Here are the key points about grounding and fault limiting devices:
- Grounding is required to limit fault currents and voltages during ground faults. Without proper grounding, fault currents could be very high and damage equipment.
- Grounding provides a low impedance path for fault currents to flow, which helps limit the rise in voltage during ground faults. This helps protect equipment from overvoltages.
- Common grounding methods include solidly grounding the neutral point in a wye-connected system or grounding one end of a delta-connected system.
- Fault limiting devices like fuses and circuit breakers are used to quickly detect fault currents and isolate the faulted section of the system. This helps limit the
Here are the key points about grounding and fault limiting devices:
- Grounding is required to limit fault currents and voltages during ground faults. Without proper grounding, fault currents could be very high and damage equipment.
- Grounding provides a low impedance path for fault currents to flow, which helps limit the rise in voltage during ground faults. This helps protect equipment from overvoltages.
- Common grounding methods include solidly grounding the neutral point in a wye-connected system or grounding one end of a delta-connected system.
- Fault limiting devices like fuses and circuit breakers are used to quickly detect fault currents and isolate the faulted section of the system. This helps limit the
Here are the key points about grounding and fault limiting devices:
- Grounding is required to limit fault currents and voltages during ground faults. Without proper grounding, fault currents could be very high and damage equipment.
- Grounding provides a low impedance path for fault currents to flow, which helps limit the rise in voltage during ground faults. This helps protect equipment from overvoltages.
- Common grounding methods include solidly grounding the neutral point in a wye-connected system or grounding one end of a delta-connected system.
- Fault limiting devices like fuses and circuit breakers are used to quickly detect fault currents and isolate the faulted section of the system. This helps limit the
Here are the key points about grounding and fault limiting devices:
- Grounding is required to limit fault currents and voltages during ground faults. Without proper grounding, fault currents could be very high and damage equipment.
- Grounding provides a low impedance path for fault currents to flow, which helps limit the rise in voltage during ground faults. This helps protect equipment from overvoltages.
- Common grounding methods include solidly grounding the neutral point in a wye-connected system or grounding one end of a delta-connected system.
- Fault limiting devices like fuses and circuit breakers are used to quickly detect fault currents and isolate the faulted section of the system. This helps limit the
Order of severity and occurrence of different types of fault
Here the most severe fault in the power system is balanced/
three phase fault and the most frequent is LG fault
2 Symmetrical Components ❑In three phase system we have three sets of sequences ⚫ The three sequence networks are known as the – positive sequence (this is the one we’ve been using) – negative sequence – zero sequence
2 Positive SequenceSets ⚫The positive sequence sets have three phase currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase b lagging phase a by 120°, and phase c lagging phase b by120°. ⚫We’ve been studying positive sequencesets Positive sequence sets have zero neutral current
4 Negative SequenceSets ⚫ The negative sequence sets have three phase currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase b leading phase a by 120°, and phase c leading phase b by120°. ⚫ Negative sequence sets are similar to positive sequence, except the phaseorder is reversed
Negative sequence sets
have zero neutral current
5 Zero SequenceSets ⚫Zero sequence sets have three values with equal magnitude and angle. ⚫Zero sequence sets have neutralcurrent
6 Sequence Representation ⚫ Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can be represented as a sum of the three sequence sets Ia = I 0 + I + + I − a. a a Ib = I 0+ I ++ I− b. b b Ic = I 0+ I ++ I− c. c c where I 0 , I 0 , I 0 is the zero sequence set a b c I +,I +,I + is the positive sequence set a b c I −, I −, I − is the negative sequence set a b c
7 Conversion from Sequence to Phase Only three of the sequence values are unique, I0a , I a+ , I a− ; the others are determined as follows:
= 1120 + 2+ 3= 0 3 =1
I0a = Ib0 = I0c (since by definition they are all equal) I b+ = 2 I a+ I c+ = I a+ I b− = I a− I c+ = 2 I a−
Ia 1 1 1 1 1 1 a I 0 I = I 0 1 + I + 2 + I − = 1 2 I + b a a a a Ic 1 2 1 2 I − a 8 Conversion Sequence toPhase Define the symmetrical components transformation matrix
1 1 1 A = 1 2 1 2 Ia I 0 a I 0 + + Then I = I b = A I a = A I = A I s Ic − − I a I
9 Conversion Phase toSequence By taking the inverse we can convert from the phase values to the sequence values
I s = A −1I 1 1 1 −1 1 1 2 with A = 3 1 2
Sequence sets can be used with voltages as well
as with currents 10 ❑Vp is the phase voltage and Vs is the sequence voltage ❑So we can determine the phase and sequence voltages using A and 𝐴−1 matrices
