Department of Education

9 National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 1-Module 3
Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance

Jordan B. Plopino
Mark John D. Bello

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 What I Need to Know
The purpose of this module is to help describe the location of genes in
chromosomes, explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian and describe the
molecular structure of the DNA.

Thismodule contains the following lessons:

 Lesson 1 – Components and Structure of DNA
 Lesson 2 – Genes and Chromosomes
 Lesson 3 – Non – Mendelian Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance and Co-
dominance)
 Lesson 4 – Multiple Alleles
 Lesson 5 – Sex - Determination
 Lesson 6 – Sex – Linked and Sex – Influenced Traits

After going through this module, you are expected to explain the different
patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance. S9LT-Id-29

Specifically, you should be able to:

 describe the location of genes in chromosomes
 explain the chromosomal basis of inheritance
 identify characters whose inheritance does not conform with predicted
outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance and
 solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, codominance
multiple alleles, sex-linked and sex – influenced traits.

What I Know
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to
the word or group of words that completes the sentence.

1. It is a non-Mendelian inheritance wherein traits are expressed

independently like the color coat of cats.
A. multiple alleles C. sex – linked
B. incomplete dominance D. co-dominance

2. For blood types, if one parent is heterozygous A and the other parent is
heterozygous B, what could be the possible blood types of the children?
A. A, B, and O C. A and O
B. A, AB, and A D. A, AB, B, and O

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3. How many percent would be the chance of the children to inherit hemophilia
if a mother has hemophilia (XhXh) and the father is non hemophilic (XHY)?
A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75%

4. The DNA has a double – helix structure forming a twisted ladder. The
backbone and steps of the ladder is composed of individual nucleotides
bonded together. What are the important biological compounds that make
up the backbone of the DNA molecule?
A. nitrogen bases C. pentose and phosphate
B. pentose / 5-carbon sugar D. phosphate group

5. It is a non-Mendelian trait that results to blended colors of flowers of some

plants. What do you call that trait?
A. sex – limited C. co-dominance
B. incomplete dominance D. multiple alleles

6. Bases in a DNA are complementary. Which is true of its complementary

base if there are 35 Thymine in the DNA strands?
A. there will be 35 Guanine bases
B. there will be 35 Adenine bases
C. only 25 Adenine, since a DNA is helical
D. cannot be determined

7. Which is NOT TRUE about a DNA nucleotide?

A. it contains a nitrogen base.
B. it has a pentose or 5-carbon sugar compound.
C. it has a phosphate group.
D. it contains two or more bases.

8. If Roberto’s father has hemophilia and his mother is a carrier, what is the
chance that Roberto would inherit the disease?
A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

9. A heterozygous allele shows a phenotype that is intermediate of the two

homozygous phenotypes being crossed. Neither allele is dominant over the
other. Which Non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance is referred to?
A. incomplete dominance C. multiple Alleles
B. co-dominance D. sex-linked trait

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10. Tan colored birds are the result of the cross between a white (W) and a
brown (B) colored bird. If the off springs are 50% tan and 50% white, what
are the genotypes of their parents?
A. BB x BB C. BW x WW
B. BB x WW D. BW x BW

11. Which BEST describes a gene?

A. It is a DNA C. It is a segment of DNA
B. It is smaller than DNA D. It is a tightly coiled DNA

12. Which is TRUE to a shape of a DNA molecule?

A. circular C. round
B. double-helical D. straight

13. It is referred to as the union of egg and sperm cells to form a new organism.
A. mutation C. zygote
B. fertilization D. offspring

14. Which of the following happens to form gametes (sex cells) among male and
female organism?
A. meiosis C. reproduction
B. mitosis D. fertilization

15. Which of the following determines the sex of an organism?

A. the female parent C. both parent
B. the male parent D. none of the choices

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 Lesson
Components and Structure of DNA
1

What’s In
Let us try how much you know about a cell.
CELL MEMBRANE CHLOROPLAST CYTOPLASM
LYSOSOMES MITOCHONDRION NUCLEUS

_______ 1. It is an organelle responsible for energy production and is commonly referred

to as powerhouse of the cell.
_______ 2. This organelle directs all the cellular activities and is commonly called as the
brain of the cell.
_______ 3. They are small sacs which contain the digestive enzymes used by the cell to
self-destruct. It is also called as the suicide-bag of the cell.
_______ 4. It serves as the matrix that anchors all organelles inside the cell.
_______ 5. This special type of organelle is common among photosynthetic organisms
like plants which is responsible for food making.

What’s New
Nucleus is very important part of the cell and the molecule inside the cell’s
nucleus that functions in building and defining the body structure and function of all
organisms in the planet. This biological molecule is called deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).
Can you guess the full word or phrase of the following coded texts? Identify as
many as you can. Write your answers on a separate sheet.

143 SKL B4 IDK SML YOLO

BRB LOL 2DAY OTW LMK

WUD Those coded textsIKR

inside the cloud
J4F have corresponding longer words or
phrases for it to be well-defined and understood. Similarly, you will be dealing with
codes when you studied the blueprint of life, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

What Is It
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is made up of units called nucleotides that are
bonded together. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a

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phosphate group as shown in the figure 1. DNA is commonly found inside the cell’s
nucleus that plays a very important role in the body of all organisms. DNA directs
many biological and physical functions in the body of organisms. The body structures,
functions, growth, development, and survival will never be possible without the
presence of this biological molecule in all organisms.

Figure1. A Nucleotide Figure 2. DNA Molecule

Deoxyribonucleic acid is commonly found inside the cell's nucleus. It plays a

very important role in the body of all organisms by directing many biological and
physical functions. DNA is made up of units called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists
of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group as shown in Fig. 1. The
nitrogenous bases in nucleotides have two general types. These are purines that
include adenine (A) and guanine (G) and pyrimidines that include cytosine (C) and
thymine (T). Adenine is paired with thymine while guanine is paired with cytosine.
Such pairing is described as complementary. It is the order of these nitrogenous base
pairs that determines the genetic makeup.
The phosphate group and phosphate sugar, which is also called deoxyribose,
are the backbone of DNA. In the DNA model developed by James Watson and Francis
Crick in 1953, DNA looks like a twisted ladder with two strands that complement each
other. Thus, they described the DNA as double helix. Today, we know that DNA is a
double helix with strings of nucleotides as shown in Fig. 2.

What’s More
Activity 1.1: DNA Modeling
Objectives: At the end of this activity, you should be able to:
1. construct a DNA model through an Origami (paper folding)
2. show the parts and components of a DNA model made.
You will need: copy of the template, coloring materials, pencil
What you will do:
Part I: Coloring

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 1. Using the blank template, follow the indicated letters and the specific parts
where to put colors guided by the small letters r = red, y = yellow, b = blue, g =
green.
2. You may photocopy or redraw the blank template.
Part II: DNA Origami Template. Let the folding begin!

1. Fold in half lengthwise. Make all creases as 2. Hold the paper so that the thick lines
firm as possible (use your fingernail!) are diagonal, and the thin lines are
horizontal. Fold the top segment down
and then unfold.

3. Fold the top two segments down along the 4. Repeat for all segments.
next horizontal line. Unfold.

5. Turn the paper over. 6. Fold along the first diagonal line.
Unfold and fold along the second
diagonal line. Repeat for all diagonal
lines

7. Fold the white edge without letters up. 8. Fold the other edge away from you.
Partly unfold both edges.

9. You can now see how the model is 10. Twist and turn the paper while
starting to twist. pushing the ends towards each other.

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 The DNA Origami Template
RUBRICS FOR THE MODEL
Criteria Excellent Good Needs Improvement
The model is correctly labelled, The model is labelled, colors The model is not labeled
follows the required colors and are followed but there is properly and some flaws
Accuracy excellently shaped like the minimal flaw with the with the
illustration as guide. shape/appearance. shape/appearance.
The model exceeds the The model follows the The model does not follow
expected appearance and expected appearance. the expected appearance.
Creativity accents/highlights are added.
All labels can be easily seen Labels are seen with Labels are not easily seen
and the model is neatly minimal flaw in the model. and have some flaws in the
Neatness presented. model.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the colors indicated for each nitrogenous base from the constructed
DNA origami?
Adenine - _______________ Guanine - _______________
Cytosine - _______________ Thymine - _______________
2. What are the complementary bases pairs for a DNA molecule?
____________________________________________________________________________

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 3. How would you describe the appearance and orientation of a DNA model based
on the model you constructed?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you think is the main function of a DNA molecule in the body of
organisms?
____________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Test Yourself! Guided by the figure
of DNA and nucleotide, complete the
paragraph by writing the correct word/s
on the space provided for. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Unwound DNA helix can form a
ladder-like structure. The main support of
the ladder on both sides are composed of
_____1______ and______2______. The
_____3_____ comprise the steps of the
ladder.
The sequence of paired nitrogen bases Figure 3. Organization of DNA Molecule
serves as the code of biological and in a Cell
molecular information for the traits to be expressed in all organisms.

Let us try this.

1. Who were the scientists involved in constructing the first model of the DNA?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you call the shape of DNA molecule? _____________________________
3. Give the components of a single nucleotide. _______________________________
4. What do you call the unit of a DNA molecule? _____________________________
5. Give the two general types of nitrogen bases. ______________________________
6. How many pentose sugars is needed to complete and single nucleotide?
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. Give the complementary base pair for the following chains:
a. CGG – ATA – TTG – AGC
b. TTA – GCG – TGA – AAG
c. ATG – GGT – AAT – CGC

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 What I Can Do
Complete the flowchart. Supply all the related and important terms about the DNA
molecule that you have learned including its components and structure.

Assessment
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.

1. Why is DNA the "blueprint of life"?

A. it is like a fingerprint
B. it has a blue color
C. it can relay messages to other molecules
D. it contains the instructions for building an organism

2. Which is NOT TRUE about nucleotide?

A. It contains a nitrogen base. C. It may contain one or more bases
B. It has a phosphate group. D. It contains deoxyribose sugar.

3. Which of the following ideas is TRUE about DNA molecule?

A. DNA is only a single stranded molecule.
B. DNA is double stranded with helical form.
C. DNA has Thymine that pairs with Cytosine.
D. DNA can only direct how organisms reproduce.

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4. In a DNA structure, which compounds are responsible for its backbone?
A. nitrogen bases and phosphate C. sugar and nitrogen bases
B. phosphate and sugar D. only nitrogen bases
5. Bases in a DNA are complementary. Which is true about complementary base
pairing if there are 20 Guanine in the DNA strand?
A. there will be 20 Adenine bases. C. only 10 Cytosine, since its helical
B. there will be 20 Cytosine bases. D. cannot be determined

Additional Activities
Complete the crossword puzzle below. All the needed word/s are from the
lessons discussed about DNA.

DOWN ACROSS
1. Specific kind of sugar for DNA 3. It includes guanine and adenine
2. It complements Thymine 4. One of the components of DNA
3. A 5-carbon compound backbone
4. It includes cytosine and 7. The main rule for base pairing
thymine 8. A segment of DNA
5. A single unit of DNA molecule 9. It complements guanine
6. It complements Adenine 10. Nitrogen-
11. Double-
12. Anti-

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 Lesson
Genes and Chromosomes
2

What’s In
Rearrange the following jumbled letters to get the correct word guided by the descriptions
/definitions below.
_____________ 1. EILOXBDIEYCORNUC DICA – a double-stranded helical structure
comprised of bases that codes the life of all organisms.
_____________ 2. NNEIDEA – it complements the thymine base in DNA.
_____________ 3. OBEULD IXLHE – a special structure of DNA molecule.
_____________ 4. NORINTEG SBAE – includes A, T, C, and G that forms the steps of the
ladder of a DNA molecule.
_____________ 5. TYCENIOS – it can be paired with guanine.
_____________ 6. EPOTESN – another term for 5 – carbon compound.
_____________ 7. GIEUNAN – it takes cytosine as its complementary base pair.
_____________ 8. ESPPHOHTA – it serves as the backbone of the DNA molecule along
with the sugar compound.
_____________ 9. NHEMTYI – in base pairing, it must always take adenine as its pair.
_____________ 10. IEOECLTNUD – a single unit of DNA molecule with a complete set of
sugar, phosphate, and a base.

What’s New
Observe the following illustrations:

a.) Nucleotide b.) DNA Molecule c.) DNA in a Cell

Figure 4. DNA Structure

Based on what you have observed in figure 1, make your description of a

chromosome and a gene using simple words.
Chromosome - ________________________________________________________________.
Gene - ________________________________________________________________________.

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 What Is It
The tiny nucleus of a eukaryotic cell encloses long strands of DNA. They are
neatly wrapped around the histone (a globular protein) forming chromatin. When the
cell is preparing for cell division, histones come together coiling the chromatin and
arranging the DNA into thicker and a denser structure called chromosomes.

Figure 5. DNA Figure 6. Gene Figure 7. Chromosome

Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures containing the genes of organisms. It
has a p arm and a q arm. P arm is shorter than the q arm. These are identified by the
constriction point called the centromere. The location of the centromere on the
chromosome gives its characteristics and shape. It can also be used to locate the genes
(small sequence of DNA) at a specific point along the chromosome. The location of
genes in the chromosome is called locus.
During the replication stage of the cell cycle, the chromosomes are copied. The
old and new copies of chromosomes are held together by the centromere. This
structure is called chromatids. In the inheritance of genes, a copy of chromatid will be
given to the offspring.
In a human cell, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes making a total of 46. The
number of chromosomes varies from an organism to the other. A single chromosome
contains hundreds to thousands of genes. Each gene represents a specific trait like
curly, straight, and wavy hair. These traits are inherited by the offspring from their
parents through the direction of genes. Thus, genes are also defined as carriers of
traits. However, there are times that genes are altered and undergo mutation. It may
result in a new and unique trait that can be dangerous or advantageous in the survival
of organisms.

Fig. 5. Types of Human Hair

What’s More
Activity 2.1: 3D Mode! (Draw – Define – Describe)
Objectives:
1. describe the characteristics of the chromosome, gene, and DNA.
2. draw a simple diagram of the chromosome, gene, and DNA.

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What you need: pencil, ruler, and coloring materials.
What to do:
1. Using the figures previously shown as a guide, draw a chromosome, gene,
and DNA on the blank boxes.
2. In the second column, complete the following sentences to describe your
drawing using your knowledge and keywords inside the box.

23 segments deoxyribonucleic acid codes

nucleotide
Diagram Description
46 trait genes DNA double helix bases
Chromosome In human cells, there are 1.)_____ pairs of chromosomes.
This counts to a total of 2.)____ individual chromosomes.
Chromosome can contain hundreds to thousands of
3.)_______. It can also be described as protein-packed
4.)_____ to fit inside the cell.
Gene Genes are 5.)________ of a DNA molecule that codes for a
specific trait of an organism.
A gene 6.)______ for a specific 7.)______.

DNA DNA is an acronym for 8.)_______________

It is a long chain of units called 9.)_______ with a
combination of 4 10.)_________.
It has a structure called 11.)____________.
Guide Questions:
1. Do all organisms have 46 chromosomes on their cells? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of genes in our body?
_________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Let us do this!
There are two sets of word clouds. Make a complete thought (sentence) using the
words found in the word cloud to define A. CHROMOSOME and B. GENES. You can
add conjunctions or determiners like to, in, at, on, etc.

A. B.

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A. CHROMOSOME - ____________________________________________________________.
B. GENES - _____________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do
Answer the following briefly. Please be guided by the concepts learned from the
previous lesson in writing your answers.
1. A gene is a segment of DNA molecule that codes and directs a certain trait or
characteristic of an organism. What do you think will happen if the codes for a
trait are incorrectly reproduced in the body of an organism?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you think there is a need for a DNA molecule to be coiled tightly?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. If every cell in the human body can host 46 chromosomes, does it mean that it
has also 46 strands of DNA? Prove your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.
1. Which BEST describes a gene?
A. it is a DNA C. it is a segment of DNA
B. it is smaller than DNA D. it is a tightly coiled DNA
2. Which is TRUE about a chromosome?
A. it is a double helix molecule C. it is a segment of DNA
B. it is a protein-packed DNA D. it is smaller than a gene

3. It is an alteration on the coded instructions of DNA that may produce a positive

or negative result in an organism’s body.
A. mutation C. gene alteration
B. tight coiling D. DNA organization

4. Which is TRUE about the number of chromosomes in humans?

A. 46 pairs, 23 total C. 23 pairs, 46 total
B. 23 pairs, 23 total D. 46 pairs, 46 total

5. It is a physical and functional unit of heredity.

A. nucleotide B. DNA C. chromosome D. gene

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 Additional Activities
Chromosome and Gene Model
Objectives: Apply the knowledge gained from the lesson on chromosome and gene.
Make a simple model of chromosomes and genes.
What you need:
 blue, green and red yarn with 50-cm measure each
 glue
 8x8 inches cardboard or “karton”

What to do:
1. Let the yarn represent the DNA molecule.
2. Connect the three yarns.
3. Coil it (see Figure 6) on the cardboard to form a single Figure 6. Chromosome
chromosome using the glue. and Gene Model
4. Each color will represent the gene for a trait. Label each color a
with the following traits: blue – wavy hair, green – fair skin color, red – brown eyes.

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 Lesson Incomplete Dominance and
3 Co-dominance

What’s In
Match column A with the appropriate description on column B.
A B
_____1. Visible expression of a genotype. e.g., brown eyes or A. Punnett Square
attached earlobes.
______2. Alternative form of a gene; alleles occur at the same B. Homozygous
locus or homologous chromosomes. C. Dominant
_____3. Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect in the heterozygote; D. Phenotype
it masks the expression of the recessive allele. E. Genotype
______4. Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the F. Heterozygous
homozygote; its expression is masked by a dominant allele. G. Recessive
______5. Possessing two identical alleles for a particular trait. H. Allele
______6. Possessing unlike alleles for a particular trait. I. Monohybrid
______7. Genes of an organism for a particular trait or traits;
often designated by letters – for example Bb or Aa.
______8. Visual representation developed by Reginald Punnett
that is used to calculate the expected results of simple
genetic crosses.

What’s New
Read the text carefully and do the task that follows.

Incomplete dominance is when one allele for a certain trait is not completely
dominant over the other. The result, which is seen in offspring, may be a merged
phenotype. What does this mean? The traits of each parent are neither dominant
nor recessive. The two alleles in a partial dominance, resulted in third phenotype
and it is a blended of phenotypes of the two homozygotes; this is often described as
an “intermediate form of inheritance.” The alleles do not blend, but partial
dominance is often referred to as “blending” because traits are mixed and happen to
be “blended.”

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 Atoy can have black, white, or gray hair. The allele that controls this trait is
INCOMPLETELY DOMINANT, where gray hair is produced by the heterozygous
condition. A cross between a black hair & a white hair produce offspring that are
gray hair. The color hair is determined by just two alleles.

Black Hair(BB) White Hair (WW) Gray Hair (BW)

https://bit.ly/3y38yL3 https://bit.ly/35ZYkPi https://bit.ly/3h4LohP

Figure 7. Different Hair Color

Fill in the blanks:

1. Atoy can have black, white, or gray hair. The allele that controls this trait is
______________, where gray hair is caused by the heterozygous condition.
2. The genotype for black hair offspring is
________________________________________.
3. The phenotype for the cross of black and white hair is
_________________________.

What Is It
Read this comic strip and find out more about the Non-Mendelian Patterns of
Inheritance.

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Identify the terms being described below.
1. A pattern of inheritance that does not follow the Mendelian Principle of
Inheritance.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. It occurs when the phenotype of a heterozygote offspring is somewhere in between
the phenotypes of both homozygous parents.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. It occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of a
heterozygote.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. When a cross between a red and white four o’clock flower plant is done it resulted
to offspring with ________________________________________ flowers
5. A roan cow offspring is produced when a cross between a __________________ and
white cow is done.

What’s More

Activity 3.1: Incomplete Dominance of Snapdragon Flower Plants

Objectives:
 Explain incomplete dominance.
 Illustrate incomplete dominance through a Punnett square
What to do:

1. Read the given problem:

In Snapdragon flower plants, a cross

between a homozygous white
flowered plant (WW) and homozygous red
flowered plant (RR) will
produce pink flowers (RW).
Figure 4. Snapdragon Flower
https://bit.ly/3djErXJ

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2. Using the Punnett square show the probable outcome of the
cross between a white flower plant and pink flower plant.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the genotypes of the parents in the problem?
________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous snapdragon flower plant?
________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the probable phenotypes of the offspring after the cross of the
parents on the given problem?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the probable genotypes of the offspring after the cross of the
parents in the problem?
___________________________________________________________

Activity 3.2: Finding Foals (Baby Horse)

What to do:
1. Analyze the situation:
Mang Pedro owns a purebred chestnut horse (reddish)
while Mang Berting horse are white and a roan horse (red
and white color). Help Mang Pedro and Mang Berting to
produce new foals (baby horse) by matting their livestock.
2. Determine the possible traits of the foals if:
 (Problem 1) a chestnut horse (RR) is mated with Figure 5. Red Roan
Horse
white horse (WW).
https://bit.ly/3quEEwr
 (Problem 2) a chestnut (RR) horse is mated with a
roan (RW) horse
 (Problem 3) a roan (RW) is mated with a white (WW) horse.

3. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett square.

Problem 1: Problem 2: Problem 3:

Guide Questions:
1. What are the possible phenotypes of the foal horse for each problem?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think Mang Pedro and Mang Marcelino will be happy about the outcome?
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. How would you apply what you have learned on breeding livestock in your area?
_________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
Place a checkmark on the box if the statement describes INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
OR CO-DOMINANCE.

INCOMPLETE CO-
DOMINANCE DOMINANCE
Appearance of a third (new) phenotype in the
heterozygous form as a COMBINATION of the dominant
and recessive phenotypes.
In the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed
with NO mixing!
Pink 4o’clock flowers are obtained from a cross betweeen
pure bred red flower plant (RR) and white flower(WW)
plant.
A chestnut and white colored horse produces a
palomino,a creamy golden horse.
A cross among a black cat & a tan cat gives a tabby
design (black & tan hair together).
A homozygous black bird is cross over with a homozygous
white bird. The offspring are all bluish gray.
Roan cow has a coat with primarily red with white hairs is
an offspring of red and white cow.
It is a condition where two non-identical alleles of a pair
specify two different phenotypes, yet one cannot mask the
expression of the opposite (blood types in humans)

What I Can Do
Analyze the given situation and solve the following problems.
Ligaya loves growing flowers for her pal Luna! She prefers rose flowers of red, blue,
and purple colors.

1. Write the correct genotype for each color.

If R represents a red gene and B represents a blue gene.
Purple is - __________________________________________
2. What Will be the result if Ligaya crossed a rose of red
flowers and blue colors. Complete the Punnett square to
find out the possibilities of the cross.
a. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
____________________________
b. What percentage of the plants would have red flowers?
__________________________

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 c. What percentage of the plants would have purple flowers? ______________________
d. What number of the plants would have blue flowers? __________________________
3. In some chickens, the gene for feather color is dominated by co-dominance. The
allele for black is B while the allele for white is W. The heterozygous phenotype is
erminette (black and white spotted).
a. What's the genotype for black chickens? _______________________________________
b. What's the genotype for white chickens?
________________________________________
c. What's the genotype for erminette chickens? ___________________________________
4. If an erminette chicken and a white chicken are crossed, what is the probability
that:
a. they may have a black chick? _________________________________________________
b. they may have a white chick? _________________________________________________
c. they would have an erminette chick?___________________________________________

Assessment
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.

1. A cross between a black cat and a tan cat produces a tabby pattern (black & tan fur
together). What pattern of inheritance does this illustrate?
A. codominance C. Mendelian inheritance
B. incomplete dominance D. my own inheritance
2. In the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally with NO blending!
It is represented by using two DIFFERENT capital letters.
A. codominance C. Mendelian inheritance
B. incomplete dominance D. my own inheritance
3. A third (new) phenotype appears in the heterozygous condition as a BLEND of the
dominant and recessive phenotypes is a condition called_______.
A. codominance C. mendelian inheritance
B. incomplete dominance D. my own inheritance
4. Which of the following is an example of co-dominance pattern of inheritance?
A. When a long-furred Angora rabbit and a short-furred Rex rabbit reproduce, the
result can be a rabbit with fur longer than a Rex, but shorter than an Angora.
B. When a black and a white chicken reproduce and neither allele is completely
dominant, the result is a blue-feathered bird.
C. About dogs, lots of labradoodles have wavy hair. Just like humans, that comes
from having straight-haired and curly-haired parents. The result is an
intermediate inheritance: the wavy-haired labradoodle.
D. In some chickens, the heterozygous genotype leads to a phenotype known as
erminette, feathers which are speckled with both black AND white.

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5. In shorthorn cattle, when a red bull (RR) is crossed with a white cow (WW), all the
offspring are roan (RW) a spotted, red and white or milky red color. What is the
percentage of the offspring will produce a roan cow if the parents are a red bull and a
roan cow respectively?
A. 25 % B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

Lesson
Multiple Alleles
4

What’s In
Can you recall the incomplete dominance and co-dominance pattern of
inheritance and describe each one of them?
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
Incomplete dominance and Co-dominance involve a combination of alleles to
express a certain trait. This time, you will be dealing with more than two alleles for the
inheritance of a trait. An example of this is the blood types in humans. How can a
person inherit blood types of his/her parent and have an A, B, AB, or O blood types?

What’s New
Just Give It A Try! Since we will be talking about blood types, can you guess the
possible blood type of a child, given the blood types of both parents?

FATHER MOTHER CHILD

A B 1. _____
O O 2. _____
AB B 3. _____
B O 4. _____
O AB 5. _____
Is there a possibility that there could be other resulting blood types from the
one you have identified? How many possible combinations of alleles that can be formed
in human blood group? Let us explore the next lesson!

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 What Is It
If there will be more than two alleles available, it will also lead to more than two
phenotypes expressed. This type of inheritance is called multiples alleles or multiple
allelism. The ABO blood group system is a very common example of inheritance with
multiple alleles.

Figure 6. Blood types and antigens

There are three alleles to indicate the blood system: IA IB i
This indication of ABO blood group is determined by the absence or presence of two
antigens on allele I: A and B. Antigens are proteins or complexes of sugar molecules
which helps in identifying the blood types in humans. An allele i does not code for an
antigen. In the table below, there are six (6) combinations of alleles to form six (6)
genotypes, and the phenotypes that will be expressed are four (4).
Blood Types (Phenotypes) Allele Combinations (Genotypes)
AB IA IB
A IA IA IA i
B IB IB IB i
O ii
Take note that there are still alleles that will act as dominant over the other. In
this case, IA and IB act as dominant over the i allele. Whenever alleles IA and IB are
inherited at the same time, they become codominant to each other wherein that are
both expressed equally. Blood types A and B have 2 possible genotypes or combination
of alleles: homozygous A (IA IA) or B (IB IB) and heterozygous A (IA i) or B (IB i).
In the medical field, when we talk about blood transfusion, there is a need to
consider the compatibility of blood between the recipient and the donor. Generally,
people with blood type AB can receive any of the four blood types because they have
no antibodies for A or B making it the universal recipient. As for people with blood
type O, they can only receive type O but can donate blood to all blood types because
they have no antigens A or B making it the universal donor.

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 What’s More
Activity 4.1: Blood Type Analysis
Objectives:
1. Identify the possible blood types of a person given the blood types of their family
members.
2. Solve genetics problems on multiple alleles.
What you need: pen, paper
What to do:
1. Complete the table by identifying the possible blood types (phenotypes) of the mother
given the blood types of the father and child.

FATHER MOTHER CHILD

A _________ A
O _________ B
AB _________ AB
B _________ O

2. Let’s Cross It! Solve the following genetics problems using a Punnett square and
identify the resulting phenotypes.
a. If the mother has a blood type of A and the father has AB, what
could be the resulting blood types of the children. (Note that
there are two possible crosses)
b. If the father has blood type O and the mother has AB, what could
be the possible blood types of the children? (Note that only one
cross can be made)
Guide Questions:
1. What are the possible resulting blood types on the first problem (a)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Give the possible genotypes and blood types on the last cross (b). Include the
percentage probability of the resulting blood types.
_________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Give what is asked in the following items.

1. How many phenotypes are there for blood group system?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Give all the phenotypes from your answer in question #1.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. How many genotypes are there for blood group system?
_____________________________________________________________________________

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 4. Give all the genotypes from your answer in question #3.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Which blood type can be compatible with all the other blood types?
_____________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Solve the mystery! Candara has blood type A and his husband, Caslon, has type B.
They were shocked when they found out that their first child has type O and thought
that a switch at the hospital might have happened. Can the baby be theirs? Explain
and perform a cross (Punnett square) to show your results.

Assessment
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.
1. Which is TRUE about inheritance with multiple alleles?
A. It uses only the dominant allele.
B. It involves two alleles for a single trait.
C. It involves more than two alleles for a trait.
D. None of the choices
2. Which is TRUE about blood type O?
A. It has a heterozygous allele. C. It is a universal donor.
B. It has only A antigen. D. It has A and B antigens.

3. How many phenotypes are there in a human blood group system?

A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

4. The following are allele combination of human blood types, except:

A. IAIA B. IAIB C. Ii D. ii

5. A father of four children has blood type A. The mother has blood type O. Predict
the possible blood type(s) of the children:
A. blood Type A Only C. blood Type B & O
B. blood Type O Only D. blood Type A & O

Additional Activities
Problem Solving: Read and analyze the problem below:
A. Corsiva has type A blood and her husband Roman has type B
blood. Their first child, Lucida, has type O blood. Their second
child, Perpetua, has type AB blood.
1. What is Corsiva’s genotype? _____________

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 2. What is Roman’s genotype? _____________
3. Show and prove your answers using a Punnett square.

B. A father of four children has blood type B homozygous. The

mother has blood type A heterozygous.
1. Write the Father’s genotype? _____________
2. Write the Mother’s genotype? _____________
3. Predict the possible blood types of their children. ____
4. Show how you found the answer by completing the Punnett square.

Lesson
Sex Determination
5

What’s In
Supply the missing letters to complete the words guided by the
descriptions/definitions below.
1. __ __ __ O __ __ __ O __ __ It is a rod-shaped structure inside the cell’s
nucleus that carries the genes.

2. __ __ __ It is divided into two main categories (male

and female) in most organisms that include
humans.
3. __ __ __ T __ __ __ Z __ __ __ __ N It commonly refers to the union of egg cell
and sperm cell to form zygote
4. __ __ M __ __ E It is the general term that is also used to
mean sex cells (male or female).

5. __ __ E __ __ __ E __ __ - It is the male sex cell

What’s New
Complete the paragraph by supplying correct words/concept/numbers on the space
provided guided by the words inside the box.
23 46 nucleus body sex 92 male

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 The 1.) _____ of the human cell contains a total of 2.) _____ chromosomes that
may also come in pair. Both males and females have 3.) _____ pairs. The 22 pairs are
classified as somatic or 4.) _____ chromosomes while the 23rd pair consists of 5.) _____
chromosomes.

Male organisms that include humans and other mammals have non-identical
sex chromosomes. The indication for male sex chromosome is XY. Females on the other
hand have identical sex chromosomes indicated as XX. Now the question is, how is the
sex of an organism determined and inherited? What is the chance that a mother and a
father can produce a female or male offspring?

What Is It
Study the table below:
Table 1. Formation of gamete of the sex chromosomes.
Take note of the gamete formation
as shown in table 1. Let us indicate first
the sex chromosomes of the male and
female. After meiosis, all egg cells both
received X chromosomes while the sperm
cells, half of it received an X and the
other half with Y chromosomes.

Table 2. Determination of Sex

Table 2 shows the possible results
of fertilization involving the male and
female gametes. Fertilization refers to the
union of sperm and egg cell which results
to a zygote. As you can see in table 2, if
an egg is fertilized by a sperm with X
chromosome, the offspring is female. The
offspring results to a male when an egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying a Y
chromosome.

What’s More
Activity 5.1: What Sex Is It? (The word GENDER must not be used)
Objectives:
1. Determine the probability or chance to have male or female sex.
2. Make a Punnett square to show the cross between the parents.
What you need: pen, paper

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What to do:
1. Identify the correct indication of sex chromosomes for male
and female.
2. Make a Punnett square to cross the male and female
parents using the indicated sex chromosomes.
MALE (XY) x FEMALE (XX)
Guide Questions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How many percent in the cross resulted to female? Male?
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. What will be the sex of the child if an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm with Y
chromosome?
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What type of sperm cell is needed to fertilize an egg that will result in a female
child?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Give the sex chromosome that is present on both male and female.
_____________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Try this! WORD BOX! Complete the paragraph by writing the correct word/s or
figures on the space provided. Pick your answers inside the box.

Both males and females have 44 1. chromosomes and 2.

sex chromosomes. The male’s sex chromosomes are indicated with 3. and
4. while for females they have both 5. . The 6.
determine the sex of the children. The number of chromosomes in each cell of an

Heredity body sex X males Y 2 46 females genes

individual is 7. These chromosomes contain the 8. that serve as

the unit for 9. .

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 What I Can Do
Answer the following briefly.

1. What do you think will happen if there will be an extra chromosome in the human
cell making it 47? Would this condition be still normal for a human? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think the sex chromosomes of females (XX) makes it an advantage for them
to produce more female offspring than the male one? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.
1. Which of the following concepts is CORRECT?
A. males and females have 44 sex chromosomes
B. females have 2 sex chromosomes, XY
C. females have 2 body chromosomes, XX
D. males have 2 sex chromosomes, XY
2. Which conditions will result to a female child?
A. an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm with X chromosome
B. a sperm that is fertilized by an egg with Y chromosome
C. an egg that is fertilized by a sperm with Y chromosome
D. none of the choices

3. It is referred to as the union of egg and sperm cells to form a new organism.
A. mutation B. fertilization C. zygote D. offspring

4. Which happens to form gametes (sex cells) among male and female organism?
A. meiosis B. mitosis C. reproduction D. fertilization

5. Which of the following determines the sex of an organism?

A. the female parent C. both parent
B. the male parent D. none of the choice

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 Additional Activities
Find all the science words listed below that are hidden on the puzzle grid. The words
maybe hidden in any direction.

FERTILIZATION MALE ZYGOTE

GAMETES GENES SEX CELLS
SEX SPERM CELL CHROMOSOMES
FEMALE EGG CELL OFFSPRING

N O I T A Z I L I T R E F I K
H O H E R E D I T Y T S E T L
F F Z Y G O T E K I L A W L O
S F X V E D I K E L A M E F S
E S E N E G F E S G H C A F E
T P S S A D G A F O M D F L R
E R D F G H Y C C R M V O Q E
M I S L L E C X E S R A F T T
A N G H J K Y P E L E E T G H
G G G A B G S D D E L R K I H
R O L E S E M O S O M O R H C

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 Lesson Sex – Linked and Sex – Influenced
6 Traits

What’s In
You have already talked about how sex (male or female) is determined and
inherited. Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell which also exist as a
pair. Meaning, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for both male and female. The 22
pairs are called somatic or body cells while the remaining 1 pair (23rd pair) is called
sex chromosomes. These sex chromosomes are indicated by letters X and Y. For male,
it has a pair of XY while for female it would be XX. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What type of chromosome is in pair number 23? ________________________
2. What is the genotype of a female human? Male? _________________________
3. How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell? __________________

What’s New
Rearrange the following jumbled letters to form science words that you will be using in
understanding the succeeding lesson. The first and last letters are given as a hint.

What Is It
SEX – LINKED TRAIT
Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-linked genes. Genes on the Y
chromosomes are called Y-linked genes. An example of an X-linked trait in humans is
hemophilia. A person suffering from hemophilia could die from loss of blood even from
a small wound because the blood either clots very slowly or does not clot at all (as
shown in fig. 2 &3). Another example of an X-linked trait is color blindness.

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 Figure 7. Colorblindness Figure 8. Bleeding associated with
https://bit.ly/3AfiYsW acquired hemophilia A
https://bit.ly/35ZjqgO

There are some people who have difficulty in recognizing specific colors (as
shown in fig. 1), depending on the severity of their condition. Some can only see mono
color, while some have only difficulty in perceiving certain colors like red, blue, green
and the like.
Let us study tables 1 and 2 below. Hemophilia is caused by a recessive sex –
linked gene represented by Xh. As for colorblindness, a recessive sex – linked gene is
represented by Xc.

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

XHXH Non-hemophilic female XCXC Female w/ normal color
vision
XHXh Non-hemophilic female XCXc Female w/ normal color
but carrier vision but carrier
XhXh Hemophilic female XcXc Colorblind female
XHY Non-hemophilic male XCY Male with normal vision
XhY Hemophilic male XcY Colorblind male
Table 1. Genotype and Phenotype for Table 2. Genotype and Phenotype for
hemophilia colorblind.
Notice that for a female to become color-blind, she must have a combination of
recessive alleles (XcXc) while for male, when the X chromosome possesses the recessive
allele, he becomes colorblind.
SEX – INFLUENCED TRAIT. This trait targets the body chromosomes
(autosomes), which means that genes are not on the sex chromosomes. Again, what
makes these traits unusual is the way they are expressed phenotypically. In this case,
the difference is in the ways the two sexes express the genes. An example of this trait is
pattern baldness, which is not only limited to males. Baldness, whether male or
female, is caused by a dominant gene B as shown in table 3. However, in females the
heterozygous genotype expresses a non-bald phenotype while in males it is still bald.
The sex hormones of the carrier influence this difference in expression. The male
hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) triggers the trait. Only small amounts of DHT is

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secreted by women. Thus, they do not go bald unless they carry both alleles for the
trait.
Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male non-bland
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female non-bald
XXbb Female non-bald
Table 3. Expression for pattern baldness.

What’s More
Activity 6.1: It’s a Cross: Colorblind and Hemophilia
Objective:
1. Solve problems related to sex-linked traits.
What you need: pen and paper
What to do:
1. Read the given problem:
A. Color blindness is a recessive, sex-linked disorder in humans. A man who is
color blind has a child with a woman who is a carrier of the disorder.
B. A man who has hemophilia has a child with a woman who is non-hemophilic.
KEY: XC= normal vision Xc = color blind
XH= non hemophilic Xh = hemophilic
2. Illustrate using a Punnett square the probability of having children who will have
normal vision and children who will be color-blind.

Guide Questions: (Separate answers for A and B)

1. What is the genotype of the male? ______________________________________________

2. What is the genotype of the female?_____________________________________________
3. What is the chance that the child will be color-blind/hemophilic?
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Will there be a color-blind/hemophiliac female? ________________________________
5. Will there be a carrier? _________________________________________________________

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 Activity 6.2: Who’s Bald and Who’s Not?
Objective:
1. Solve problems related to sex-influenced traits.
What you need: pen and paper
What to do:
1. Read the given problem:
A. A bald male (XYBB) is crossed with a female who is heterozygous non-bald
(XXBb).
B. A man who is heterozygous bald (XYBb) is crossed with a female who is bald
(XXBB)
2. Illustrate using a Punnett square the probability of having children who will have
normal vision and children who will be color-blind.

Guide Questions: (Separate answers for A and B)

1. What are the possible genotypes of male? _______________________________________
2. What is the percentage that there will be a bald child? __________________________
3. What is the percentage that there will be a non-bald child? _____________________
4. Will there be a bald female? ____________________________________________________
5. Will there be a bald male? _____________________________________________________

Let’s Study and Analyze!

The two crosses made from activity 4.1 showed
probability or chances of the children to inherit the
trait for color blindness or hemophilia in the family.
Figure 9 shows an example of Ishihara’s Test Plates. It
is the most well – known colorblind test. There are
plates presented wherein each has set of colored dotted
plates, showing either a number or a path. Figure 9. Ishihara’s test
https://bit.ly/3x1FLGB

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 Figure 10. Queen Victoria Pedigree Carriers
https://bit.ly/3qsZ6xK
As for hemophilia, it has been called a "royal disease". Figure 6 shows the
Pedigree analysis of Queen Victoria’s lineage. Of her children, one son, Leopold, had
hemophilia, and two daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Beatrice's daughter
married into the Spanish royal family. She passed the gene to the male heir to the
Spanish throne.

Figure 11. Hairy Ears

(Hypertrichosis pinnae auris) Figure 12. Male Pattern Baldness
https://bit.ly/3wd4fv2 https://bit.ly/3h8L8Ny
Figure 11 is an example of a Y-linked trait, hypertrichosis pinnae auris, a
genetic disorder in humans that causes hairy ears. Since the trait is found in the Y
chromosome, then only males can have the trait. Figure 12 shows the pattern baldness
among men. Remember that it is most common among male because of the called
hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that is secreted by male at large amount
compared to female.

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 What I Have Learned
Compare and contrast: Put a check on a box that correctly corresponds to the
description or examples for sex – linked and sex – influenced traits.
SEX –
Description/Examples SEX -LINKED INFLUENCED
1. Targets sex chromosomes
2. Targets body chromosomes
3. Color – blindness
4. Pattern baldness
5. Hemophilia
6. Hypertrichosis pinnae auris
7. Is affected by male hormone(testosterone)
8. Usually produces a carrier for a trait.

What I Can Do
Read and solve the following genetic problem. Make a Punnett square for each item.
Indicate the percentage probability of a trait to be inherited by the children.
KEY: XC= normal vision Xc = color blind
X = non hemophilic Xh = hemophilic
H

1. (Color blindness) A man who is normal is crossed with a woman who is colorblind.
2. (Hemophilia) A man who has hemophilia is crossed with a woman who is a carrier.
3. (Baldness) A man who is normal is crossed with a woman who bald.

Assessment
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.
1. Which is an example of sex - influenced trait among humans?
A. pattern baldness B. colorblindness C. hemophilia D. sex-linked
2. It is an inheritance that is both expressed on both sexes but more frequently in one
than in the other sex.
A. sex-influenced B. colorblindness C. hemophilia D. all of the choices

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3.What happens when sex chromosomes of males have a gene for colorblindness?
A. males sometimes become colorblind or carrier
B. males have still normal vision and not colorblind
C. males will become colorblind
D. males are normal vision

4. Which sex-related inheritance includes hypertrichosis pinnae auris or hairy air

among men?
A. color blindness B. sex-linked C. sex-influenced D. hemophilia
5. If one of the two X chromosomes in females has an allele for hemophilia, what would
be her phenotype?
A. normal C. non-hemophilic but carrier
B. hemophiliac D. none of the choices

Additional Activities
Solve the following crosses and identify the correct phenotypes and percentage using a
Punnett square.
1. If a father is hemophilic and a mother is non-hemophilic but carrier, what could
be the possible phenotypes and its percentage (children)?
2. If a father has normal vision and a mother is colorblind, what could be the
possible phenotypes and its percentage (children)?
3. If a father is heterozygous for baldness and a mother is heterozygous non-bald,
what could be the possible resulting phenotypes and its corresponding percentages
(children)?

Posttest

Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter corresponding to the
word or group of words that completes the sentence.
1. Bases in a DNA are complementary. Which is true of its complementary base if
there are 35 Thymine in the DNA strand?
A. there will be 35 Guanine bases
B. there will be 35 Adenine bases
C. only 25 Adenine, since a DNA is helical
D. cannot be determined

2. Which is NOT TRUE about DNA nucleotide?

A. it contains a nitrogen base.
B. it has a pentose or 5-carbon sugar compound.
C. it has a phosphate group.
D. it contains two or more bases.

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3. If Roberto’s father has hemophilia and his mother is a carrier, what is the
chance that Roberto would inherit the disease?
A. 25% B. 50 %* C. 75% D. 100%

4. A heterozygous allele shows a phenotype that is intermediate of the two

homozygous phenotypes being crossed. Neither allele is dominant over the
other. Which Non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance is referred to?
A. incomplete dominance C. multiple Alleles
B. co-dominance d. sex-Linked trait

5. Tan colored birds are the result of the cross between a white (W) and a brown
(B) colored birds. If the off springs are 50% tan and 50% white, what are the
genotypes of their parents?
A. BB x BB B. BB x WW C. BW x WW D. BW x BW

6. Which of the following BEST describes a gene?

A. It is a DNA. C. It is a segment of DNA.
B. It is smaller than DNA. D. It is a tightly coiled DNA

7. Which is TRUE about a chromosome?

A. it is a double helical molecule C. it is a segment of DNA
B. it is a protein packed DNA D. it is smaller than a gene

8. It is referred to as the union of egg and sperm cells to form a new organism.
A. mutation C. zygote
B. fertilization D. offspring

9. Which of the following happens to form gametes (sex cells) among male and
female organism?
A. meiosis C. reproduction
B. mitosis D. fertilization

10. Which of the following determines the sex of an organism?

A. the female parent C. both parent
B. the male parent D. none of the choices

11. It is a non-Mendelian inheritance wherein traits are expressed independently

like the coat color of cats.
A. multiple alleles C. sex – linked
B. incomplete dominance D. co-dominance

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 12. For blood types, if one parent is heterozygous A and the other parent is
heterozygous B, what could be the possible blood types of children?
A. A, B, and O C. A and O
B. A, AB, and A D. A, AB, B, and O

13. How many percent would be the chance of the children to inherit hemophilia if a
mother has hemophilia (XhXh) and the father is non-hemophilic (XHY)?
A. 0% C. 50%
B. 25% D. 75%

14. The DNA has a double – helical structure forming a twisted ladder. The
backbone and steps of the ladder is composed of individual nucleotides bonded
together. What important biological compounds that make up the backbone of
the DNA molecule?
A. nitrogen bases C. pentose and phosphate
B. pentose / 5-carbon sugar D. phosphate group

15. It is a non-Mendelian trait that results to blended colors of flowers of some

plants.
A. sex – limited C. co-dominance
B. incomplete dominance D. multiple Allele

Answer Key
LESSON 1

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LESSON 2

LESSON 3

LESSON 4

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LESSON 5

LESSON 6

References
“19 Health Problems in Men: Snoring, Hair Loss, and More: Color Blind, What Are
Colours, Colour Blindness Chart.” Pinterest. Accessed July 16, 2020.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/210191507595273824/?nic_v1=1a1SHbZE2u
VDyEjCOgUanTgjH99KEjV83rhGPMfDlFbIzgO8CZW8kS5kggvZWEXNQt.

“3.3 & 7.1 DNA Structure.” i am so, November 1, 2012.

https://karimedalla.wordpress.com/2012/11/01/3-3-7-1-dna-structure/.

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“ABO Blood Types - Is There a Relationship between Malaria and ABO Blood Type?”
Google Sites. Accessed July 16, 2020.
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“Keyword Analysis & Research: Incomplete Dominance Worksheet.” counter hit
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dominance-and-codominance.

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 Development Team of the Module
Writers: Jordan B. Plopino
Mark John D. Bello
Editors:
Content Editors: Jenalyn M. Salonga
Robert J. Gaviola
Jessica S. Mateo
Dr. Nancy E. Suegay

Language Editor: Kristine Joyce G. Montejo

Reviewers: PNU External Validators

Layout Artist: Keith Angeline N. Alejandro
Cover Illustrators: Jordan B. Plopino
Arriane Joy F. Isorena

Illustrator: Arriane Joy F. Isorena

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent
Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science
Ivy Coney A. Gamatero
EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE