ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals

Md. Raihan Ali Khan

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000

Lecture 01
Date: 21 November 2021

INTRODUCTION and BASICS of FLUIDS

raihankhan@me.buet.ac.bd
http://raihankhan.buet.ac.bd/

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021)
Course Content (1 credit)

Fluid Machinery: Fundamentals of Heat Transfer:

• Fluid flow • Basics of conduction, convection

and radiation
• Measurements of fluid flow
• 1D Steady state conduction:
• Friction in flow
• in plated pipes
• Centrifugal pumps
• critical thickness of insulation
• Fans, blowers, and compressors

Reference Book:
Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach
- Yunus A. Cengel

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 2
Fluid Mechanics – the Science behind Fluids Engineering
Fluid Mechanics is a branch of physics, concerned with the behavior of liquids of gases at rest (Fluid
Statics) and motion (Fluid Dynamics).

It is a study which is applied to various natural phenomena, almost every discipline of engineering,
biology and life sciences even in warfare.

Valve

Fire pump
Water treatment

Industrial Piping System Steam Boiler Fire Fighting System

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 3
Fluids
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously under the action of shear stress of any
magnitude. A shearing stress is a force per unit area that is created whenever a tangential force acts on a surface.

Consequently,
If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular
to the planes upon which they act.

• Fluids are unable to retain any unsupported shape.

• Solids offer permanent resistance to a deforming force.
• Fluid at rest must be in zero shear stress often called hydrostatic stress condition in analyses.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 4
Shear Stress in a Moving Fluid
Shear stresses are developed when the fluid is in motion.
In motion, the particles of the fluid move relative to each other so
that they have different velocities, causing the original shape of the
fluid to become distorted.

On the other hand, if the velocity of the fluid is the same at every
point, no shear stresses will be produced, since the fluid particles are
at rest relative to each other.

Flow past a solid boundary are of great interest in engineering

systems. (flow inside a pipe, flow past and airfoil, open channel flow
etc.).

The fluid in contact with the solid boundary adheres to it, therefore,
have the same velocity as the boundary. Relative velocity of the fluid
particles in contact with the solid surface will be zero. This is often
referred as “No Slip Condition”.

Considering successive layers parallel to the boundary (Fig.), the

velocity of the fluid will vary from layer to layer as y increases. Velocity Profile

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 5
Shear Stress in a Moving Fluid
Let,

ABCD represents a fluid element,

With,
Thickness = S (perpendicular to the diagram)
Area, A = BC × S
Applied force = F (acting over the area, A)

F
Shear stress, τ=
A
Deformation (shear strain) = Angle, ϕ

• In a solid, ϕ will be a fixed quantity for a given value of τ, since a solid can resist shear stress within elastic limit.
• In a fluid, ϕ will continue to increase with time and the fluid will flow.
• It is found experimentally that, in a true fluid, the rate of shear strain (shear strain per unit time) is directly
proportional to the shear stress.
• Whereas, In a solid, shear strain is proportional to the shear stress within the elastic limit (Hooke’s Law).

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 6
Shear Stress in a Moving Fluid
Let,
At time t, a particle E (Fig.) moves through a distance x.
E is at distance y from AD, then for small angles,
x
Shear strain, ϕ =
y
dx
In differential form, ϕ =
dy
d dx d dx du dx
Rate of shear strain =
dt dy
=
d𝑦 dt
( )
=
dy
( )
, u=
dt
= velocity of fluid particle at point E.
Assuming the experimental results ( shear stress is proportional to shear strain rate),
du
τ = constant × , this constant is termed as dynamic viscosity, µ of fluid which varies from fluid to fluid.
dy
Substituting,
du
τ=µ Newton’s Law of Viscosity
dy

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 7
 Differences Between Solids And Fluids
The differences between the behaviors of solids and fluids under an applied force are as follows:

❑ For a solid, the strain is a function of the applied stress, provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
For a fluid, the rate of strain is proportional to the applied stress.

❑ The strain in a solid is independent of the time over which the force is applied and if the elastic limit is not
exceeded, the deformation disappears when the force is removed.
A fluid continues to flow for as long as the force is applied and will not recover its original shape when the force is
removed.
In most cases, substances can be classified easily as either solids or fluids. HOWEVER??

Slurry Pitch Jelly Toothpaste

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 8
 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newton’s Law of Viscosity:
du
τ=µ where, τ= Shear Stress, µ= Dynamic Viscosity of Fluid,
dy

du
= Velocity Gradient, parallel to the direction of shear
dy
• Fluids obeying Newton’s law of viscosity and for which µ has a
constant value are known as Newtonian fluids.

Example: Most common fluids such as water, air, gasoline

(under normal conditions) etc.

Fluids which do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity are known

as Non-Newtonian fluids.
F. M. White: Fluid Mechanics

Example:
toothpaste, mayonnaise, clay, flour-water mixture, blood etc.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 9
 Viscosity
The most important property in the study of fluid flows.

• It can be considered as the internal stickiness of a fluid.

• It is one of the properties that controls the fluid flow rate in a pipeline.
• It accounts for the energy losses associated with the transport of fluids in ducts, channels, and pipes.
• It plays a primary role in the generation of turbulence.
• The rate of deformation of a fluid is directly linked to the viscosity of the fluid. For a given stress, a highly viscous
fluid deforms at a slower rate than a fluid of lower viscosity.

Newton’s law of viscosity, taking the direction of motion as the x direction and u= u(y) as the velocity of the fluid
in the x direction at a distance y from the boundary, the shear stress in the x direction is given by-
du
τ=µ µ = Co-efficient of dynamic viscosity
dy
The coefficient of dynamic viscosity μ can be defined as the shear force per unit area (shear stress τ) required
to drag one layer of fluid with unit velocity past another layer a unit distance away from it in the fluid.

Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 10
 Viscosity
From Newton’s Law:
Force
τ Area Force × Time Mass
µ = du = Velocity = =
Area Length × Time
dy Distance

Unit: Nm-2s / Pa.s / kgm-1s-1, often measured in Poise. 1 Poise = 10-1 Nm-2s

Dimension: ML-1T-1
Typical Values:
Water: 1.14 × 10-3 Nm-2s
Air: 1.85 × 10-5 Nm-2s at 25 oC
Iron: 6.7 × 10-3 Nm-2s (at 1550 oC), 5.6 × 10-3 Nm-2s (at 1700 oC), 5.2 × 10-3 Nm-2s (at 1850 oC)

The Kinematic Viscosity, ν is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density:
µ
ν = Unit: m2/s (SI unit) often measured in stokes(St), 1 m2/s = 104 St.
ρ
Dimension: L2T-1
Typical Values: 1.14 × 10-6m-2/s (water), 1.56 × 10-5m-2/s (air at 25 oC)
Md. Raihan Ali Khan, Dept. of ME, BUET L-2, T-2, Dept. of EEE, BUET ME 267: Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (July 2021) 11