DRRR Grade 11/12

STUDENT NAME GRADE/SECTION

_______________________________ ________________________________
TEACHER DATE SUBMITTED
_______________________________ ________________________________

I. Introductory Concept

Disasters are of many types and variedly affect one’s life. Some have short-
term effects that can be fixed with relative ease while others last for several years.
They also affect our communities in many ways and represent public health hazards
for various reasons.
In the previous lessons, you learned the definition of disaster and the factors
which can either lessen or worsen the effect of a disaster. In this lesson, you will be
exposed to a bigger view of how disasters affect people and the society.

II. Learning Competencies

A. Most Essential Learning Competencies:

 Describe the effects of a disaster on one’s life (DRR11/12-Ia-b-3)

 Analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical,
psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological)
(DRR11/12-Ia-b-6)

B. Specific Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 Describe the effects of disaster on one’s life.

 Differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary effects of a disaster.
 Classify disaster-related events to different perspectives (physical,
psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological).
 Conduct a simple survey of family members’ disaster experiences and
perceptions.

Are you ready? Brace yourself for another fun learning experience!

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
III. Activities

Task 1: Examine the given pictures and answer the questions that follow.

Lacuata, Reuben (January 19, 2020). Retrieved from Yahya, M. N. (May 5, 2019). Marawi Muslims to spend Ramadan in Tents. The Manila Times. net.
https://www.churchofchristchino.org/articles/opportunity-to-help-victims-of-the-taal-volcano-eruption/ Retrieved June 20, 2020 from https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/05/05/news/regions/marawi-muslims-
l to-spend-ramadan-in-tents/549756/

A B

Philippine Star (June 06, 2013). Retrieved from Gallucci, Gallucci,

Maria (July 07, (July
Maria 2014). Retrieved
07, from
2014). Retrieved from
https://astig.ph/prevent-survive-railroad-accidents/ https://www.ibtimes.com/super-typhoon-neoguri-could-be-first-tropical-storms-
slam-japan-due-el-nino-1621178

C D

Presse, A F.( June 6, 2020) Philippines' unemployment rate at record high in April. The
Straitstimes Asia. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-
asia/philippines-unemployment-rate-at-record-high-in-april

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
Guide Questions:
1. What kind of disaster is represented in the picture?
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
d. __________________________________
e. __________________________________

2. What would be the possible effects of disaster based on your given answer
above? Give at least one for each.
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
c. __________________________________
d. __________________________________
e. __________________________________

3. What aspects of your life and society are affected by these disasters?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What are the Effects of Disaster?

Disasters whether natural or man-made in origin affect the usual way society acts
and the people’s lives directly and indirectly. Physical losses, damages to structures,
creation of mitigation structures and materials are direct effects. Increasing material
costs and expenses, psychological effects are indirect effects.
Disasters have three general types of effects: primary effects, secondary effects,
and tertiary effects.

 Primary effects are those that come directly from

the incident or disaster itself, such as the collapse
of a building during an earthquake, landslide, or
hurricane and water damage during a flood.
De Castro, Erik (October 16, 2013). Retrieved from
https://www.ibtimes.com/super-typhoon-neoguri-could-be-first-tropical-storms-slam-
japan-due-el-nino-1621178
 Secondary effects are the result that comes
from the primary effects. They will only occur
because a primary effect has caused
them. Examples of secondary effects include
power outages due to fallen trees or damaged
buildings and fires from broken gas lines. In these
examples, the fallen trees and the damaged Demayo, Mark (October 02, 2019) Fire hits Star City in Pasay. Retrieved from
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/02/19/fire-hits-star-city-in-pasay

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 buildings would be the primary effects that caused the power outages and fires
(secondary effects).

 Tertiary effects are the long-term

effects that are set off because of a primary
event. These include things like loss of
habitat, changes in the landscape and natural
features caused by a flood, permanent
changes in the position of river channel
caused by flood, crop failure or reduction due
to cooler temperatures or other interferences
caused by a volcanic eruption-like the recent
Taal volcano eruption that has displaced
thousands of individuals residing along with
Fonbuena, Carmela. (November 01, 2018) Landslide because of the typhoon.
Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/01/typhoon-yutu- the community who were forced to evacuate
death-toll-rises-landslides-phillipines
for their safety.

How do Disasters Affect the Different aspects of our Life and Society?

Normally we see the effect of disasters on their physical effects but aside from
it, there are many aspects of society that we should investigate. We must also widen
our views including the political, biological, economical, socio-cultural, and
psychological sides of an occurring disaster.
Let us study the different perspectives in analysing a disaster.

Disaster in Different Perspectives

1. Physical

The presence of tangible objects and infrastructure affects people and the
environment. Physical factors refer to structures such as evacuation centers,
sea and river walls, fire exits, fire hydrants, and objects such as signages that
could help people during a disaster. On the contrary, it also refers to objects and
structures which could contribute to harming and disrupting people’s life and
intensify the effect of a disaster such as hanging debris, exposed wirings, etc.
The intensity of a destruction of a disaster depends on the presence and
quantity of objects and infrastructures to mitigate the disaster or contribute to its
complexity. Physical effects can either harm or help you.

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 Typhoon Nina hit Bicol
Region in December 2016 that led
to destruction of houses and
infrastructures. Catanduanes is
one of the centers of destruction
that experienced devastation in
houses, public and commercial
buildings, and vehicles. Roads
were covered with mud and
Sta Rosa, MR V. (December 26, 2016) The wrath of typhoon Nina ( in Virac,
uprooted trees; electrical posts and Catanduanes) Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10208000494678901&set=pcb.10208005318
telecommunication lines were 119484

distorted.

Disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes, fires, and tsunamis have been

known to cause massive and long-lasting effect. As the country experience
different types of disaster several advancements in technology have been done
such as:

 The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA) for instance have utilized doppler radars in Baras,
Catanduanes and other areas of the country.
 Flood/flashflood hazards map to mitigate the risks from severe winds and
floods.
 The Department of Science and Technology started disaster science
research and development to use technologies for innovative information
services to support the government's disaster prevention and mitigation
efforts.

2. Psychological
The strength of a disaster is usually measured through the extent of
physical destruction than the mental well-being of people. Assuming that people
have been hit by typhoons, earthquakes, floods, and fire the mental health is
affected as well. Stressors caused by a certain type of disaster can persist
longer than the physical effects. Facing grief, fear and unexpected intrapersonal
and societal changes can be tough for people.
Psychological aspects of disaster include mental health capacity and self-
awareness of people who could help or worsen the complexity of a disaster.
It involves the capability of people to respond to disaster and the extent to which
they could cope with it and accept the results.

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 Wars have greatly affected
peoples’ lives, especially in children. The
picture below shows school zone turned
war zone in Marawi City during the
Marawi siege in 2018.
Efforts must be done to lessen the
panic and fear when facing threats of
disasters. The Disaster Risk Reduction
Baynes, C. (2018). Philippine children tell of witnessing 'unspeakable horrors' dIsis siege in
Marawi. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/philippines-marawi- Management Plan 2011-2028 included
isis-siege-save-children-unspeakable-horrors-rodrigo-duterte-a
disaster preparedness in schools and the
community through:
a. Advocacy
b. Information
c. Education
d. Communication such as capability buildings, drills and symposiums, and
curricular inclusions.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has

strategized the plan “Volcano, Earthquake, and Tsunami Disaster Risk
Reduction Program,” which includes seminars, workshops, trainings, lectures,
and drills for various individuals.

3. Sociocultural
Culture and tradition are rarely seen to change because of the occurrence
of disasters but various socio-cultural actions and disaster risks are related.
Socio-cultural factors of disaster include religion and faith, societal traditions,
perceptions, and social standings.
In some situations, culture has become a factor for communities’ survival
from disasters whereas in some situations culture has acted as a barrier for
effective risk reduction activities. Filipinos are known for their resiliency amidst
calamities. They remain steady and positive to face challenges that come each
day.
These are various coping strategies that most Filipinos do to respond to
demands from unexpected or terrifying events.

Familial Faith Positivity Flexibility Sense of

support Based humor
4. Economic Resiliency
Physical damages on assets, machineries, and livestock in addition to
property loss, environmental damage, trauma, health, loss of lives, and

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 disruption of communities can severely affect economic activity in periods
depending on the extent of the damage. The figure below shows a disaster’s
economic impact.

Doroteo, H. J. (2015). Pie chart of the main island distribution of high impact disasters (1900-2014) in Disaster Risk Profile and Disaster Risk
Management Framework of the Philippines: Natural Disasters. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4656.3922.

Economic factors include assets and liabilities, income, economic class,

etc. Normal business, establishments, and work processes such as
manufacturing, delivery, and processing can stop during disasters.

The country’s economy can be affected

depending on the strength of its capability to
endure the irregularities. Countries with weaker
economies take a longer time in recovering than
more stable countries that is why third world
countries such as the Philippines experiences
more problems during disasters. Today, closure
among business establishments and livelihood,
competition to resources is among the many
effects of the Corona Virus Disease which threatens the economic stability of the
De Vera, B. O. (February 10, 2020). PH among economies most vulnerable to
Philippines today. virus. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from
https://business.inquirer.net/290226/ph-among-economies-most-vulnerable-to-
virus#ixzz6QldH97HT
On the positive side, the study Natural
Disasters, Public Spending, and Creative Destruction: A Case Study of the
Philippines showed that the preventive and post-disaster actions of the local
government units in the Philippines helps in decreasing the economic impacts of
disaster. The allocation of funds for reconstruction and rehabilitation can open ways
for updating structures, machinery, and technology thereby posing better long-term
effect to the economy. Reports show economic resilience of the Philippines amidst
several disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes.

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 5. Political
Politics can be affected in the time of a disaster. Government structure
and political actions can change depending on the need. Political actions during
and after a disaster can be ways to update existing laws, rules, and physical
aspects of the government. Resources and funds can be realigned to focus on
building local resilience and for rehabilitation and reconstruction.
People turn to their leaders on how they respond to the needs of the
society during catastrophic events on the other hand differences in political
views can also result to conflicts.

6. Biological
Disaster can affect plant and animal habitats which can change the way
our biosphere work. Our environment heals itself as it has faced several
disasters long before we existed on this planet. Moreover, studies have shown
that most causes of disasters came from man-made activities.

Trinidad, Benguet (CNN Philippines, February 27) Forest fires in

Acayan, E. (January 16, 2020). „Like a Scene from Movie.‟
Benguet. Retrieved on June 20, 2020, from
What I Saw Photographing the Taal Volcano Eruption in
https://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2020/2/27/Benguet-forest-
fires.html the Philippines. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from
https://time.com/longform/taal-volcano-philippines-eruption/

On the other hand, When the environment is sustainably managed, it can

contribute to the physical and economic aspects of the community. Plants and
animal can be sources of food, medicine, and even building materials for shelter.
Furthermore, it could also be a source of income such as tourism. Thereby
decreasing the consequences of a disaster.
In terms of humanitarian health, the occurrence of disasters exposes people to
acquire communicable diseases e.g., diarrhea, fractures, respiratory illness, fever
among others. Early detection, treatments, and advancements in medical facilities
reduces the complexity of problems due to disasters. Vaccines and drugs are made
to treat diseases and infections.

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
TASK 2: Read the write-up below and answer the questions that follow.

Analyzing different perspectives of Disaster in the Philippines

1
The Philippines‟ form of government is a unitary presidential constitutional
republic serving over 100 million Filipinos of different ethnic groups and cultures.
The chief source of living in the country is agriculture-related farming, mining,
forestry, and fishing with a gross Domestic Product of (GDP-PPP) of 7,41202
million US dollars per capita. In 2015, it is considered a lower- middle-income
country.
2
Furthermore, it is geographically located in areas highly exposed to the
occurrence of different types of threats causing disasters such as tropical storms,
tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and droughts. Blackouts,
ashfalls, and dilapidated buildings, and debris results from these disasters.
3
Typhoons and tropical storms usually occur and results in floods and
storm surges when accompanied by a strong wind and heavy rains. Lying on the
Pacific Ring of Fire it is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption. At present,
PHIVOLCS is still monitoring Mt. Mayon in Albay and Taal Volcano in Batangas
due to their recent activities in 2019 and 2020.

Moreover, being prone to these threats the country is rich with natural
resources and biodiversity and is famous for the different tourist spots throughout
the archipelago.

QUESTIONS:

1. What disaster perspective/s is/are shown in paragraphs 1 and 3?

2. What type of disaster effect is stated in paragraph 2? (Primary, secondary,
tertiary)
3. What are the possible psychological effects of disaster stated in paragraph 3?

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 TASK 3: Considering different perspectives of the occurrence of a disaster do the
following
1. Do a simple survey from your family members at home of effects/ observation
of disasters that they have experienced in their lifetime.
2. Categorize their responses as primary, secondary, and tertiary effects and
analyze their experiences as to physical, psychological, socio-cultural,
economic, political, and biological.
3. Create a table like the example given below and answer the questions that
follow.

SURVEY ON MY FAMILY’S DISASTER EXPERIENCES

Family Member Disaster Experienced General type of What aspect/

Disaster perspective of Disaster
is observed?
Ex. Mother Typhoon
a. The roof was Primary Physical
blown away

a. What general type of a disaster have your family experienced?

b. What aspect/perspective affects your family members the most?
c. What aspect/perspective affects your family members the least?
d. What preparations must your family do to mitigate the effect of certain types
of disasters?

I. Rubrics for Scoring

RUBRIC ON SURVEY TABLE
Exceeds Expectations Meets expectations Fails to meet expectations
Surveyed 5 or more family Surveyed 3-4 family Surveyed 2-1 family members
members members
All answers are correctly Most answers are correctly Few answers are incorrectly
classified classified classified
All data given were Most data given were Few data given were irrelevant
relevant to the topic relevant to the topic to the topic discussed
discussed discussed
The table was clean and The table was clean and The table has errors.
free from errors. with few errors.

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 II. Answer Key

TASK 1:

A. Volcanic Eruption
B. War
C. Transportation accident
D. Typhoon
E. High rate of unemployment

TASK 2:

1. Political and Economic

2. Secondary
3. Fear, anxiety, grief etc.

III. Reflection

Finally, share your insights by completing the following sentence prompts:

I have understand that disaster

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

IV. References

Ang, M.C., Diaz,L.B., (nd) Perception, Resiliency and Coping Strategies of Filipinos
amidst Disasters in
http://www.bulsu.edu.ph/resources/research/publications/perception-
resiliency-and-coping-strategies-of-filipinos-amidst-disasters.pdf
Baker, K. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: Steps and Techniques. Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/critical-incident-stress-debriefing-steps-
techniques.html#:~:text=Critical%20Incident%20Stress%20Debriefing%20(CI
SD)%20is%20a%20structured%20method%20designed,Crisis%20Response
%20Teams%20(CRTs).

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
Bagtasa, G., Dianala, J.D., Morante, K.A., Villegas, M.M., Zarco, M.A. (2013)
Teaching Guide for Senior High School Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction
file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/DRRR%20MODULE/Teaching_Guide_for_Senio
r_H igh_School_DI_1.pdf
Cortes, J.N. (April 28, 2020). Market goers follow the newly painted guides to
promote social distancing inside the Baguio public market. Retrieved from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1854300/Manila/Loc
De Vera, B. O. (February 10, 2020). PH among economies most vulnerable to virus.
Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from
https://business.inquirer.net/290226/ph-among-economies-most-vulnerable-
to-virus#ixzz6QldH97HT
Doroteo, H. J. (2015). Disaster Risk Profile and Disaster Risk Management
Framework of the Philippines: Natural Disasters. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.1.4656.3922.
Goldman, J. (2014) Resilience in The Philippines In The Face Of Natural
Calamities. Diplomatic Courier in
https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/resilience-in-the-philippines-in-the-
face-of-natural-calamities
Jha, S., A. Martinez, P. Quising, Z. Ardaniel, and L. Wang. (2018). Natural
Disasters, Public Spending, and Creative Destruction: A Case Study of the
Philippines. ADBI Working Paper 817. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank
Institute. From https://www.adb.org/publications/natural-disasters-public-
spending-and-creative-destructionphilippines
Kasdan, D.O. (2016), "Considering socio-cultural factors of disaster risk
management", Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 464-
477. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-03-2016-0055

Kulatunga, Udayangani. (2010). Impact of Culture towards Disaster Risk Reduction.

International Journal of Strategic Property Management. 14. 304-313.
10.3846/ijspm.2010.23.
Makwana N. (2019). Disaster and its impact on mental health: A narrative
review. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(10), 3090–3095.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_893_19
Marah, P., Lynch, J.A., Wathen, J., Tham, E., Berman, S., Doraiswamy, S., Maina,
A.G.K. Disasters and their Effects on the Population: Key Concepts. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.aap.org/enus/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf
?fbclid=IwAR0dMaBEZc6uTV0lvn5o2Ge-h71LYT4Wk-dv_v-
pcGwfAGLA5Kof7ZvGEOo

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council. (2014) National Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Plan 2011-2028. Manila: Philippines:
NDRRMC, Department of Science and Technology

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
Natural Disaster Risk Management in the Philippines: Enhancing Poverty Alleviation
through Disaster Reduction. 3822 v1. Retrieved from
https://www.droughtmanagement.info/literature/WB_disaster_risk_manageme
nt_philippines_2005.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0CpDK54nv9Z4P03L-
k_AcFmyrxCW1ReNO7AR8T7JsHetp2Z-3MRadZXYQ

Nelson, SA. Natural Disasters and Assessing Hazards and Risk (2018) Retrieved
fromhttps://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/introduction.htm#:~:t
ext=Primary%20Effects%20occur%20as%20a,earthquake%2C%20landslide
%2C%20or%20hurricane.&text=Tertiary%20Effects%20are%20long%2Dterm,
result%20of%20a%20primary%20event.

Parena Jr., J. (2016) Exploring Life through Science Series: Senior High School
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.

Pelling, M. and K. Dill (2006). „Natural‟ Disasters as Catalysts of Political Action.

ISP/NSC Briefing Paper 06/01, pp. 4-6, Chatham House, London
Petrucci, O. (2012). The Impact of Natural Disasters: Simplified Procedures and
Open Problems. DOI: 10.5772/29147
Salazar, M.A., Pesigan,A.,Law, R. and Winkler V. (2016 May 17). Post-disaster
health impact of natural hazards in the Philippines in 2013. Global Health
Action. doi: 10.3402/gha.v9.31320
SAMHSA. Greater Impact: How Disasters Affect People of Low Socioeconomic
Status (2017) Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research
Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/dtac/srb-
low-
ses_2.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2Hc1Xje_PkEHI4TT5QlndF4m3ELxRWFw8AOBfTqUJ
g7Aze7-pUie3aOBo
SEG wiki. Natural Disasters and Hazards. Retrieved from
https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Natural_disasters_and_hazards#:~:text=Primary%20effects
%20are%20the%20direct,the%20result%20of%20primary%20effects.&text=T
ertiary%20effects%20are%20the%20long%20term%20effects%20of%20natur
al%20disasters.

Shultz, J.M.(2014). Perspectives on disaster public health and disaster behavioral

health integration. Disaster Health. 2:2, 69-74, DOI: 10.4161/dish.24861
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. PTSD: National Center for PTSD (2019)
Retrieved from
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/types/disaster_risk_resilence.asp

Vitzthum, K., Mache, S., Joachim, R., Quarcoo, D., Groneberg, D.A. Journal of
Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (2009) Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726154/#:~:text=Abstract,to%
20physical%20or%20psychological%20integrity.

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 World Risk Report 2012, United Nations University - Institute for Environment and
Human Security. http://weltrisikobericht.de/english

PHOTOS
Acayan, E. (January 16, 2020). ‘Like a Scene from a Movie.‟ What I Saw
Photographing the Taal Volcano Eruption in the Philippines. Retrieved
June 20, 2020, from https://time.com/longform/taal-volcano-philippines-
eruption/
Baynes, C. (2018). Philippine children tell of witnessing 'unspeakable horrors' during
Isis siege in Marawi. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from
independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/philippines-marawi-isis-siege-save-
children-unspeakable-horrors-rodrigo-duterte-a8263786.html
Cortes, J.N. (April 28, 2020). Market goers follow the newly painted guides to promote
social distancing inside the Baguio public market. Retrieved from
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1854300/Manila/Loc
De Castro, E. (2013, October 16) A woman carries her baby past a destroyed church
belfry. Retrieved from
http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2013/10/powerful_earthquake_strikes_th.
html

Demayo, M. (2019, October 02) Fire hits Star City in Pasay. Retrieved from
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/10/02/19/fire-hits-star-city-in-pasay

De Vera, B. O. (February 10, 2020). PH among economies most vulnerable to virus.

Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from
https://business.inquirer.net/290226/ph-among-economies-most-vulnerable-
to-virus#ixzz6QldH97HT
Fonbuena, C. (2018, November 01) Landslide as a result of typhoon. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/01/typhoon-yutu-death-toll-
rises-landslides-phillipines

Gallucci, M. (2014, July 07) Survivors walk on a road amidst heavy downpour after
typhoon. Retrieved from https://www.ibtimes.com/super-typhoon-neoguri-
could-be-first-tropical-storms-slam-japan-due-el-nino-1621178

Lacuata, R. (2020, January 19) Taal volcano eruption. Retrieved from

https://www.churchofchristchino.org/articles/opportunity-to-help-victims-of-the-
taal-volcano-eruption/

Magbanua, W. (2019, October 31) Eva’s hotel stands damaged after an earthquake.

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RO_DRRR _Grade 11/12 _Q1_LP 2
 Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/6-5-magnitude-
earthquake-south-philippines-mindanao-davao-12049772

Philippine Star (2013, June 06) PNR Accident. Retrieved from

https://astig.ph/prevent- survive-railroad-accidents/

Presse, A F. (June 6, 2020) Philippines' unemployment rate at record high in April.

The Straitstime Asia. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippines-unemployment-rate-at-
record-high-in-april
Sta Rosa, MR V. (December 26, 2016) The wrath of typhoon Nina (in Virac,
Catanduanes) Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10208000494678901&set=pcb.102080
05318119484

The Philippine Star (March 12, 2020. No Panic Buying. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from
https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2020/03/12/2000129/editorial-no-panic-
buying
Yahya, M. N. (May 5, 2019). Marawi Muslims to spend Ramadan in Tents. The
Manila Times. net. Retrieved June 20, 2020 from
https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/05/05/news/regions/marawi-muslims-
tospend-ramadan-in-tents/549756/

SDO Catanduanes Development Team

Writers:

MA. LORYLYN R. BURCE, San Andres Vocational School

JOSELLE C. MAGTAGṄOB, Catanduanes National High School

Layout Artist:
MONALIZA V. MARQUEZ, Catanduanes National High School

Language Editors:
IMEE S. GABION, Catanduanes National High School
HAZEL GRACE T. VARGAS, Catanduanes National High School

Content Editors:
JOSE ROY S. AGUILAR, Catanduanes National High School
MA. CLAUDETTE C. BORREGA, Catanduanes National High School

Consultant:
JEZRAHEL T. OMADTO, Education Program Supervisor

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