hair texture, eye color, shape of ear lobes, skin type, and height.
Traits like height, weight, and the shape of your body and face are the kinds of traits
that are inherited, but they can also be greatly influenced by your environment. For
example, your diet, state of health, and the amount of exercise you get can change
your body size and appearance. Exposure to the sun can change the pigments in skin,
making it darker when they "tan." The genes you inherit give you the potential for many
traits. But the person you become depends very much on your environment.
In humans, it's sometimes difficult to predict some traits like hair and eye color.
The reason is that you may have several different genes that control these traits. One
trait that is controlled by a single gene is tongue rolling. You can either roll your tongue
into a U-shape or you can't. If one of your parents has the trait (if one of your parents
can roll his or her tongue), then you might be able to roll our tongue. Traits are passed
down by parents to their offspring. By understanding how traits are passed down from
one generation to the next, scientists hope to find cures for many diseases.
Source: https://betterlesson.com

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ESSENTIAL NOTES
 GENETICS – branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of
organisms.
 Chromosomes - carry the hereditary information (genes)
 Gene – a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein
 A gene for any given characteristic may occur in one of two forms, called the
alleles (pronounced uh-LEELZ) of that gene. For example, the gene for color in
pea plants can occur in the form (allele) for a white flower or in the form (allele)
for a red color.
 Genome – the entire set of genes in an organism
 Locus – a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is
located.
 Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular
characteristic.
 Heterozygous – having two different genes for a particular characteristic.
 Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an
alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition.
 Recessive – an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in
the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous
 Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organisms
 Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism (Genotype +
environment)
 Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait);
parents differ by a single trait.
 P = Parental generation

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 F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross.
 F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic cross
 The first step that takes place in reproduction is for the sex cells in plants to
divide into two halves, called gametes. The next step is for the gametes from
the male plant to combine with the gametes of the female plant to produce a
fertilized egg. That fertilized egg is called a zygote. A zygote contains genetic
information from both parents
Source: http://www.scienceclarified.com
SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

Why do you think that Gregor Mendel was regarded as the ―Father of Genetics‖?
THIS IS IT, GOTCHA
Reflection Journal
Directions: Fill out the blanks to complete the statement
1. Today, I have learned that _____________________________

2. I will share to others about _____________________________
3. I am hopeful that _____________________________________

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MODULE 1
LESSON 2. Mendelian Genetics (Monohybrid Cross)
OBJECTIVES
1. describe how to solve for monohybrid cross;
2. solve problems involving/considering one trait.
LOOKING BACK
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer.
Choices can be used once or more than once.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1
A. Law of dominance
B. Law of Independent assortment
C. Law of Segregation

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4
https://www.google.com
LET’S GET STARTED
ACTIVITY 1
JUST PUNNETT IT!
Adapted from RTOT Critical Content G8, Heredity
What is the systematic tool that can be used in predicting the outcome of
a given cross?
Reginald Crundall Punnett was a British geneticist who co-founded,
with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is
probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a
tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of
possible genotypes of offspring. https://en.wikipedia.org
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
In Mendel‘s experiment, what was the resulting offspring when he crossed pure-
bred tall pea plants and pure-bred dwarf pea plants? Is there any chance to produce
dwarf pea plants from this cross?

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ASSIGN SYMBOL FOR EACH ALLELE:
Step 1
Trait: T = height of the plant
T = tall; t = dwarf
REMEMBER:
Use UPPER CASE LETTER for the dominant allele, and

LOWER CASE LETTER for the recessive allele.
Step 2
DETERMINE THE GENOTYPE OF EACH PARENT:
T T = pure-bred tall
t t = pure-bred dwarf
REMEMBER: Read the problem carefully. Look for clues to identify if

the parent is homozygous or heterozygous
Step 3

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Step 4
Step 5
Step 6

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Materials:
Paper and pen
Procedure
I. Complete the Punnett squares by filling with the necessary genotypes and
pasting the pictures on the correct square showing the resulting offspring.
Parent ♀Gg X ♂Gg
1. G g
GG Gg G – green
G g - yellow
Green Green
Gg gg
g Green yellow
1. I i
I – inflated
i - constricted
i
II. Use a Punnett Square to solve the following problem:
1. Rr x Rr
What percentage of
offspring will be
round? _____

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2. In pea plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. A white
flowered plant is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous for the trait.
What percentage of
offspring will have
purple flowers? _____
CHAT TIME
MONOHYBRID PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

Is a pattern of inheritance from two parents which differ in one specific trait
REGINALD PUNNETT
He became interested in the experimental process during his stay
at Cambridge. Began a scientific collaboration with William
Bateson (who was doing Mendelian experimentation on plants
and animals). They both published the first account of gene
linkage in sweet peas and later developed the ―Punnett square.
https://en.wikipedia.org
LAW OF SEGREGATION
If the two alleles of the locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the
organism‘s appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the
organism‘s appearance. Mendel's law of segregation says that the alleles that make up a
gene separate from each other, or segregate, during the formation of gametes.

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.
ESSENTIAL NOTES
Genotype and phenotype are two fundamental terms in the science of genetics. The
two terms are often used at the same time to describe the same organism, but there is
a difference between genotype and phenotype:
 An organism‘s genotype is the set of genes in its DNA responsible for a
particular trait.
 An organism‘s phenotype is the physical expression of those genes.
For example, two mice that look virtually identical could have different genotypes. But if
they have visibly different traits - say, one has white fur and the other has black fur -
then they have different phenotypes.
Source: https://examples.yourdictionary.com
The Punnett Square below shows a cross between two pea plants, each with brown seeds.
Use the Punnett square to answer the question.
B b
1. The missing genotype in the empty square is correctly written as:

A. BB, Bb, bb C. BB, bb, bb
B. BB, BB, bb D. Bb, Bb, Bb

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2. In Coleus, some plants have shallow crenated edges
and others have deeply incised leaves. A cross is made
between homozygous deep and shallow plants. The shallow
trait is dominant. Using S and s to symbolize the genes for this

trait, give the phenotypes and genotypes of their offspring.
https://int.search.myway.com
1.
3. Cleft chin ( c ) in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait and normal chin
is dominant ( C ). Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of
the offspring of two hybrid normal chin parents. What
percentage of cleft chin child will the parents probably have?
THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

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MODULE 1
LESSON 3. Mendelian Genetics (Dihybrid Cross)
OBJECTIVES
1. explain how to solve for the inheritance of trait which
involves/considers two trait;
2. describe the ―Second Law of Inheritance.
LOOKING BACK
Genetics Practice Problems

DIRECTIONS: Set up the Punnett squares for each of the crosses listed below then
answer the question paired with it.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: In pea plants purple flowers are dominant to
white flowers.
1. A white colored plant is crossed with a heterozygous purple plant.
A. What is the genotype of parent 1?
___________________________________________________
B. What is the genotype of parent 2?
____________________________________________________
LET’S GET STARTED
ACTIVITY 1
DIHYBRID CROSSES – FOIL FOR FUN!!!
https://ib.bioninja.com
• The Punnett Square will now be a large square separated into 16 boxes.
• The traits for the mother will go across the top.
• The traits for the father will go across the side.

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• The easiest way to work out potential gamete combinations in a dihybrid cross is
to use the FOIL method:
• FOIL = First / Outside / Inside / Last
If
you
out
first
Genotype: A a B b FOIL method: A a B b
in
last
Gametes: F O I L
AB Ab aB ab
have difficulty remembering the FOIL method, an alternative way to identify

potential gamete combinations in a dihybrid cross is to remember the claw.
The CLAW – Calculating Dihybrid Gamete Combinations

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How to Complete a Dihybrid Cross
The inheritance of dihybrid traits can be calculated according to the following steps:
Step 1: Designate characters to represent the alleles
 Capital letter for dominant allele, lower case letter for recessive allele
Step 2: Write down the genotype and phenotype of the parents (P generation)
 Always pair alleles from the same gene and always write capitals first (e.g.
AaBb, not ABab )
Step 3: Write down all potential gamete combinations for both parents
 Use the FOIL method (or the claw) to identify all possible combinations
Step 4: Use a Punnett square to work out potential genotypes of offspring
 Only include the different gamete combinations for each parent (e.g. AaBB has
two combinations = AB and aB)
Step 5: Write out the phenotype ratios of potential offspring
 Phenotypic ratios reflect mathematical probabilities only and may not necessarily
reflect actual offspring ratios.
An Example of a Dihybrid Cross:

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Self-fertilization
Sample Problem
 In sheep, the allele for black wool (B) is dominant over the allele for white wool
(b). Similarly, the allele for horns (H) is dominant over the allele for being
hornless (h). Pure breeding horned sheep with black wool were crossed with
pure breeding hornless sheep with white wool.
(a) State the genotype and the phenotype of the F1 individuals produced as a
result of this cross.
(b) Two F1 offspring were mated together. Calculate the expected ratio of
phenotypes
CHAT TIME
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
The law of independent assortment is revealed by studying two traits at once
 Dihybrid Cross – Breed two homozygous (true breeding) parents with at least
two different traits.
 The F1 generation exhibits only the dominant phenotype
 The F2 generation exhibits a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 . . . Make sure to
remember this ratio.
 Mendel's law of independent assortment: each pair of alleles segregates
independently of other allele pairs during gamete formation.

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https://www.sophia.org
ESSENTIAL NOTES
Law of Independent Assortment
Traits are inherited independent of one another. The inheritance of one trait does not
affect the inheritance of another.
Dihybrid Cross
A type of Punnett square used to determine multiple genetic traits at once.
Two traits of two parents are visualized by a dihybrid cross Punnett square. A dihybrid
cross is larger than a monohybrid cross because two traits are being visualized at the
same time.
SHOW ME WHAT YOU GOT

1. In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant over that for brown fur (b).
Similarly, the allele for short fur (S) is dominant over that for long fur (s). The
Punnett square below shows a cross between two guinea pigs with the genotype
‗BbSs‘

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1.What is the phenotypic
outcome of the offspring
produced by this cross?
2. In rabbits, grey hair is dominant to white hair, and black eyes are dominant to
red eyes.
GG = BB =
Gg = Bb =
gg = bb =
3. What are the phenotypes of rabbits that have the following genotypes?
Ggbb ___________________________________________________
ggBB ___________________________________________________
ggbb ___________________________________________________
GgBb ___________________________________________________
THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

A dihybrid cross describes a mating experiment between two organisms that
are identically hybrid for two traits.
https://www.nature.com

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MODULE 1
LESSON 4. Non-Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
1. Identify and explain the different traits that do not
follow the Mendelian pattern of inheritance
2. Give examples for each
LOOKING BACK
Solve for the monohybrid and dihybrid cross.

1. A red flower (Rr) is crossed with a white flower (rr).
a. What are the possible genotypes for this cross?
b. What are the possible phenotypes for this cross?
c. What is the percent chance that the offspring will be white?
2. In pea plants, green seeds are dominant to yellow seeds and round seeds are dominant
to wrinkled seeds. Cross two parents heterozygous for both traits.
Phenotypic Ratio:
a. Green/round:
b. Green/wrinkled:
c. Yellow/round:
d. Yellow/wrinkled:

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Solution:
Genotype of male:
Genotype of female:
What are the possible ways
that the ―G‘s‖ can combine with
the ―R‘s‖?
LET’S GET STARTED
ACTIVITY 1
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
Directions: Match column A with B and C
I.
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
1. ____ ; ____ A. multiple Z.
It is a form of intermediate alleles
inheritance in which
one allele for a specific trait
is not completely expressed
over its paired allele.
Rabbits with different colored fur. Getty/Hans
Surfer
2. ____ ; ____ B. Y.
This happens when there incomplete A
are more than two alleles

that are possible to code for dominance
any one characteristic.
pom pom.dahlia By User:Darwinek (Own work)

[ CC BY-SA 3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia
Commons

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3. ____ ; ____ C. co - X.
A non-Mendelian inheritance dominance
pattern that finds the traits
expressed by the alleles to
be equal in the phenotype.
Blood Types. Getty/Blend Images/ERproductions

Ltd
II.
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
1. ____ ; ____ D. sex-linked W. baldness
A trait that is absent in one sex while
present in another.
2. ____ ; ____ E. sex- V. milk secretion
A character that is expressed physically in influenced in cattle
due to sex of a species.
3. ____ ; ____ F. sex-limited U. Huntington's
Is a trait that will cause death to disease
homozygous recessive organism
4. ____ ; ____ G. lethal genes T. color
A trait that is controlled by a gene or an blindness
allele located on the sex chromosome
CHAT TIME
Non Mendelian inheritance- refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not
segregate in accordance with Mendel‘s law.

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 Incomplete dominance is the blending of traits expressed
by the alleles that combine for any given characteristic. For example,
rabbit coat color can be bred to show a blend of the parents' colors.
Rabbits with different

colored fur. Getty/Hans
Surfer
 Co-dominance is a non-Mendelian inheritance

pattern that finds the traits expressed by the alleles to be equal in
the phenotype.
A pom pom. dahlia showing co-

dominance. By User: Darwinek
 Multiple allele happens when there are more than two

alleles that are possible to code for any one characteristic.
Blood Types. Getty/Blend

Images/ERproductions Ltd
 A sex-linked trait is a trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele located on

the sex chromosome. Since traits are sex-linked, there is usually a distinct
pattern. Some traits would therefore be linked to the sex or gender of an
individual. Sex-linked traits are often associated with recessive disorders or
diseases. For example, color blindness is a sex-linked trait whose allele is
recessive and located on the X chromosome. Hemophilia is a blood disorder in
which certain blood clotting factors are not produced. This results in excessive
bleeding that can damage organs and tissues. Duchenne muscular
dystrophy is a condition that causes muscle degeneration. It is the most
common and severe form of muscular dystrophy that quickly worsens and is
fatal. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition that causes intellectual
disability, behavioral and learning challenges and various physical
characteristics. Though FXS occurs in both genders, males are more frequently
affected than females, and generally with greater severity.

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 Sex-limited traits is a trait that is absent in one sex while present in another;
e.g. barred coloring in chickens seen only in roosters. It is an observable feature
appearing only in members of one sex of a given populations of organisms, both
sexes may have the genetic constitution that determines the trait.
The genes that control milk yield and quality in dairy cattle, are present in both
bulls and cows, but their effects are expressed only in the female cattle.
Premature baldness and type of beard growth are human sex-limited characters.
 Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits that are expressed based on the
influence of the sex, in particular the sex hormones: e.g. testosterone in males
and estrogen and progesterone in females. Although these traits can be seen
in both the sexes, the degree or frequency of the phenotypic expression varies
according to the sex. The genes are dominant in males but recessive in females.
Example: baldness pattern.
 Multiple alleles happen when there are more than two alleles that are possible
to code for any one characteristic. It increases the diversity of traits that are
coded by the gene. The diversity afforded by being controlled by multiple alleles
gives natural selection an extra phenotype, or more, that it can work on. This
gives the species an advantage for survival as there are many different traits
that are shown, and therefore the species is more likely to have a
favorable adaptation that will ensure the species lives on.
 Examples of Multiple Alleles. The human ABO blood type is a good example
of multiple alleles. Humans can have red blood cells that are of type A (IA), type
B (IB), or type O (i). These three different alleles can be combined in different
ways following Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. The resulting genotypes make
either type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Type A blood is a combination of
either two A alleles (IA IA) or one A allele and one O allele (IAi). Similarly, type B
blood is coded for by either two B alleles (IB IB) or one B allele and one O allele
(IBi). Type O blood can only be obtained with two recessive O alleles (ii). These
are all examples of simple or complete dominance

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 Lethal Genes. It has been observed that all genes or genetic factors are not
useful to the organism. There are some genetic factors or genes, when present
in any organism cause its death during early stage of development. They may
even cause death of the individual either in homozygous dominant or
homozygous recessive condition. A French geneticist L. Cuenot (1905) reported
on the inheritance of mouse body color. He found that ―yellow‖ body color was
governed by single gene ―Y‖. It was observed that yellow mice could never be
obtained in homozygous condition as dominant over normal ―brown‖ color and
was governed by single gene ―Y‖. It was observed that yellow mice could never
be obtained in homozygous condition. Lethal genes may be classified in to the
following groups: recessive lethals; dominant lethals; conditional lethals;
balanced lethals and gametic lethals.
 Most of the lethal genes are recessive lethals. It is expressed only when they
are in homozygous condition. The survival of heterozygotes is not affected e.g.,
coat colour in mice. According to Cuenot, Castle and Little, the dominant allele Y
is a recessive lethal and it causes death of homozygous YY embryos at an early
stage of development.
 Dominant lethal: There are some lethal genes which reduce viability even in
heterozygotes, are said as dominant lethals. e.g., epiloia gene in human beings.
This cause mental defects, abnormal skin growth and tumors in heterozygotes,
therefore, they die before reaching adulthood. The dominant lethals may be
produced in every generation through mutation.
 Conditional lethal: The lethal genes require a definite or specific condition for
their lethal action are said as conditional lethals. Many mutants of barley, maize,
Neurospora, Drosophila and many other organisms are termed as temperature
sensitive mutations. Each of them needs a definite, generally high temperature
to express their lethal action.
 A chlorophyll mutant of barley allows normal chlorophyll development at a
temperature of 19°C or above, but it develops albina or abnormal white

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seedlings at temperature below 8°C. Temperature is not only responsible to
bring out conditional lethals. Some conditional lethals require light, nutrition etc.
 Balanced Lethals: The balancing effect between two different lethals in self
permanent stock is called balanced lethal system- Muller (1918). Lethal genes
linked in repulsion phase of linkage are said as balanced lethals. They are
maintained in repulsion phase due to tight linkage. Crossing over is very low. In
repulsion phase, the recessive allele of one gene and the dominant allele of the
other gene are present in the same chromosome.
 Mating between individuals heterozygous for these balanced lethals will produce
4 types of zygotes. 1/4 will be homozygous for the recessive lethal and will not
survive. Another 1/4 of the zygotes shall be homozygous for the other recessive
lethal and will die.
 The only progeny which will survive, will be the heterozygotes for the 2 recessive
lethals. Therefore, a balanced lethal system maintains the genes closely linked
to the lethal genes in a permanent heterozygous state. Balanced lethals are
seen in mice, Oenothra, Drosophila etc.
 (A balanced lethal system having 2 recessive lethal genes (l1 and l2 ). Only 2 of
the 4 heterozygotes survive (l1L2/L1l2)
 Gametic Lethals: Some genes make the gametes incapable of fertilization.
Such genes are said as gametic lethals. Some times the term ‗Meiotic drive‘ is
used to describe gametic lethals. Meiotic drive may be called a mechanism that
leads to the production of unequal numbers of functional gametes by a
heterozygote.
 It has been found in certain males of Drosophila pseudoobscura, produce only
half amount of sperm as compared to a normal males. When these males are
mated to normal females, most of the progeny are females. It demonstrates that
the sperm cells produced by these males contain the ‗X‘ chromosome only and
their sperms having ‗Y‘ chromosome are non-functional. Source:
http://www.biologydiscussion.com

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ESSENTIAL NOTES
 Non-Mendelian inheritance includes multiple allelism, incomplete dominance

and co-dominance.
 Sex-related inheritance is a pattern of inheritance involving characters whose
expression is determined by sex. This includes sex-limited, sex-influenced and
sex-linked inheritance. Types of lethal alleles are recessive lethal, dominant
lethal, conditional lethal, balanced lethals and gametic lethals.
Mendel‘s laws of inheritance laid the foundation for the understanding of heredity
and variation. Scientists discovered that the inheritance of certain characters does not
conform to predicted outcomes based on Mendelian laws. From these, other principles
of heredity were formulated
THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!
Why do you think there were more men who are bald than women?

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REFERENCES
https://www.google.com.ph
https://www.brainyquote.com
http://www.scienceclarified.com
https://biologydictionary.net
https://www.google.com/search?q=az+quotes
https://ib.bioninja.com
https://www.sophia.org
https://www.nature.com
https://www.biologycorner.com
https://www.google.com/search?q=gettysimage
https://www.google.com/search?q=wikimedia+commons
http://www.biologydiscussion.com
https://www.pinterest.ph

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MODULE 1
LESSON 5. Mutation
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the types of mutation and its causes.

2. Explain how mutation occurs.
LOOKING BACK
Direction: Given the strings of letters, find and encircle the word/s that is related
to the new lesson and define/describe the word/s.
1. CCHROLLLLMOSOMESLLLGGGGGGGHHHH
2. CCDEOXYGGGGRIBOLLNUCLEICGGGGACID
3. DDDRIBOGGGGGGGGNUCLEICFFFFFACIDG
4. GGGGSEXHHHHHHHCHROMOGGGGSOMES
LET’S GET STARTED
Protein synthesis is a process of making proteins encoded in the DNA of

an organism. It takes two steps to make proteins from information encoded in the
DNA, transcription and translation. In transcription process, the mRNA copies the
gene sequence in the DNA.

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Part I PAIR ME UP
In your answer sheet, copy the DNA sequence and write the corresponding mRNA
sequence
Part II WHAT‘S WRONG WITH ME?

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Study the illustration and answer the guide questions in your answer sheet. The
first illustration (1) is a normal transcription of a DNA sequence.
SOURCE:https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-
biologicalchemistry/s22-05-mutations-and-genetic-diseases.html
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What is wrong with illustration 2, 3 and 4 as compared with the normal transcription
of DNA sequence?
2. What type of point mutation was illustrated in no. 2, 3 and 4?

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CHAT TIME
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes
when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light,
radiation and cigarette smoke.
Over a lifetime our DNA can undergo changes or ‗mutation‘ in the sequence of
bases, A, C, G and T. This results in changes in the protein that are made. This can be
a bad or a good thing.
Often cells can recognize any potentially mutation-causing damage and repair it
before it becomes a fixed mutation. Mutations contribute to genetic variation within
species. Mutations can also be inherited, particularly if they have a positive effect. For
example, the disorder sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that
instructs the building of a protein called hemoglobin. This causes the red blood cells to
become an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. However, in African populations, having this
mutation also protects against malaria. However, mutation can also disrupt normal
gene activity and cause diseases, like cancer. Cancer is the most common human
genetic disease; it is caused by mutations occurring in a number of growth-controlling
genes. Sometimes faulty, cancer-causing genes can exist from birth, increasing a
person‘s chance of getting cancer.
TYPES OF MUTATION
1. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
(A) Deletion or Deficiency:
Deletion or deficiency as the name suggests there is a loss of segment of
chromosome. After break the part without centromere is lost. On the other hand the
part attached to the centromere acts as deficient chromosome. Bridges (1917) for the
first time observed deficiency in the Bar locus of Drosophila.
(B) Duplication:
Here a segment of chromosome is repeated twice, i.e., duplicated. Duplication
was discovered in Drosophila ‗X‘ chromosome for the first time carrying wild type allele
for vermilion (v+) and has been transposed to an ‗X‘ chromosome carrying the mutant
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vermilion allele (v), Bridges found that due to the fact that ‗X‘ chromosome was carrying
allele v and v+ both it was wild type instead of vermilion. Equal properties of v and v+
produced wild type effect. Such ‗duplication females‘ when crossed with nonduplicated
vermilion males all female progeny was vermilion and all male progeny, i.e., y was wild
type.
(C) Translocation:
Transfer of a section of one chromosome to nonhomologous chromosome is
known as translocation. When there is exchange of segments on two nonhomologous
chromosomes it is called reciprocal translocation. It also includes exchange of
segments between non homologous parts of a pair of chromosomes, e.g., ‗X‘ or ‗Y‘
chromosomes. The segment is neither lost nor added it is just exchanged.
D) Inversions:
A section of the chromosome becomes changed by rotation at 180° is called
inversion. The order of the genes in it is reversed. Inversion arises by the formation of
loops on a chromosome. Breaks may occur at the point of intersection of the loops.
Reunion of the broken ends takes place in a new combination, and inverts. Inversion
heterozygotes are formed by loops and bulges in pairs.
2. POINT MUTATIONS
(A) Substitution
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for

another (i.e., a change in a single ―chemical letter‖ such as switching
an A to a G).
(B) Insertion
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted
into a new place in the DNA.
(C) Deletion
Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or
deleted

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ESSENTIAL NOTES
Mutations can occur during DNA replication. If errors are made and not
corrected in time. Mutations can also occur as the result of exposure to environmental
factors such as smoking, sunlight and radiation.
It's useful to think of mutation as a process that creates genetic variation. We
often refer to a mutation as a thing—the genetic variation itself. This approach can be
useful when it comes to a gene associated with a disease: the disease allele carries a
mutation, a DNA change that comprises the protein‘s function
Figure 1. Types of Mutations
Source: Google.com
However, this approach gives mutation a bad name. It‘s important to remember that
losing the function of a gene doesn‘t always affect health. For example, most mammals
have hundreds of genes that code for olfactory receptors, proteins that help us smell.
Losing one of these genes probably doesn‘t make all that much difference. In contrast

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to variations that cause disease, there are many more examples of variations that are
neither good nor bad, but just different—like blood types and eye color. Just like with
disease alleles, the process of mutation creates these more neutral variations. But with
neutral variations, it can be impossible to tell which allele is the "normal" one that
existed first and which is the "mutant"—and the distinction is often meaningless.
. Tell something about the picture. In your own opinion, do you think the effect of
mutation has good or bad effect/result? Explain.
Source: Google.com
THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

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MODULE 1
LESSON 6. Chromosomal Abberation
OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. Identify the different types of chromosomal aberration.

2. Explain each type of chromosomal aberration.
LOOKING BACK
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to
mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV
light, radiation and cigarette smoke.
Over a lifetime our DNA can undergo changes or ‗mutation‘ in the sequence of
bases, A, C, G and T. This results in changes in the protein that are made. This can be
a bad or a good thing.
ACTIVITY 1
Identify the type of alteration that has occurred.
1.
2.

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3.
4.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Chromosomal abnormalities, alterations and aberrations are at the root of many
inherited diseases and traits. Chromosomal abnormalities often give rise to birth
defects and congenital conditions that may develop during an individual's lifetime.
Examining the karyotype of chromosomes (karyotyping) in a sample of cells can allow
detection of a chromosomal abnormality and counseling can then be offered to parents
or families whose offspring are at risk of growing up with a genetic disorder.
Types of chromosomal abnormality

A chromosomal abnormality may be numerical or structural and examples are
described below:
Numerical abnormalities
The normal human chromosome contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, giving a
total of 46 chromosomes in each cell, called diploid cells. A normal sperm or egg cell
contains only one half of these pairs and therefore 23 chromosomes. These cells are
called haploid.
The euploid state describes when the number of chromosomes in each cell is
some multiple of n, which may be 2n (46, diploid), 3n (69, triploid) 4n (92, tetraploid)
and so on. When chromosomes are present in multiples beyond 4n, the term polyploid
is used.
Aneuploidy refers to the presence of an extra chromosome or a missing
chromosome and is the most common form of chromosomal abnormality. In the case of

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Down's syndrome or Trisomy 21, there is an additional copy of chromosome 21 and
therefore 47 chromosomes. Turner's syndrome on the other hand arises from the
absence of an X chromosome, meaning only 45 chromosomes are present.
Occasionally, aneuploid and regular diploid cells exist simultaneously and this is
called mosaicism. The condition involves two or more different cell populations from a
single fertilized egg. Mosaicism usually involves the sex chromosomes, although it can
involve autosomal chromosomes. In contrast to mosaicism, a condition called
chimaerism occurs when different cell lines derived from more than one fertilized egg
are involved.
Structural abnormalities
Structural abnormalities occur when the chromosomal morphology is altered due to an
unusual location of the centromere and therefore abnormal lengths of the
chromosome's short (p) and long arm (q).
 If the centromere is in the middle of the chromosome and the arms are about the
same length, the chromosome is called metacentric. If the centromere is near to
one end and the arms are unequal in length, the chromosome is called
submetacentric. When the centromere is so close to one end that the short arm
is very small, the chromosome is said to be acrocentric. Another abnormality is
the presence of two centromeres, when a chromosome is called dicentric, and
when there is no centromere at all, it is referred to as acentric.
 In chromosomal analysis, chromosomes are stained to produce banding
patterns that can be used to detect any alteration of structural arrangements
within or between chromosomes. This may involve chromosomal breakage and
rearrangement within the chromosome or with two or more other chromosomes.
This can result in an unbalanced karyotype if chromosomal material is gained
(insertion mutation) or lost (deletion mutation) during the process.
 When a chromosome breaks and unites with one or more other chromosome,
this is called translocation. For example, the chromosomal translocation 9:22
means a part of the chromosome 9 was detached and then reattached to

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chromosome 22. This is called a Philadelphia chromosome and its presence
increases the risk of developing chronic leukemias.
ESSENTIAL NOTES
If a parent has an unusual chromosome rearrangement, will he or she

always pass it on?
THIS IS IT, GOTCHA

Directions: Fill out the blanks to complete the statement
I learned that________________________________
I enjoyed___________________________________

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POST-TEST
Directions: Read and Write your answer on your paper. Note: if there are choices with
letter, write the letter of your answer.
1. The science which deals with heredity and variation is called Genetics. Who was
regarded as the Father of Genetics?
A. Charles Darwin C. Gregor Mendel
B. Anton Van Leeuwenhook D. Jean Baptiste de Lamark
2. Which statement best describe a gene?
A. the factors that control the inheritance of trait
B. The portion of RNA molecules responsible during protein synthesis
C. The factors that determine the appearance of DNA
D. The portion of protein that code amino acid
3. An alternative form of gene is known as ______________.
A. Variation B. Heredity C. Gene D. Allele
4. . The phenotype of an organism can be determined through …
A. Observing its physical characteristics
B. Observing the parents genotype
C. Determining its genotype
D. DNA analysis
5. The trait which hides of masked and appear or show in the first filial generation is
called _________.
A. Phenotype B. Recessive C. Allele D. Dominant
6. In a Genetics class, pure green pod (GG) and yellow pod (gg) were crossed. What
would be the genotype of the F1 generation?
A. GG B. gg C. Gg D.GGgg
7. Tongue roller (T) is dominant over non tongue roller (t). What will be the percentage
of having children who are tongue roller if the father is homozygous for the dominant
trait and the mother is non-tongue roller?
A. 100% B.75% C. 50% D. 25%
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8. Both man and woman are heterozygous for freckles. What are the chances that their
children will have no freckles?
A. 100% B. 50% C. 25% D. 0
9. If the mother is heterozygous tongue roller and homozygous with freckles and the
father is non tongue roller and no freckles are going to have a child, what will be the
chance of having same phenotype with the father?(Write your answer)
10. There are cases wherein the trait of an organism do not follow the Mendelian
pattern of inheritance. Which among the following traits are examples of this cases ?
I. Incomplete Dominance III. Polygenes
II. Multiple Allele IV. Codominance
A. I and II B. I, II and III C. I, II, III and IV D. none of the cases
11. A case was filed to establish the paternity of Mr. Human to a female teenager. If
the child‘s mother is type B and the man is type O, what should be the blood type of the
teenager to match Mr. Human ? (write your answer)
12. Why do you think cases of sex- linked traits affect greater percentage of male
population even if the gene is recessive?
13. Which among the following are cases of x-linked traits?
1. Hemophilia 3. Muscular dystrophy
2. Cleft Palate 4. Baldness
A. 1, 2, and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 3 and 4 D. 2,3 and 4
14-15. The types of mutation according to the extent of its effect to the individual are
_______________ and __________.
16. The following are types of mutations in DNA EXCEPT________?
A. Insertion B. Deletion C. Substitution D. Radiation
17. Cri du chat is named due to the cry of the baby similar with how the cats cry. This
is an example of structural chromosome mutation which affect what chromosome
number?
A. 21 B. 22 C. 5 D. 6

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18. The case of trisomy is detected through the presence of extra chromosome in any
pair in the karyotype of an individual. Which among the following abnormality is an
example of trisomy?
1. Down syndrome 3. Autism
2. Klinefelter‘s syndrome 4. Turner‘s syndrome
A. 1 and 2 B. 1,2 and 3 C. 1, 2, 3, an 4 D. 1, 2, and 4
19. Euploidy is a case on an organism having change in the sets of chromosomes.
Which among the cases below has three sets of chromosomes?
A. Haploidy C. Tetraploidy
B. Pentaploidy D. Triploidy
20. Which among organism below is commonly known as naturally polyploid?
A. Maize B. Rice C. Tomatoes D. Bananas
REFERENCES
MUTATION AND GENETIC DISORDERS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-mutation
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology1/chapter/dna-mutations/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zc499j6/revision/4
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/4-major-types-of-chromosomal-aberrations-1594-
words/6448
https://www.osmosis.org/answers/chromosomal-aberrations
https://microbenotes.com/chromosomal-mutation/
https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Chromosome-Abnormalities-Fact-Sheet
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Chromosomal-Abnormalities.aspx
https://geneticalliance.org.uk/information/learn-about-genetics/chromosomal-disorders/

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https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P021
47#:~:text=What%20are%20deletions%3F,the%20%22instructions%22%20are%20missing.
https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/chromosomal-mutation-chromosomal-aberration-
structural-mutation-and-genomatic-mutation-numerical-aberration/
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-mutation-441/
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-genetic-disorder
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Introductor
y_Biology_(CK-12)/04%3A_Molecular_Biology/4.08%3A_Mutation_Types
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/mutations_03
https://www.bioexplorer.net/chromosomal-mutations.html/
AUTOSOMAL GENETIC DISORDERS
http://hihg.med.miami.edu/code/http/modules/education/Design/Print.asp?CourseNum=1&Less
onNum=3
https://geneticeducation.co.in/genetic-inheritance-autosomal-dominant-autosomal-recessive-x-
linked-dominant-and-x-linked-recessive/
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=autosomal-recessive-cystic-fibrosis-
sickle-cell-anemia-tay-sachs-disease-90-P02142
17. C 18. A 19. D 20. D

13. B 14. Point mutation 15. Chromosome mutation 16. D
11. Type O 12. Because even if the trait is recessive, if it is present in X chromosome of male, it is expressed.
1.C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. 0% or NONE 10. C
Post Test
11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. C 20. A
1. C 2. A 3.B 4. B 5. B 6.B 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C
Pretest
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MODULE

Make a pedigree of particular trait observed in the family.

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People who know you may tell you that

1. trace how Gregor Mendel was regarded as ―Father of Genetics‖;

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- composed of DNA and proteins

Read the article and answer the questions given.

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EXPLORING GENETICS TERMS

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 Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an

alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition.

 Recessive – an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in

the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous

 Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organisms

 Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism (Genotype +

parents differ by a single trait.

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 F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic cross

SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

THIS IS IT, GOTCHA

Directions: Fill out the blanks to complete the statement

1. Today, I have learned that _____________________________

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LET’S GET STARTED

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Use UPPER CASE LETTER for the dominant allele, and

REMEMBER: Read the problem carefully. Look for clues to identify if

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II. Use a Punnett Square to solve the following problem:

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MONOHYBRID PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

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SHOW ME WHAT YOU’VE GOT

1. The missing genotype in the empty square is correctly written as:

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trait is dominant. Using S and s to symbolize the genes for this

THIS IS IT! GOTCHA!

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Genetics Practice Problems

LET’S GET STARTED

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have difficulty remembering the FOIL method, an alternative way to identify

The CLAW – Calculating Dihybrid Gamete Combinations

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Step 1: Designate characters to represent the alleles

Step 4: Use a Punnett square to work out potential genotypes of offspring

Step 5: Write out the phenotype ratios of potential offspring

An Example of a Dihybrid Cross: