Remembering Rizal paradise in the heart of Mt. Makiling".

In 1907,
Miguel de Unamuno gave Rizal the title "Tagalog
Vocabulary: Christ" as a religious organization venerating him
Millenarian groups- socio-political movements had been formed in different parts of the
who generally believe in the coming of a major Philippines. Rizalistas believe that Rizal, just like
social transformation with the establishment of the Jesus Christ or reincarnation of Jesus Christ would
Kingdom of God. eventually return to life and save mankind. In
history Apolinario dela Cruz (1815-1841) who
Rizalista - a religious movement that believes in the founded the religious confraternity Cofradia de san
divinity of Jose Rizal. Jose was also considered as the “Tagalog Christ" by
his followers. Moreover , Filipino revolutionary
Jove Rex Al- the Latin name of Jose Rizal Felipe Salvador ( 1870-1912) , also known as Apo
according to Rizalistas; Jove means GOD; Rex Ipe , who founded the messianic society Santa
means KING; and Al means ALL (thus, GOD Iglesia ( Holy Church) was called bu his followers
KING of ALL). as the " Filipino Christ  and the " King of the
Colorum - a term used to refer to secret societies Philippines.
that fought against the colonial government in the
Philippines  Parallelism between Jesus Christ and Jose
Rizal
Canonization- the act of declaring a dead person as o Both Jesus (J) and Jose (J) fulfilled a
a saint  purpose/ call or mission. Jesus is for the
redemption of mankind from sin while Jose
Introduction is for the redemption of his people from
Rizal execution on December 30, 1896 became an oppression.
important turning point in the history of Philippine o   Both J&J were Asians, had brilliant mind,
revolution. His death activated the full-scale extra ordinary talents.
revolution that resulted in the declaration of o Both J&J were reformers, healers,
Philippine independence by 1898.  Under the nonviolent revolutionaries, have followers.
American colonial government, Rizal was o Both died at young age and at the hands of
considered as one of the most important Filipino their enemies. 
heroes of the revolution and was even declared as
the National Hero by the Taft Commissions of  The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the Roots of
1901. A Rizal monument was built every town and Rizalistas
December 30, was declared as a nation holiday to
commemorate his death and heroism. In some  The Philippine Independent Church (PIC)
provinces, men-most of whom were professionals - canonized Jose Rizal as saint and published in
organized and became members of Caballeros de the "acta de Canonization de los Grandes
Rizal , now known as the Knights of Rizal.  Martires de la Patria Dr. Jose Rizal y PP.
Burgos, Gomez y Zamora' that the council of
Rizal as the Tagalog Christ Bishops headed by Gregorio Aglipay met in
Manila on September 24, 1903.
   In late 1898 and early 1899, revolutionary
 PIC observed that Rizal's followers are
newspapers La Independencia and El Heraldo de la
increasing after his canonization as saint and
Revolucion reported about Filipinos
influential in molding the socio-religious belief
commemorating Rizal's death in various towns in
of mankind.
the country. In Batangas , for example, people were
 Jose Rizal was revered as saint or god
said to have gathered " tearfully wailing before a
o A colorum sect in Tayabas Quezon
portrait of Rizal " ( Ileto 1998) while remembering
o Rizalina in Barrio Caluluan Conception
how Christ went through the same struggles. 
Tarlac
  After Rizal execution, peasants in Laguna were o Banal in many towns of Leyte (Dulag,
reported to have regarded Rizal as "lord of a kind of Barauen and Limon)
 o Pantay-pantay Society in Legaspi city Dr. Rizal , to follow , to spread, and to
whose members are called Rizalinos. support their right teachings ; and to serve
o Some 'colorum' sects also venerated Rizal as the country with one's whole hearth towards
god. its order, progress and peace.
4. Suprema de la Iglesia de Cuidad Mistica de
Major Groups Venerating Jose Rizal Dios Inc. (Supreme Church of the Mystical City
of God)
1. Adarnista 1. Founder: Naria Bernarda Balitaan (MBB) in
1. Founder: Candida Balantac 1920s
(engkantada/Inang Adarna) in 1901 2. Branches: Foot of Mt. Banahaw Sta. Lucia
2. Branches:  La Union, Pangasinan and Dolores, Quezon (Main) and other
Tarlac, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Nueva provinces in Luzon Island
Vizcaya, Baguio city and Manila 3. Members: 100,000
3. Members: 10,000 4. Teachings: Jesus Christ's works was
4. Teachings: Rizal is a god of the Filipino continued by Jose Rizal and the twelve
people; Rizal is true god and man.... lights (12 apostles) in 19th century. 
5. They believe in the following 1. Rizal is a 5. The Ciudad Mistica shares many elements
god of the Filipino People 2. Rizal is true with the Catholic Church. They hold masses
god and a true man 3. Rizal was not (every Saturday), and have prayers and
executed as has been mentioned by chants. They commemorate the birth and
historians. 4. Man is endowed with a soul; death anniversaries of the twelve lights with
as such, man is capable of good deeds 5. Rizal death (December 30) as the
Heaven and hell exist but are, nevertheless, mostimportant celebration.
“within us" 6. The abode of the members of
the sect in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is the The Life of Jose Rizal and Travels
New Jerusalem or Paradise 7. The caves  in
Bongabon  are dwelling place in Jehovah or Vocabulary:
God.  Chinese mestizo - a person of mixed Chinese and
2. Sambahang Rizal (Rizal Church) Filipino ancestry
1. Founder: Basilio Aromin in 1918
2. Branches: Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan Principalia - the ruling and usually educated upper
3. Members: 7,000 class in Spanish colonial Philippines
4. Teachings: Bible (Noli and El Fili) shows
the doctrine and teachings of Rizal. Bachiller en Artes - Bachelor of Arts degree
5. The Sambahang Rizal conducts sacraments bestowed by colleges or universities
like baptism, confirmation, marriage , and Spanish Cortes - Spain's lawmaking or legislative
ceremonies for the dead. body
3. Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi (Factions: Watawat ng
Lahi, Iglesia ng Watawat ng Lahi, Inc. and Ilustrado - a term which literally means “enlighten
Iglesia ng Lipi ni Gat Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Inc.) ones" or the Filipinois educated in Europe
1. Founder: Philippine National Heroes (PNH)
Masonry - fraternal organization which strives for
and Arsenio de Guzman in 1911
moral betterment
2. Branches: Nationwide
3. Members: 100,000  
4. Teachings: Rizal was the Christ and the
"Messenger of God".RizalRizal Introduction
5. The aims of the organization are as follows
     A biography narrates how a person has lived
(Foronda, 2011) 1. To love God above all
during a certain period of time. It presents not only
things 2. To love one's fellowman as one
the life of an individual and hos he/she has
loves himself  3. To love the motherland
influenced the society but also how an individual
and to respect and venerate the heroes of the
and his/her have been shaped by historical events.
race especially the martyr of Bagumbayan,
Jose Rizal lived in the nineteenth century, a period -studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San
in Philippines history when changes in public Jose in Manila
consciousness were already being felt and
progressive ideas were being realized. Studying -became a tenant
Rizal's biography, therefore, will lead to a better -farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda
understanding of how Rizal devoted his life in
shaping the Filipino character.   -a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked
less and worked more, and was strong in body and
 Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town valiant in spirit
of Calamba, Laguna
-died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of 80
JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL
ALONZO Y REALONDA -Rizal affectionately called him “a model of fathers”

 Doctor - completed his medical course in Spain  Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
and was conferred the degree of Licentiate  in -born in Manila on November 8, 1826
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
 Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a -educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-
devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St. known college for girls in the city
Joseph)
-a remarkable woman, possessing refined culture,
 Protacio - from Gervacio P. which come from a
literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of
Christian calendar
Spartan women
 Mercado - adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco
(the paternal great-great- grandfather of Jose -is a woman of more than ordinary culture: she
Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado means knows literature and speaks Spanish (according to
‘market’ in English Rizal)
 Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means
a field where wheat, cut while still green, -died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85
sprouts again
Rizal's Ancestry
 Alonzo - old surname of his mother
 Y- and Fathers' Side -Domingo Lamco Ines de la Rosa (a
 Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora from Chinese immigrant from (Well-to-do Chinese the
the surname of her godmother based on the Fukien city arrived in Christian girl of Changchow
culture by that time Manila about 1690)
 June 19, 1861- moonlit of Wednesday between
eleven and midnight Jose Rizal was born in the  Francisco Mercado Cirila Bernacha Juan Mercado
lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna (Rizal’s grandfather) Cirila Alejandro . Had thirteen
 June 22, 1861- aged three days old, Rizal was children, the youngest being Francisco Mercado
baptized in the Catholic church (Rizal’s father)
 Father Rufino Collantes - a Batangueño, the
Mother's Side - Lakandula (The last native king of
parish priest who baptized Rizal
Tondo) Eugenio Ursua (Rizal’s maternal Benigna
 Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather,
Great-great Grandfather of (a Filipina) Japanese
native of Calamba and close friend of the Rizal
Ancestry) Manuel de Quintos Regina (a Filipino
family
from Pangasinan) Lorenzo Alberto Alonso Brigida
 Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the
(a prominent Spanish Filipino mestizo of Biñan)
governor general of the Philippines when Rizal
Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s mother), Gregorio,
was born
Manuel at Jose
Rizal's Parents Childhood years in Calamba
 Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) -Calamba was named after a big native jar
-born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818
-Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to Tio Manuel
the Dominican Order, which also owned all the
lands around it  a husky and athletic man, encouraged Rizal to
develop his frail body by means of physical
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My exercises
Town)
Tio Gregorio
 a poem about Rizal’s beloved town written by
Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was  a book lover, intensified Rizal’s voracious
student in the Ateneo de Manila reading of good book

 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was Father Leoncio Lopez
his happy days in the family garden when he
was three years old  the old and learned parish priest of Calamba,
 Another childhood memory was the daily fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and
Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his intellectual  honesty
mother gathered all the children at the house to
pray the Angelus Early Education in Calamba and Binan
 Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was the
nocturnal walk in the town, especially when  The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who
there was a moon was remarkable woman of good character and
 The death of little Concha brought Rizal his first fine culture —her mother
sorrow  Maestro Celestino - Rizal’s first private
 At the age of three, Rizal began to take a part in tutor
the family prayers  Maestro Lucas Padua - Rizal’s second
 When Rizal was five years old, he was able to tutor
read haltingly the Spanish family bible  Leon Monroy - a former classmate of
 The Story of the Moth- made the profoundest Rizal’s father became Rizal’s tutor that
impression on Rizal -“died a martyr to its instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin.
illusions”  Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz - Rizl’s
 At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches teacher in a private school in Biñan
with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax
objects which attracted his fancy -Rizal described his teacher as follows: He was thin,
 Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body slightly
Children)- Rizal’s first poem in native language bentforward
at the age of eight -reveals Rizal’s earliest
nationalist sentiment  Pedro- the teacher’s son which Rizal
 At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first challenged to a fight
dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy  Andres Salandanan - challenged Rizal to
an arm-wrestling match
Influences on the Hero's Boyhood  Juancho-an old painter who was the father-
(1) Hereditary influence in-law of the school teacher; freely give
Rizal lessons in drawing and painting
(2) Environmental influence  Jose Guevara- Rizal’s classmate who also
loved painting, became apprentices of the
(3) Aid of Divine Providence old painter
 “the favorite painters of the class”- because
Tio Jose Alberto of his artistic talent
 Christmas in 1870
 studied for eleven years in British school in
Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe
inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability
-Rizal received a letter from his sister Saturnina,  Escuela Pia (Charity School)
informing him of the arrival of the steamer Talim  formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor
which would take him from Biñan to Calamba boys in Manila which was established by the
city government in 1817
Daily Life in Binan  Escuela Pia----à Ateneo Municipal---à Ateneo
-Heard the four o’ clock mass then at ten o’ clock de Manila
went home at once and went at school at two and  June 10, 1872   - Rizal accompanied by Paciano
came out at five -The day was unusual when Rizal went to Manila
was not laid out on a bench and given five or six  Father Magin Ferrando- was the college
blows because of fighting registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for
two reasons:
Martyrdom of Gom-bur-za
(1) he was late for registration
 Night of January 20, 1872- about 200 Filipino
soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age
under the leadership of Lamadrid, Filipino
sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the  Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his
abolition of their usual privileges intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal
 Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo
Jacinto Zamora- were executed at sunrise of  Jose was the first of his family to adopt the
February 17, 1872, by order of Governor surname “Rizal”. He registered under this name
General Izquierdo at Ateneo because their family name “Mercado”
 The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za in 1872 truly had come under the suspicion of the Spanish
inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish authorities
tyranny and redeem his oppressed people
 Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Jesuits Sytem of Education
Filibusterismo, to Gom-Bur-Za -it trained the character of the student by rigid
discipline and religious instructions
Injustice to Hero's Mother 
-Students were divided into two groups:
 Before June, 1872 - Doña Teodora was
suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that  Roman Empire - consisting of internos
she and her brother, Jose Alberto, tried to (boarders); red banner
poison the latter’s perfidious wife  Carthaginian Empire - composed of the
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario externos (non-boarders); blue banner
 Calamba’s gobernadorcillo, help arrest Doña  Emperor- the best student in each “empire”
Teodora  Tribune-the second best
 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic  Decurion - the third best
Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from  Centurion-the fourth best
Calamba to Santa Cruz (capital of Laguna  Stand-bearer- the fifth best
province), a distance of 50 kilometers  The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore a
 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the uniform which consisted of “hemp-fabric
provincial prison, where she languished for trousers” and “striped cotton coat” The coat
two years and a half material was called rayadillo
 Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel
Marzan  - the most famous lawyers of Manila  Ateneo
that defend Doña Teodora
 Father Jose Bech - Rizal’s first professor in
Escuela Pia/Ateneo Municipal Ateneo whom he described as a “tall thin man,
with a body slightly bent forward, a harried
 a college under the supervision of the Spanish walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small
Jesuits deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost
 Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends  Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish
fell toward the chin painter, Agustin Saez, and sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor
 A Religious picture- Rizal’s first prize for  Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a
being the brightest pupil in the whole class piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with
his pocket- knife
    *Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel  Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal’s
College during the noon recesses. He paid three sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him
pesos for those extra Spanish lessons an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus

 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander  Poems Written in Ateneo

Dumas - the first favorite novel of Rizal
which made a deep impression on him  Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First
 Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal Inspiration), 1874- the first poem Rizal
persuaded his father to buy him this set of probably wrote during his days in Ateneo which
historical work that was a great aid in his was dedicated to his mother on her birthday;
studies Rizal wrote it before he was 14 years old -In
 Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist- 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-
traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859- religion, education, childhood memories and
1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines war. They were as follows:
 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My
-Rizal was impressed in this book because of (1) Town) - a tender poem in honor of Calamba, the
Jagor’s keen observations of the defects of Spanish hero’s natal town
colonization (2) his prophecy that someday Spain
would lose the Philippines and that America would *Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena
come to succeed her as colonizer Educacion (Intimate Alliance between Religion
and Good Education) - Rizal showed the
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great importance of religion in education
educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s professors
who inspired him to study harder and to write *Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
poetry -Rizal described this Jesuiot professor as (Through Education the Country Receives
“model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for Light)- Rizal believed in the significant role which
the advancement of his pupils” education plays in the progress and welfare of a
 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects nation
and won five medals at the end of the school Studies at the University of Sto Tomas (1887-
term 1882)
 The most brilliant Atenean of histime, he was
truly “the pride of the Jesuits”  After finishing the first year of a course in
 March 23, 1877- Commencement Day, Rizal, Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal
who was 16 years old, received from his Alma transferred to the medical course-“Don’t send
Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he
of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honors gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his
 Marian Congregation - a religious society head.”
wherein Rizal was an active member and later  Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea
became the secretary that Rizal pursue higher learning in the
 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the university
guidance of Father Sanchez  April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly 16 years
 Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to stop old, matriculated in the University of Santo
communing with the Muse and pay more Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and
attention to more practical studies Letters because (1) his father like it (2) he was
“still uncertain as to what career to pursue”
 Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of Ateneo, who  D.N. del Puzo- a Spanish writer, who won the
had been good to him during his student days in second prize
that college, asking for advice on the choice of a  Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) - a zarzuela
career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao which was staged by the Ateneans on December
 It was during the following term (1878-1879) 8, 1880, on the occasion of the annual
that Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rector’s celebration of the Feats Day of the Immaculate
advice to study medicine Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo - Rizal
 During Rizal’s first school term in the wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish
University of Santo Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal Literature in Ateneo
also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational
course leading to the title of perito agrimensor  Compañerismo (Comradeship)- Rizal
(expert surveyor) founded a secret society of Filipino students in
 Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying University of Santo Tomas in 1880
course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography Unhappy days at the UST
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary
Lyceum) of Manila- a society of literary men  -Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of
and artists, held a literary contest in the year Santo Tomas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He
1879 was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher
learning because
o A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino  (1) The Dominican professors were hostile to him
Youth) - Rizal, who was then 18 years old,
submitted this- is an inspiring poem of  (2) The Filipino students were racially
flawless form. Rizal beseeches  the Filipino discriminated against by the Spaniards
youth to rise from lethargy, to let genius fly
swifter than the wind and descend with art  (3) The method of instruction was obsolete and
and science to break the chains that have repressive-In Rizal’s novel, El Filibusterismo, he
long bound the spirit of the people -this described how the Filipino students were humiliated
winning poem of Rizal is a classic in and insulted by their Dominican professors and how
Philippine literature for two reasons: backward the method of instruction was, especially
in the teaching of the natural sciences.He related in
(1) it was the great poem in Spanish written by a Chapter XIII, “The Class in Physics”
Filipino, whose merit was recognized by   Spanish Sunny Spain (1882-1885)
literary authorities
-After finishing the 4th year of the medical course
(2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to
concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners, complete his studies in Spain
were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”
-Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal
 The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards, has his “secret mission”—was to observe keenly
was impressed by Rizal’s poem and gave it the the life and culture,languages and customs,
first prize which consisted of a silver pen, industries and commerce, and government and laws
feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon of the European nations in order to prepare himself
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people
Gods) - an allegorical drama written by Rizal from Spanish tyranny
which he entered in the literary contest of
-This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed
Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to
by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated
commemorate the fourth centennial of the death
Manila, May 20, 1892
of Cervantes -was a literary masterpiece based
on the Greek classics -Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid
 The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars
which was engraved the bust of Cervantes
• Jose Mercado- Rizal used this name; a cousin  Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and
from Biñan established himself in Madrid, the capital of
Spain
 May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the
Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for Life in Madrid
Singapore
 Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-
Naples and Marseilles Philippine Circle) - a society of Spaniards and
Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his
 Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’If, where arrival in Madrid in 1882
Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte Cristo,  Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For
was imprisoned Verses)- upon the request of the members of
 Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles this society, Rizal’s wrote this poem which he
personally declaimed during the New Year’s
Barcelona Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in
the evening of December 31, 1882 -in this sad
 Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the poem, Rizal poured out the cry of his agonizing
greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s second heart
largest city, was unfavorable  Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and
 Las Ramblas- the most famous street in Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew- these two
Barcelona books aroused Rizal’s sympathy for the
 Amor Patrio (Love of Country)- nationalistic oppressed and unfortunate people
essay, Rizal’s first article written on Spain’s soil
-under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in First Visit to Paris (1883)
print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882 -
it was published in two texts—Spanish and  March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge
Tagalog—the Spanish text was the one called Acacia in Madrid
originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the  Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to
tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made by secure Freemansory’s aid in his fight against
M.H. del Pilar the friars in the Philippines
 Basilio Teodoro Moran- a friend of Rizal in  Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal
Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog transferred where he became a Master Mason on
where Rizal sent this article November 15, 1890
 Diariong Tagalog- the first Manila bilingual  February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the
newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog) diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient
 Los Viajes (Travels)- Rizal’s second article for de France in Paris
Diariong Tagalog  Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizal’s only
 Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)- Rizal’s Masonic writing; a lecture which he delivered in
third article written in Madrid on November 29, 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid
1882 but returned to him because the Diariong  After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned
Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds from bad to worse in Calamba:
 Rizal received sad news about the cholera that
was ravaging Manila and the provinces  (1) harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account
according to Paciano’s letter, dated September of drought and locusts
15, 1882
 Another sad news from the Philippines was the (2) the manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda
chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the increased the rentals of the lands
unhappiness of Leonor Rivera (3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. Due to
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of
Paciano advised his younger brother to finish Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were
the medical course in Madrid times when they never arrived
 Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was  Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl, who
sponsored by the Filipino community to was engaged to Juan Luna
celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist  At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy
in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in
Madrid—Luna’s Spoliarium winning the first several paintings
prize and Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins  In Luna’s canvas “The Death of Cleopatra,“
Exposed to the Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest. In another
Expuestas al Populacho), second prize of Luna’s great paintings, “The Blood
 These student demonstrations were caused by Compact,” he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad
the address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of Pardo de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi
history, at the opening ceremonies of the  La Deportacion (Deportation)- a sad danza
academic year on November 20, in which he which Rizal composed in Dapitan during his
proclaimed “the freedom of science and the exile
teacher”
 June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical In Historic Heidelberg
course in Spain; he was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad  Dr. Otto Becker- distinguished German
Central de Madrid • The next academic year ophthalmologist where Rizal worked—
(1884-1885), Rizal studied and passed all University Eye Hospital
subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of  April 22, 1886- Rizal wrote a fine poem “A Las
Medicine but he did not present the thesis Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of
required for graduation nor paid the Heidelberg)
corresponding fees, he was not awarded his  In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by
Doctor’s diploma the blooming flowers along the cool banks of
 June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite
awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy flower—the light blue “forget-me-not”
and Letters by the Universidad Central de  Wilhelmsfeld- a mountainous village near
Madrid with the rating of “Excellent”: Heidelberg where Rizal spent a three-month
(Sobresaliente) summer vacation
 Dr. Karl Ullmer- a kind Protestant pastor
Paris to Berlin (1885-1887) where Rizal stayed, who became his good friend
and admirer
 -Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
specialize in ophthalmology—Rizal chose this In Leipzig and Dresden 
branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his
mother’s eye ailment  Dr. Hans Meyer- German anthropologist, a
In Gay Paris (1185-1886) Maximo Viola- a friend of Rizal
medical student and a member of a rich family of  In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller’s William
San Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal’s friend Tell from German into Tagalog so that Filipino
might know the story of that champion of Swiss
 Señor Eusebio Corominas- editor of the independence
newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon  Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his
sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La nephews and niece Hans Andersen’s Fairy Tales
Publicidad   Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig
 Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article on the was cheapest in Europe so that he stayed two
Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, months and a half
for publication  October 29, 1886- Rizal left Leipzig for
 Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading Dresden where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer,
French ophthalmologist wherein Rizal worked Director of the Anthropological and
as an assistant from November 1885 to Ethnological Museum
February 1886
Berlin Rizal in Italy

 Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its  June 27, 1887- Rizal reached Rome, the
scientific atmosphere and the absence of race “Eternal City” and also called the “City of the
prejudice Caesars”
 Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor,  Rizal was thrilled by the sights and memories of
celebrated German scientist-traveler and author the Eternal City. Describing to Blumentritt, the 
of Travels in the Philippines, a book which “grandeur that was Rome”, he wrote on June 27,
Rizal read and admired during his student days 1887 16
in Manila
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by  June 29, 1887- the Feast Day of St. Peter and St.
Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist Paul, Rizal visited for the first time the Vatican,
 Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, the “City of the Popes” and the capital of
professor of Descriptive Anatomy Christendom
 Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous  Every night, after sightseeing the whole day,
German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked Rizal returned to his hotel, very tired. “I am
 Rizal became a member of the Anthropological tired as a dog,” he wrote to Blumentritt, “but I
Society, the Ethnological Society, and the will sleep as a God”
Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the
recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer  Exile in Dapitan 
 Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)-
Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in German * Rizal arrived in Dapitan on board the steamer
which he read before the society in April 1887 - CEBU on July 17, 1892 (now a city within
this paper was published by the society in the Zamboanga del Norte) was a remote town in
same year, and elicited favorable comments Mindanao which served as a politico-military's
from all scientificquarters outpost of the Spaniards in the Philippines.
 Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of unified * It was headed by Captain Ricardo Carnicero, who
Germany for five reasons: (1) to gain further became a friend of Rizal during his exile. He gave
knowledge of ophthalmology (2) to further his Rizal the permission to explore the place and
studies of sciences and languages (3) to observe required him to report once a week in his office. 
the economic and political conditions of the
German nation (4) to associate with famous * He practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies,
German scientists and scholars (5) to publish his and continued his artistic pursuits in sculpture,
novel, Noli Me Tangere painting, sketching, and writing poetry. 

Lietmeritz * He established a school for boys and promoted

community development projects. He also found
 Professor Blumentritt- a kind-hearted, old time to study the Malayan language and other
Austrian professor Philippine languages.
 May 13 to May 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola * He engaged himself in farming and commerce and
stayed in Leitmeritz even invented a wooden machine for making bricks.
 Tourist’s Club of Leitmeritz-which Blumentritt
was the secretary; Rizal spoke * Rizal won the second prize in a lottery. A portion
extemporaneously in fluent Germany to the of Rizal's winnings was used in purchasing land
officers and members approximately one kilometer away from Dapitan in
 Dr. Carlos Czepelak- renowned scientist of a place known as Talisay.He built his house on the
Europe seashore of Talisay as well as a school and a
 Professor Robert Klutschak- an eminent hospital within the area.
naturalist
*Rizal project is to improve and beautify Dapitan,
 May 16, 1887 at 9:45 AM- Rizal and Viola left
he made a big relief map of Mindanao in the plaza
Leitmeritz by train
and used it to teach geography. Rizal also
constructed a water system to supply the town with * On Dec. 28, 1896, Gov. General Camilo de
water for drinking and irrigation. He also helped the Polavieja signed the court decision. He later decreed
people in putting up lamppost at every corner of the that Rizal be executed by firing squad at 7:00 am of
town. December 30. 
* Having heard of Rizal's fame as an * Rizal, on his last remaining days, composed his
ophthalmologist, George Taufer who was suffering longest poem, Mi Ultimo Adios, which was about
from an eye ailment traveled from Hong Kong to his farewell to the Filipino people. 
Dapitan He was accompanied by his adopted
daughter, Josephine Bracken, who eventually fell in * Mother and sisters visited him on December 29,
love with Rizal. They lived as husband and wife in 1896; rizal gave away his remaining possessions.
Rizal's octagonal house after being denied the He handed his gas lamp to his sister Trinindad and
sacrament of marriage by Father Obach, the parish murmered sofly in English, ' There is something
priest of Dapitan, due to Rizal's refusal to retract his inside." Eventually, trining and her sister Maria
statements against the Church and to accept other would extract from the lamp the copy of Rizal's last
conditions.   poem.

* Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited Rizal in Dapitan and * At 6:30 in the morning of December 30, 1896,
informed him about the founding of Katipunan and Rizal, in black suit with his arms tied behind his
planned revolution. Rizal objected to it, citing the back, walked to Bagumbayan (Luneta) the orders
importance of a well-planned movement with were given and shots were fired. Consummatum
sufficient arms. est! (It’s finished"!) Rizal died offering his life for
his for his country and its freedom.
* Rizal sending letters to Gov. General Blanco. He
asks for a review of his case. He said that if his
request would not be granted, he would volunteer to
serve as a surgeon the Spanish army fighting in the
Cuban revolution.
* Rizal's request to go to Cuba was approved. The
next day, he left for Manila on board the steamer
Espana. He boarded the steamer Isla de Panay
which brings him to Barcelona. Upon arriving at the
fort, however, Governor-General Despujol told him
that there was an order to ship him back to Manila.
Rizal arrived in Manila and was immediately
brought to Fort Santiago. 
Trial and Execution
        The preliminary investigation of Rizal's case
began on Nov. 20, 1896. He was accused of being
the main organizer of the revolution by having
proliferated the ideas of rebellion and of founding
illegal organizations. Rizal pleaded not guilty and
even wrote a manifesto appealing to the
revolutionaries to discontinue the uprising.
* Rizal's lawyer, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, tried
his best to save Rizal. The trial ended and the
sentence was read. Jose Rizal was found guilty and
sentenced to death by firing squad.