UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
Ch.E-102: FLUID MECHANICS
It always seems Impossible until it is done
LECTURE 1
DR. SYED ZAHEER ABBAS

1
 Course Information

Course Title Computer Aided Design

Course Number Ch.E-102

Semester Spring 2018
Instructor (Theory) Dr. Syed Zaheer Abbas
Designation Assistant Professor
Email szabbas@uet.edu.pk
Credit Hours 3
Contact Hours 3
Compulsory/Elective Compulsory
2
 Text and Reference Books
Textbook

1. “Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering” by W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith, and P.

Harriott

Reference books

1. “Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering — Volume 1: Fluid Flow, Heat

Transfer and Mass Transfer” by J. M. Coulson, J. F. Richardson, J. R. Backhurst,
and J. H. Harker
2. “Fluid Flow for Chemical Engineers” by F. A. Holland, and R. Bragg
3. “Fluid Mechanics” by F. M. White
4. “Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers” by N. de Nevers
3
 Course Description/Contents
(1) Characteristics of fluids and laws (11) Dimensional analysis (12) Viscous
of fluid mechanics (2) flow in pipes (13) Concept of laminar and
Hydrodynamic behavior of fluids (3) turbulent flow (14) Concept of friction
Stress in a fluid (4) Newton’s law of and pressure drop in flowing fluids (15)
viscosity (5) Fluid statics (6) Concept Friction factor in laminar and turbulent
of pressure and pressure gradient flows in pipes (16) Concept of equivalent
(7) Manometry (8) Basic physical diameter (17) Flow measuring devices (a)
laws in fluid mechanics (9) Bernoulli devices (b) variable area meters
Conservation of mass, momentum, (18) Concept of boundary layer and its
and energy (10) The Bernoulli’s importance in fluid mechanics (19) A
equation and its application brief introduction to external flows 4
 Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
Mapping with
CLO Statement
PLO
CLO-1: Explain the physical properties of a fluid and their relationship to
PLO-1
fluid flow
CLO-2: Apply the laws of conservation of mass, energy, and linear
PLO-2
momentum on steady state fluid flow problems in simple geometries
CLO-3: Understand the mechanics of laminar, turbulent, and transition
flows and calculate pressure drop and power requirement for laminar and
PLO-1
turbulent flows
CLO-4: Describe the function of flow measuring devices and evaluate
PLO-2
their performance
5
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
Ch.E-102: FLUID MECHANICS
It always seems Impossible until it is done
LECTURE 2
DR. SYED ZAHEER ABBAS

6
 Course Outline

(1) Characteristics of fluids and laws • (12) Viscous flow in pipes (13)
of fluid mechanics (2) Hydrodynamic Concept of laminar and turbulent
behavior of fluids (3) Stress in a fluid (4) flow (14) Concept of friction and
Newton’s law of viscosity (5) Fluid pressure drop in flowing fluids (15)
statics (6) Concept of pressure and Friction factor in laminar and
pressure gradient (7) Manometry (8) turbulent flows in pipes (16)
Basic physical laws in fluid mechanics Concept of equivalent diameter (17)
(9) Conservation of mass, momentum, Flow measuring devices (a) Bernoulli
and energy (10) The Bernoulli’s devices (b) variable area meters (18)
equation and its application (11) Concept of boundary layer and its
Dimensional analysis importance in fluid mechanics (19) A
brief introduction to external flows
 What is a Fluid?

States of Matters
• Solid : Can resist a shear
force
• Strong intermolecular
forces
• Small distance between
the molecules
• Ordered shape
• Liquid Continuously
• Gas deforms (Flow)
 Thermodynamics properties

Density
• Mass per unit volume
Pressure
• Force per unit area
Temperature
• The degree or intensity of heat
present in a substance

Equation of state
P = ρRT
 Density, specific gravity and specific volume

The ratio of the density of a material to the density of water

, is called the specific gravity (s).
The reciprocal of density, i.e. the volume per unit mass, is
called the specific volume (υ).
 Viscosity

• The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of

its resistance to gradual deformation
by shear stress or tensile stress.
• viscosity will determine the energy
required to make a fluid flow.
• Kinematic or dynamic viscosity
• Fixed force variable time
• Fixed time variable force
• Liquid and gas viscosity temperature
dependency
• Newton’s law of viscosity
 Temperature effect on viscosity

• In the case of gases, increased

temperature makes the molecular
movement more vigorous and
increases molecular mixing so that
the viscosity increases.
• In the case of a liquid, as its
temperature increases molecules
separate from each other, decreasing
the attraction between them, and so
the viscosity decreases.
 Your Task

Fluid Rheology
Newtonian fluid
Non-Newtonian fluids
Types
Shear stress vs velocity gradients
Examples
 Surface tension
The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the
particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to
minimize surface area.
Compressibility
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
Ch.E-102: FLUID MECHANICS
It always seems Impossible until it is done
LECTURE 3
DR. SYED ZAHEER ABBAS

16
 Pressure

• A normal force exerted by a

fluid per unit area.
• Unit: N/m2 which is called a
pascal (Pa)
• The pressure on the feet of a
chubby person is much
greater than on the feet of a
slim person.
 Types of Pressure
Absolute pressure
• The actual pressure at a given position
• It is measured relative to absolute vacuum
(i.e., absolute zero pressure).
• Pabs = Patm - Pvac
Gauge pressure
• The difference between the absolute
pressure and the local atmospheric
pressure.
• Pgage = Pabs-Patm
Vacuum pressure
• Pressures below atmospheric pressure
19
 Class Activity

• A vacuum gage connected to a

chamber reads 5.8 psi at a location
where the atmospheric pressure is
14.5 psi. Determine the absolute
pressure in the chamber.

• Answer = 8.7 psi

 Fluid Pressure at a Point

• Pressure is a scalar quantity,

not a vector; the pressure at a
point in a fluid is the same in all
directions.
• Pascal’s law
• " The intensity of pressure at
any point in a fluid at rest, is the
same in all direction."
 Pascal’s law

• px = Intensity of horizontal pressure

on the element of the liquid
• py = Intensity of vertical pressure on
the element of the liquid
• pz = Intensity of pressure on the
diagonal of the triangular element
of the liquid
• θ = Angle of the triangular element
of the liquid
 Pressure variation with depth
• Consider a rectangular fluid element of height
∆z, length ∆x, and unit depth (∆y = 1)

• ∑Fz = maz = 0
P1 ∆x ∆y-P2 ∆x ∆y-W=0
P1 ∆x ∆y-P2 ∆x ∆y-ρg ∆x ∆y ∆z =0
P2-P1=- ρg ∆z
ρg =specific weight

• Pressure difference between two points in a

constant density fluid is proportional to the
vertical distance between the points and the
density of the fluid.
 Hydrostatic law

• Pressure difference between two points in a constant

density fluid is proportional to the vertical distance between
the points and the density of the fluid.

• P = ρg Z
• Z = P/ ρg

• Z is known as pressure head

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE
Ch.E-102: FLUID MECHANICS
It always seems Impossible until it is done
LECTURE 4
DR. SYED ZAHEER ABBAS

25
 Class Activity

• A hydraulic press has a ram

of 30 cm diameter and a
plunger of 4.5 cm diameter.
Find the weight lifted by the
hydraulic press when the
force applied at the plunger
is 500 N.
 Measurement of Pressure

Manometers
Simple manometers
Differential manometers
Mechanical gauges
Diaphragm gauge
Bourdon tube pressure gauge
Dead weight pressure gauge
Bellows pressure gauge
 Simple manometers

Manometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure of a

fluid, consisting of a tube filled with a liquid, the level of the
liquid being determined by the fluid pressure and the height of
the liquid being indicated on a scale.
A simple manometer consists of a glass tube having one end
connected to the point where pressure is determined and other
end is open to the atmosphere.
• Piezometer
• U-tube manometer
• Single column manometer
 Piezometer

To measure liquid

pressure in a system by
measuring the height to
which a column of the
liquid rises against gravity.
U-tube manometer
Single column manometer
 Pipe flow

• The transport of a fluid (liquid or gas) in a closed

conduit (commonly called a pipe if it is of round
cross section or a duct if it is not round) is
extremely important in our daily operations.
• Applications of pipe flow;
Pipeline that carries crude oil
Natural systems of “pipes” that carry blood
throughout our body and air into and out of our
lungs.
Components of a typical pipe system
 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

• Pipe is completely filled with the fluid being transported.

• For open-channel flow, gravity alone is the driving.
• But the main driving force is likely to be a pressure gradient
along the pipe.
Laminar or Turbulent Flow
The Reynolds number ranges for which laminar, transitional, or
turbulent pipe flows are obtained cannot be precisely given.
The actual transition from laminar to turbulent flow may take
place at various Reynolds numbers, depending on how much the
flow is disturbed by vibrations of the pipe, roughness of the
entrance region, and the like.
The flow in a round pipe is laminar if the Reynolds number is
less than approximately 2100. The flow in a round pipe is
turbulent if the Reynolds number is greater than approximately
4000. For Reynolds numbers between these two limits, the flow
may switch between laminar and turbulent conditions
38
 Class Activity

• Water at 158 °C (ρ = 999.1 kg/m3 and μ = 1.138×10-3 kg/m·s)

is flowing steadily in a 30 m long and 5 cm diameter horizontal
pipe made of stainless steel (SS) at a rate of 9 L/s. Relative
roughness of SS is 0.000007 ft.
• Compute
• (a) the pressure drop
• (b) the head loss

Where hL = ΔP/( ρg)

 Conservation laws

• Conservation of mass
• Water mass
• Conservation of energy
• Mass and energy are related to
each other
• Conservation of momentum
• Mass into velocity
 Conservation of Mass

• msys = constant or dmsys/dt = 0

• For a control volume (CV), mass balance is expressed as;

• min – mout = dmCV

 Conservation of Mass Principle

• The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time

interval ∆t is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) of the
total mass within the control volume during ∆t .
 MECHANICAL ENERGY

• The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work

completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an
ideal turbine.
• Flow energy
• Kinetic energy
• Potential energy
• A pump transfers mechanical energy to a fluid by raising its pressure,
and a turbine extracts mechanical energy from a fluid by dropping its
pressure.
 THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

• The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between

pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady,
incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible
• The key approximation in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation is
that viscous effects are negligibly small compared to inertial,
gravitational, and pressure effects
 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

• A dimension is a measure of a physical quantity

• Unit is a way to assign a number to that dimension
• For example, length is a dimension that is measured in units such
as microns (mm), feet (ft), centimeters (cm), meters (m),
kilometers (km), etc.
• Primary dimensions: mass, length, time, temperature, electric
current, amount of light, and amount of matter.

“All non-primary dimensions can be formed by some combination of

the seven primary dimensions.”
 Cont…

• Force has the same dimensions as mass times acceleration

(by Newton’s second law). Thus, in terms of primary
dimensions,
• Dimensions of force:
{Force} = {Mass Length/Time2} = {mL/t2}

• “Write the dimensions of surface tension (Force/Length) in

terms of primary dimensions.”
 DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY

• “Every additive term in an equation must have the same dimensions.”

• If at some stage of an analysis we find ourselves in a position in
which two additive terms in an equation have different dimensions,
this would be a clear indication that we have made an error at some
earlier stage in the Analysis.
• In addition to dimensional homogeneity, calculations are valid only
when the units are also homogeneous in each additive term. For
example, units of energy can be J, N·m, or kg·m2/s2, all of which are
equivalent. Suppose, however, that kJ were used in place of J for
one of the terms. This term would be off by a factor of 1000
compared to the other terms.
 CLASS ACTIVITY

P+1/2ρv2+ ρgz = C

• (a) Verify that each additive term in the Bernoulli equation

has the same dimensions.
• (b) What are the dimensions of the constant C?
 Non-dimensionalization of Equations

• If we divide each term in the equation by a collection of variables and

constants whose product has those same dimensions, the equation is rendered
non-dimensional

• If, in addition, the non-dimensional terms in the equation are of order unity,
the equation is called normalized.

• A non-dimensionalized form of the Bernoulli equation is formed by dividing

each additive term by a pressure.
• Dimensional variables are defined as dimensional quantities
that change or vary in the problem.

• Non-dimensional (or dimensionless) variables are defined as

quantities that change or vary in the problem, but have no
dimensions; an example is angle of rotation, measured in
degrees or radians which are dimensionless units.

• Dimensional constant (gravitational constant etc.)

• Pure constants e.g. 1,2,3 etc.