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    Longitudinal Studies

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Chauhan
    Longitudinal studies notes of RM (BBA)

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    Longitudinal Studies

    Uploaded by

    Ayush Chauhan
    29 views5 pages
    Longitudinal studies notes of RM (BBA)

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    longitudinal-studies-

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    Longitudinal studies notes of RM (BBA)

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    29 views5 pages

    Longitudinal Studies

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    Longitudinal studies notes of RM (BBA)

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    Read MBA, BBA, B.COM Notes

    Longitudinal Studies
    Longitudinal studies employ continuous or repeated measures to follow particular
    individuals over prolonged periods of time—often years or decades. They are generally
    observational in nature, with quantitative and/or qualitative data being collected on any
    combination of exposures and outcomes, without any external in몭uenced being applied.
    This study type is particularly useful for evaluating the relationship between risk factors
    and the development of disease, and the outcomes of treatments over di몭erent lengths of
    time. Similarly, because data is collected for given individuals within a prede몭ned group,
    appropriate statistical testing may be employed to analyze change over time for the group
    as a whole, or for particular individuals.

    In contrast, cross-sectional analysis is another study type that may analyze multiple
    variables at a given instance, but provides no information with regards to the in몭uence of
    time on the variables measured—being static by its very nature. It is thus generally less
    valid for examining cause-and-e몭ect relationships. Nonetheless, cross-sectional studies
    require less time to be set up, and may be considered for preliminary evaluations of
    association prior to embarking on cumbersome longitudinal-type studies.

    Longitudinal study designs

    Longitudinal research may take numerous di몭erent forms. They are generally
    observational, however, may also be experimental. Some of these are brie몭y discussed
    below:

    (i) Repeated cross-sectional studies where study participants are largely or entirely
    di몭erent on each sampling occasion;

    (ii) Prospective studies where the same participants are followed over a period of time.
    These may include:

    Cohort panels wherein some or all individuals in a de몭ned population with


    similar exposures or outcomes are considered over time;
    Representative panels where data is regularly collected for a random sample
    of a population;
    Linked panels wherein data collected for other purposes is tapped and linked
    to form individual-speci몭c datasets.

    (iii) Retrospective studies are designed after at least some participants have already
    experienced events that are of relevance; with data for potential exposures in the
    identi몭ed cohort being collected and examined retrospectively.

    Advantages of Longitudinal Study

    Longitudinal cohort studies, particularly when conducted prospectively in their pure form,
    o몭er numerous bene몭ts. These include:

    (i) The ability to identify and relate events to particular exposures, and to further de몭ne
    these exposures with regards to presence, timing and chronicity;

    (ii) Establishing sequence of events;

    (iii) Following change over time in particular individuals within the cohort;

    (iv) Excluding recall bias in participants, by collecting data prospectively and prior to
    knowledge of a possible subsequent event occurring, and;

    (v) Ability to correct for the “cohort e몭ect”—that is allowing for analysis of the individual
    time components of cohort (range of birth dates), period (current time), and age (at point
    of measurement)—and to account for the impact of each individually.

    Disadvantages of Longitudinal Study

    Numerous challenges are implicit in the study design; particularly by virtue of this
    occurring over protracted time periods. We brie몭y consider the below:

    (i) Incomplete and interrupted follow-up of individuals, and attrition with loss to follow-
    up over time; with notable threats to the representative nature of the dynamic sample if
    potentially resulting from a particular exposure or occurrence that is of relevance;
    (ii) Di몭culty in separation of the reciprocal impact of exposure and outcome, in view of
    the potentiation of one by the other; and particularly wherein the induction period
    between exposure and occurrence is prolonged;

    (iii) The potential for inaccuracy in conclusion if adopting statistical techniques that fail to
    account for the intra-individual correlation of measures, and;

    (iv) Generally-increased temporal and 몭nancial demands associated with this approach.

    Conclusions
    Longitudinal methods may provide a more comprehensive approach to research, that
    allows an understanding of the degree and direction of change over time. One should
    carefully consider the cost and time implications of embarking on such a project, whilst
    ensuring complete and proven clarity in design and process, particularly in view of the
    protracted nature of such an Endeavour; and noting the peculiarities for consideration at
    the interpretation stage.

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