Annexure -II

Micro-Project Report
To study of compression testing machine

1.0 Rationale
The goal of a compression test is to determine the behavior or response of a material
while it experiences a compressive load by measuring fundamental variables, such
as, strain, stress, and deformation. Compression Test machines are universal testing
machines specially configured to evaluate static compressive strength characteristics
of materials, products, and components. Our compression test machines measure
characteristics such as ultimate compression strength, yield strength, deflection and
modulus. A compression test is any test in which a material experiences opposing
forces that push inward upon the specimen from opposite sides or is otherwise
compressed, “squashed”, crushed, or flattened A compressed sample is usually
shortened in the direction of the applied forces and expands in the direction
perpendicular to the force. a compression test is essentially the opposite of the more
common tension test.

Benefits of Compression Testing?

Compression testing provides data on the integrity and safety of materials,

components and products, helping manufacturers ensure that their finished products
are fit-for-purpose and manufactured to the highest quality.

The data produced in a compression test can be used in many include:

1. To determine batch quality

2. To determine consistency in manufacture
3. To aid in the design process
4. To reduce material costs and achieve lean manufacturing goals
5. To ensure compliance with international and industry standard
2.0 Aims of the Micro-Project
1. To study of compression testing machine
2. To determine batch quality.
3. To determine consistency in manufacture.
4. To aid in the design process.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved

1. Estimate simple stresses in machine components
2. Perform test to evaluate mechanical properties according to india standards.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed

4.1. Introduction

Fig 1. Compression testing machine

Compression testing is used to determine how a product or material reacts when it is
compressed, squashed, crushed or flattened by measuring fundamental parameters
that determine the specimen behavior under a compressive load. Compression
testing is a very common testing method that is used to establish the compressive
force or crush resistance of a material and the ability of the material to recover after
a specified compressive force is applied and even held over a defined period of time.
Compression tests are used to determine the material behavior under a load. The
maximum stress a material can sustain over a period under a load (constant or
progressive) is determined. Compression testing is often done to a break (rupture) or
to a limit.
Importance for the Industry

A compression testing machine is very unique hand operated equipment used for
compression tests. Manufacturers who deal in the compression testing machine
domain offer a wide range of computerized compression testing machines for use of
testing. Technically, a compression testing machine is made with concrete
specimens up to 20cm diameter and 30 cm in height. A compression testing machine
is very unique hand operated equipment used for compression tests. Manufacturers
who deal in the compression testing machine domain offer a wide range of
computerized compression testing machines for use of testing. Technically, a
compression testing machine is made with concrete specimens up to 20cm diameter
and 30 cm in height. In several regions like India, UK & America, these machines
are used by the industries for standard testing. The machine contains a hydraulic
jack fixed to its base and the upper platen is equipped with screw for self-aligning
action. The screw passes through the cross head and can be raised to some inclined
angles as requirement arises.

The machine enables a way to lower the initial clearance adjustment. The lower
platen of the machine rests on the jack ram and a catering pin is used to position it.
The loading in the compression testing machines is done by the inward movement
of the lower platen available in the machine. Pumping unit is another important part
of the machine is an automated pumping unit wrapped in an elegant console. This
pumping unit is connected with a steel connecting tube with a box is suitably fixed
to a push button starter. The machine contains a pointer that helps to take up the
comprehensive reading if specimen fails to extend result in right manner possible. In
industrial setups, compression testing machines are fitted with a hand wheel control
that further intensifies application load rate. An electric pumping is also available
with the compression testing machines that are used to off the motor automatically
on the prescribed load limit. Some machines even incorporate the pumping unit that
push constant power supply to the machines in the case of sudden break-down. The
motor stops in case and doesn‟t start unless switch is operated.

4.2. Working

Compression Testing Machine:

Fig 2.Compression testing machine

Principal of operation: operation of the machines is by hydraulic transmission of

road from the test specimen to separately housed load indicator. The hydraulic
system is ideal since it replaces transmission of load through levers and knife edges,
which are prone to wear and damage due to shock on rupture of test pieces. Load is
applied by a hydro-statically lubricated ram. Main cylinder pressure is transmitted to
the cylinder of the pendulum dynamo-meter system housed in the control panel. The
cylinder of the dynamo-meter is also of self-lubricating design. The piston of the
dynamo-meter is constantly rotated to eliminate friction. The load transmitted to the
cylinder of the dynamo-meter is transferred through a lever system to a pendulum.
Displacement of the pendulum actuates the rack and pinion mechanism which
operates the load indicator pointer and the auto graphic recorder. application : fie
compression testing machine is designed for test materials under compression
bending, transverse and shear loads. Hardness test on metals can also be conducted.

Salient Features

1. The SI Compression Testing Machine Incorporates design features to enable

high accuracy testing with economy, speed & versatility.
2. Loading Accuracy as high as + 1%
3. Straining at variable speeds to suit a wide range of materials.
4. Continuous roll auto graphic recorder supplied as standard to enable study of the
behavior of materials
5. Motor driven geared shafts for quick effortless adjustment of cross-head-to
facilitate rapid fixing of test specimen.
6. High reading accuracy due to large size and design of dial.
7. Wide range of standard and special accessories, including load stabilizer.
8. Large effective clearance between columns enables testing of standards
specimens as well as structures.
9. Simple controls for ease of operation.
10. Robust staining frame of an extremely rigid construction.
11. Safe operation ensured is means of safety devices.
12. Control Panel: The control Panel consists of a power pack complete with
drive motor and an oil tank, control valves a pendulum dynamiter a load
indicator system and an auto graphic recorder.
13. Power Pack: The power pack generates the maximum pressure of 200
kgf/cm2 the hydraulic pump provides continuously non-pulsating oil flow.
Hence theload application is very smoot
14. Hydraulic Controls: Hand operated wheels are used to control the flow to
and from the hydraulic cylinder. The regulation of oil flow is infinitely
variable
 incorporated in the hydraulic system is a regulating valve which maintains a
practically constant rate of table movement.

15. Load Indicator System: This system consists of a large dial and a pointer. A
dummy pointer is provided to register the maximum load reached during
the test. Different measuring ranges can be selected by operating the range
selection knob. An overload trip switch is incorporated which automatically
cuts out the pump motor when the load range in use is exceeded.
16. Pendulum Dynamometer: This unit permits selection of favorable hydraulic
ratios producing relatively small frictional forces. Pressurized oil in the
loading cylinder pushes up the measuring piston proportionately and actuates
the special dynamometer system. The piston is constantly rotated to eliminate
friction. The dynamometer system is also provided with an integral damper
and ensures high reliability of operation. The load transmitted to the
dynamometer is transferred through a pendulum to the load indicator.

Classification:

Compression Testing Machines Analogue models.

1. Digital models with pace rate indicators.
2. Micro Controller based models with automatic pace rate controllers.
3. Fully Automatic models.
Specification of compression testing machine

Types of compression testing machine:

1. Compression Testing Machine (Channel Type) :

Fig 3.Compression Testing Machine (Channel Type)

Compression testing machine - channel type model, complete with single
pressure gauge & self-made motor, 440 „v‟ load frames: available in 100
tons, 150 tons, 200 tons. Models available: hand operated & electric cum
hand operated
 2. Compression Testing Machine (2 Pillars Type)

Fig 4.Compression Testing Machine (Channel Type)

Compression Testing Machine - 2Pillars Nut Type Model, complete with Single
Pressure Gauge & Self Made Motor, 440 „V‟ Load Frames: Available in 100 Tons,
150 Tons, 200 Tons. Model Available: Hand Operated & Electrically cum Hand
Operated

3. Compression Testing Machine (4 Pillars Type)

Fig 5. Compression Testing Machine (4 Pillars Type)

Compression Testing Machine - 4 Pillars Nut Type Model, complete with Single
Pressure Gauge & Self Made Motor, 440 „V‟ Load Frames: Available in 50 Tons,
100 Tons, 150 Tons, 200 Tons, 300 Tons, 500 Tons. Available: Hand Operated &
Electric cum Hand Operated in Welded & Nut Type Model.

When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be

in tension. On the other hand, if the material compresses and shortens it is said to be
in compression. On an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart when in
tension whereas in compression they are forced together. Since atoms in solids
always try to find an equilibrium position, and distance between other atoms, forces
arise throughout the entire material which oppose both tension and compression.
The phenomena prevailing on an atomic level are therefore similar.

Compressive strength is measured on materials, components, and structures.

By definition, the ultimate compressive strength of a material is that value of

uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material fails completely. The
compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally by means of a compressive
test. The apparatus used for this experiment is the same as that used in a tensile test.
However, rather than applying a uniaxial tensile load, a uniaxial compressive load is
applied. As can be imagined, the specimen (usually cylindrical) is shortened as well
as spread laterally. A stress–strain curve is plotted by the instrument and would look
similar to the following:

Fig 6. Stress-Strain curve for a typical specimen

The compressive strength of the material would correspond to the stress at the red
point shown on the curve. In a compression test, there is a linear region where the
material follows Hooke's law. Hence, for this region, where, this time, E refers to
the Young's Modulus for compression. In this region, the material deforms
elastically and returns to its original length when the stress is removed.

This linear region terminates at what is known as the yield point. Above this point
the material behaves plastically and will not return to its original length once the
load is removed.

What is a compression testing machine?

Compression Test machines are universal testing machines specially configured to
evaluate static compressive strength characteristics of materials, products, and
components. Our compression test machines measure characteristics such as
ultimate compression strength, yield strength, deflection and modulus. What is
compression testing machine?

Selecting a compression test machine:

Your first step to choosing the correct compression tester is to determine your
specimen geometry, size and strength characteristics. Armed with this information
our applications engineer can identify the test machine capacity and compression
platens needed to crush your sample. The next step is to decide the test data you
want which will help confirm the best controller and test software for your test.

What is the purpose of compression test?

The goal of a compression test is to determine the behavior or response of a material
while it experiences a compressive load by measuring fundamental variables, such
as, strain, stress, and deformation.

How does a compression testing machine work?

Compression testing is a very common testing method that is used to establish the
compressive force or crush resistance of a material and the ability of the material to
recover after a specified compressive force is applied and even held over a defined
period of time.
Applications of Compression Testing Machine

Compression testing is used to guarantee the quality of components, materials and

finished products within wide range industries. Typical applications of compression
testing are highlighted in the following sections on:

1. Aerospace and Automotive Industry

2. Construction Industry
3. Cosmetics Industry
4. Electrical and Electronic Industry
5. Medical Device Industry
6. Packaging Industry
7. Paper and Board Industry
1. Aerospace and Automotive Industry

Applications of compression testing in the aerospace and automotive industry

include:

 Actuation tests on pedals, switches and solenoids

 Spring testing

2. Construction Industry

Applications of compression testing in the construction industry include:

 Measuring the extramural strength of sheet construction materials, insulation

boards and roofing panels
 Penetration tests on plasterboard, pipes and shot Crete

3. Cosmetics Industry

Applications of compression testing in the cosmetics industry include:

 Actuation force testing of sprays and dispensing pumps

 Break strength testing of lipsticks, lip balms, lip and eye liners

4. Electrical and Electronic Industry

Applications of compression testing in the electrical and electronic industry include:

 Actuation force testing of push buttons and switches

 Compression testing of LCD screens and keypads

5. Medical Device Industry

Applications of compression testing in the medical device industry include:

 3-point bend testing of needles

 Actuation force testing of metered dose inhalers and pen injectors
 Sharpness, insertion and penetration force testing of needles and scalpel blades
 Syringe plunger actuation and "travel" force assessment

6. Packaging Industry

Applications of compression testing in the packaging industry include:

 Compressive strength testing of cardboard packaging

 Dispensing pump actuation force
 Top-load testing of:
 Bevan‟s
 Cardboard and plastic container
4.3. Design / Actual Procedure Followed

Planned
S. Planned
Details of activity Start Name of
No. Finish date
Date Responsible
Team
Members
Search micro project topics related 25/09/2021 25/09/2021
1 All group
To subject.
members
2 Selection of micro project title 09/10/2021 09/10/2021 All group
members
Search & collect information 16/10/2021 16/10/2021
3 All group members
related to selected topic
Completion of micro project topic 23/10/2021 23/10/2021
4 All group members
Proposal
Analyze & finalize collected 30/10/2021 30/10/2021
5 All group
dataFor micro-Project report. members
Finalize Design & flow of 13/11/2021 13/11/2021
6 All group
Implementation members
7 Implementation of micro project 20/11/2021 20/11/2021 All group
members
Report preparation, 27/11/2021 27/11/2021
8 finalization, All group
members
Submission

4.4 Result & Analysis

By studying this project we came to know what compression testing machine is ?And what
are the uses of compression testing machine. Also the knowledge of compression testing
machine. At the end of project work we get detailed information stats and figures about
compression testing machine.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

S. No. Name of Resource Specifications Qty. Remarks

1 Internet Wikipedia, Google 1

2 Strength of material Author : V. K. Kumavat 1
3 Strength of 1
material
6.0 Outputs of Micro-Projects
a. We have understood what compression testing machine.

b. The importance of the compression testing machine came to know.

7.0 Skill Developed/ Learning outcome of this Micro-Project

a. We understood the importance of team work.
.
b. We develop the knowledge of computers for personal use.

8.0 Applications of Micro-Project

Compression testing is used to guarantee the quality of components, materials and
finished products within wide range industries.

(Mr. Gade D.S.)

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