12/02/2022

A. LISTENING
Part 1. You are going to hear a talk on the work of a printing department at university. For questions 1-10,
complete the notes below by writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Department of the printed word
Statistics
- many different full- and part-time courses
- 17 students on the (1) __________ MA courses and 7 full-time research students
- 9 full-time lectures
- about (2) __________ percent of students are from outside the country
Sponsorship
- links with organizations in the publishing world
- sponsorship of students, technicians and (3)__________
- outside speakers
- workshops built to expand facilities for book binding and (4) __________
Teaching
- main work is teaching the (5) __________
- as most printing is now very technological, students have to be (6) __________
- for students without the necessary skills, there are specialist technicians who deliver (7) __________ in
computing
Facilities
- in printing, editing, page design and layout, book-binding
- former students are now workiing as expert book (8) _______ and ________
Research
- growing interest in the history of the printed word from early European etc printing techniques
- a visiting lecturer, Dr Yu, is an expert on early Chinese manuscripts and (9) __________
- department is very popular, with many (10) ________ for each research position.

Part 2. You will hear a piece of news called “Bottled air”. For questions 1-5, write an answer of NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS to each of the questions below.
1. What kind of news did the man see that made him decide to start his business?
2. What is the name of the industry the man is in?
3. How much air can you buy for $115?
4. Where does the entrepreneur live now?
5. What does the man sometimes have to go to the bottom of to get air?

Part 3. You will hear a representative from British Waterways called John Sampson taling about the canal network
in England. Listen and decide whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).
1. The canals were built despite the fact that there was no public finance and very little technology.
2. From 1919 to 1929, there were many canals that were competing with each other but were not uniform in size.
3. The new union of canals provided a continuous link between major industrial cities.
4. There are plenty of natural habitats for a variety of wildlife on and around the canals.
5. Walkers can go to the nearest waterway office to get information on circular walks so they can start and end at the
same place.

Part 4. You will hear two sports commentators called Heidi Stokes and Rob Aslett taking part in a discussion on the
subject of gyms. For questions 1-5, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you
hear.
1. What do Rob and Heidi think about government proposals regarding the problem of obesity?
A. They over-emphasize the role of dietary factors.
B. They represent a radical solution that must be worth trying.
C. They over-estimate the extent to which the fitness industry can help.
D. They are attempting to accommodate too many varied perspectives.
2. Heidi agrees with the suggestion that regular gym attendance
A. can discourage people from keeping fit in other ways.
B. may lead to obsessive behaviour in some cases.
C. generally forms the basis of a healthy lifestyle.
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D. could be harder to keep up in rural areas.
3. When asked about motivation, Rob suggests that many gym clients lose interest
A. if they don’t get good value for money.
B. if they don’t find it enjoyable on a social level.
C. if they don’t make it part of a wider fitness regime.
D. if they don’t perceive real gains in personal fitness.
4. What does Heidi suggest about memership levels in gyms?
A. The best ones restrict access at peak times.
B. Most recruit more people than they cope with.
C. It is impossible to predict demand with any accuracy.
D. Over-recruitment can be counter-productive in the long run.
5. Rob thinks the key to successful gym markeing lies in
A. remaining true to the core values of fitness and strength.
B. appealing to a wide cross-section of the population.
C. joining forces with providers of the related activities.
D. specialising in the needs of certain key groups.
B. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Part 1: Choose the corect answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions
1. They lived in a thatched cottage in a ________ village in the heart of the English countryside.
A. dense B. conventional C. lush D. quaint
2. People suffered many hardships during the years of ________ after the war.
A. severity B. austerity C. sobriety D. integrity
3. She was very fortunate to ______ an excellent private tutor to help her with her study.
A. think through B. seek out C. pick up D. light upon
4. He’s a nice guy, always already to do somebody a good __________.
A. present B. play C. turn D. pleasure
5. The new company had been________ with one problem after another and looked as if it were about to go under.
A. glorified B. tainted C. fraught D. bewildered
6. Disagreements among party members have led to a major political _______.
A. wrangle B. tussle C. scrap D. squabble
7. _______ police were called to the scene where violent protesters posed a threat to the public.
A. Trouble B. Riot C. Mutiny D. Crowd
8. Their decision on whether I get the job or not will be based mostly on my academic ________.
A. reputation B. credit C. standing D. credentials
9. Take the doctor’s advice into consideration. He’s in ________ earnest about the epidemic.
A. mortally B. fatally C. gravely D. deadly
10. Most people who win a lot of money __________ usually it on unnecessary things.
A. consume B. give C. squander D. throw
11. When he saw the damage to his car, he ______________ into a rage.
A. rushed B. drove C. jumped D. flew
12. All efforts to calm the situation down only ______________ the situation.
A. exacerbated B. exasperated C. exaggerated D. extrapolated
13. They have a(n) ______________ interest in keeping the club as exclusive as possible.
A. vested B. invested C. shadowed D. implied
14. The manager’s future ______________ whether the team wins or loses this one game.
A. stems from B. rests on C. derives from D. counts on
15. On the way to Cambridge yesterday, the road was blocked by a fallen tree, so we had to make a ______________.
A. deviation B. digression C. departure D. detour
16. It was some time before she came to ______________ with the fact that she had lost.
A. catches B. holds C. grips D. grabs
17. When the Chairman ran off with his secretary, the Board tried to ______________ the matter.
A. switch off B. hush up C. calm down D. tuck away
18. We are aware that he has tried his best; ________, his work is just not good enough.
A. let alone B. albeit C. be that as it may D. come what may
19. It must be true. I heard it straight from the ______________ mouth.
A. dog's B. horse's C. camel's D. cat's
20. I slept badly last night and am feeling particularly ______________this morning.
A. slow-witted B. far-reaching C. off-hand D. top-heavy
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Part 2. Supply the correct form of the words in capital in the following sentences.
1. Henry is now ______ trying to apologize for his behaviour at Louise’s wedding. (LATE)
2. Last night, my parents attended a ______ of a play scheduled to open next Tuesday. (VIEW)
3. My ______ dislike for the book disappeared when I finished reading a few chapters. (CONCEIVE)
4. Tom ______ turned on the hot water instead of the cold and burned his hand badly.(ERROR)
5. He has unwavering belief in something unreal such as ______ forces. (NORMALITY)
6. I don’t have time to read the _______ version of the book, so I’ll just buy the condensed version. (ABRIDGE)
7. The little boy ran straight into the ______ arms of his father. (STRETCH)
8. The meetig has been _______ arranged for 3.00 p.m next Saturday. (PROVISION)
9. It may be ________ to force them into making a decision and if you upset them they’re quite likely to overact.
(PRODUCE)
10. Those corrupted officials tried to establish a _______ for their shameful transaction with the Mafia. (COVERAGE)

Part 3. There are ten mistakes in the following passage, find and corrrect them.

Unlike many other species of turtle, the red-ear terrapin is not rare. In fact, four to five million hatchings are
exported annually from American farms. About 200,000 are sold in the United Kingdom.
It is ranked that as many as 90 per cent of the young terrapins die in their first year because of the poor conditions
in which they are kept. Those which survive may live for 20 years and arrive the size of a dinner plate. At this staging
they require a large tank with heat and specialized lightning.
Terrapins carry salmonella bacteria which can poison people. This is why the sale of terrapins was banished in
the United States in 1975. They are still, however, exported to the United Kingdom.
Modern turtles come from a very antique group of animals that lived over 200 million years ago. At this time
dinosaurs were just beginning to establish them.
Different types of turtles have interesting features: some box turtles are known to have lived for over 100 years,
since other species of turtles can remain underwater for more than 24 hours. And the green turtle is the most prolific of
all reptiles, lying as many as 28,000 eggs each year.
If unwanted pet turtles are unleased into the wild, many will die and those which survive will threaten the lives
of native plants and animal.
C. READING
Part 1. From the words listed below, choose the one which best fits the space, A, B, C or D.
LONDON’S BLACK CABS
Black cabs, officially known as Hackney Carriages, are (1) _______ London and are special for a number of reasons.
For a start, they are the only taxis in the city that can be hailed from the kerb with a raised hand signal to get the driver’s
attention. Currently, it is estimated that there are 20,000 black cabs (2) _______ on the capital’s streets. Their origin, in
fact, can be (3) _______ the name ‘Hackney Carriage’ said to derive from the French word haquenée referring to the
type of horse used to pull the carriages in the days of horse-drawn carriages. The first horse-drawn Hackney coaches
appeared on London’s streets in the 17th century during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. As transport developed and motor
cars were (4) _______, motor cabs replaced the horse-drawn carriages. Since the end of the 19th century, various car
manufacturers’ vehicles have been used as motor cabs but it was not until the mid-20th century that the cabs we have
been (5) _______ over the last decades first appeared.
It is such a(n) (6) _______ of becoming a black cab driver in London and it is (7) _______. If you want to gain this
honour you will need to have passed the infamous test known as ‘the Knowledge’, which was first introduced in 1851
following (8) _______ of complaints by passengers whose cab drivers got lost. This incredibly difficult test can take
around three or four years to prepare for and you can often catch a glimpse of those drivers who are doing just this zipping
around London on their mopeds, with a map (9) _______ to a clipboard on their handlebars. These people are essentially
trying not only to master the 25,000 or so streets within a six-mile radius of Charing Cross, but also to work out the most
direct routes from place to place. They must know thousands of ‘points of interest’ such as hotels, hospitals, places of
worship, theatres, stations, sports and leisure facilities, to name but a few. Practically everywhere and anywhere that a
potential passenger would wish to be taken to or from must be known, so a nodding acquaintance, for a black cab driver,
is (10) _______, and perhaps this is the most difficult part, knowing the quickest way to get from one place to another.
Little wonder so few people are successful.

1. A. commensurate with B. equivalent to C. synonymous with D. tantamount to

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2. A. hereabouts B. hither and thither C. or thereabouts D. there and then

3. A. ferreted out from B. hunted down from C. mapped out to D. traced back to

4. A. all the rage B. of high standing C. of repute D. in vogue

5. A. clued in on B. genned up on C. in the know about D. no stranger to

6. A. handiwork B. procurement C. realisation D. undertaking

7. A. beyond you B. no brainer C. no mean feat D. over your head

8. A. droves B. hordes C. packs D. swarms

9. A. chained B. fastened C. linked D. sealed

10. A. beyond measure B. beyond redemption C. beyond the pale D. beyond the veil

Part 2: For questions 1-10, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SELLING
The psychology of retailing has come to rely on highly sophisticated techniques. Over and (1) _______ the
design of the shops and the packaging of the merchandise, clever positioning of goods also ensures that the natural flow
of people takes them to (2) ________ and every section in a shop. Customers are led gently, but at the same time with
deadly accuracy, towards the merchandise in such a way (3) _______ to maximise sales.
Manufacturers compete for the right to have their products displayed at the most effective level. In supermarkets,
there is a crucial section in the tiers of vertical shelving somewhere between waist height and eye (4) _______, where
we are most likely to take note of a brand. In the old days, when we went into a shop, we (5) _______our way up to the
counter, behind (6) _______ would be the shopkeeper and virtually all of the merchandise, and were served with what
we wanted. Those days are (7) _______ and truly over.
Today, we are used to serving (8) _______ in supermarkets; products are laid before us as enticingly as (9)
_______, and impulse purchases are encouraged as a major part of the exercise. As a result of this, we, as shoppers, have
to keep our wits (10) ______ us to resist the retailers’ ploys.

Part 3. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions.
RUNNING WATER ON MARS
Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of
flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These
flow features are extensive systems - sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length - of interconnecting, twisting
channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and
geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains
down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands),
when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.
Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions
and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes
of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash
floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of
our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the
width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous - perhaps as much as a hundred times
greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels
approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as the northern volcanic plains formed.
Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps
even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a
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delta - a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this
case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide
evidence for large open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north
polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The
Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s
rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.
These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which
could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors
maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic
forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing
whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that
the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers - layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen - that
should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that
never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at
least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the
surface.
Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct
evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian
atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels
suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be
that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the
planet’s polar caps.

1. The word “merge” in the passage is closest in meaning to ___________.

(A) expand (B) separate (C) straighten out (D) combine
2. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?
(A) The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.
(B) Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
(C) The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s.
(D) The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.
3. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning to _________.
(A) remains (B) sites (C) requirements (D) sources
4. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon River
per second?
(A) To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’outflow
channels.
(B) To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars’ outflow channels were formed.
(C) To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form.
(D) To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic
plains.
5. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:
(A) They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
(B) They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
(C) They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
(D) They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.
6. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:
(A) What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?
(B) Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?
(C) Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled
with water?
(D) During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?
7. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that
(A) a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water.
(B) the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now.
(C) deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape.
(D) the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time.
8. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about liquid water on Mars?
(A) If ancient oceans ever existed on Mars’ surface, it is likely that the water in them has evaporated by now.
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 (B) If there is any liquid water at all on Mars’ surface today, its quantity is much smaller than the amount that
likely existed there in the past.
(C) Small-scale gullies on Mars provide convincing evidence that liquid water existed on Mars in the recent
past.
(D) The small amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere suggests that there has never been liquid water
on Mars.
9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the sentence in bold type in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
(B) But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of
Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
(C) But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the
south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
(D) But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the
presence of water.
10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
(A) Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
(B) The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
(C) Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars’ surface for long periods of time.
(D) The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.

Part 4.
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A–G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A–G from the list below.
Write the correct number, i–ix, in boxes 1-13 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Unusual way of hatching the chicks
ii Feeding habit of the red-footed booby
iii Folding wings for purpose
iv Rearing the young
v Classification of boobies
vi Diving for seafood
vii Surviving mechanism during the food shortage period
viii Mating and breeding
ix Origin of the booby’s name

Paragraph C ix
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E
5 Paragraph F
6 Paragraph G

Blue-footed Boobies 2
A Boobies are a small group of seabirds native to tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world. Their diet
consists mainly of fish. They are specialized fish eaters feeding on small school fish like sardines, anchovies, mackerel,
and flying fish. When their prey is in sight, they fold their long wings back around their streamlined bodies and plunge
into the water from as high as 80 feet, so streamlined they barely make a splash. They travel in parties of about 12 to
areas of water with large schools of small fish. When the lead bird sees a fish shoal in the water, it will signal the rest of
the group and they will all dive together. Surprisingly, individuals do not eat with the hunting group, preferring to eat on
their own, usually in the early morning or late afternoon.
B There are three varieties on the Galapagos: the blue-footed, red-footed, and masked boobies. They are all members
of the same family, and are not only different in appearance but also in behaviours. The blue-footed and red-footed
boobies mate throughout the year, while the masked boobies have an annual mating cycle that differs from island to
island. All catch fish in a similar manner, but in different areas: the blue-footed booby does its fishing close to shore,
while the masked booby goes slightly farther out, and the red-footed booby fishes at the farthest distances from shore.

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C Although it is unknown where the name “Booby” emanates from, some conjecture it may come from the Spanish
word for clown, “bobo”, meaning “stupid”. Its name was probably inspired by the bird’s clumsiness on land and
apparently unwarranted bravery. The blue footed booby is extremely vulnerable to human visitors because it does not
appear to fear them. Therefore these birds received such name for their clumsiness on land in which they were easily,
captured, killed, and eaten by humans.
D The blue-footed booby’s characteristic feet play a significant part in their famous courtship ceremony, the ‘booby
dance’. The male walks around the female, raising his bright blue feet straight up in the air, while bringing his ‘shoulders’
towards the ground and crossing the bottom tips of his wings high above the ground. Plus he’ll raise his bill up towards
the sky to try to win his mate over. The female may also partake in these activities – lifting her feet, sky pointing, and of
course squawking at her mate. After mating, another ritual occurs – the nest-building which ironically is never used
because they nest on the bare ground. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, they scrape the existing nest away so
she can nest on exposed ground. Sun-baked islands form the booby’s breeding grounds. When ready the female Blue
Footed Booby lays one to three eggs.
E After mating, two or three eggs are laid in a shallow depression on flat or gently sloping ground. Both male and
female take turns incubating the eggs. Unlike most birds, booby doesn’t develop brood patches (areas of bare skin on the
breast) to warm the eggs during incubation. Instead, it uses its broad webbed feet, which have large numbers of prominent
blood vessels, to transmit heat essential for incubation. The eggs are thick-shelled so they can withstand the full weight
of an incubating bird.
F After hatching, the male plays a major role in bringing fish home. He can bring back a constant supply of small fish
for the chicks, which must be fed continuously. The reason is that the male has a longer tail than the female in relation
to his body size, which makes him able to execute shallower dives and to feed closer to shore. Then the female takes a
greater part as time proceeds. Sooner or later, the need to feed the young becomes greater than the need to protect them
and both adults must fish to provide enough.
G When times are good, the parents may successfully fledge all three chicks, but, in harder times, they may still lay as
many eggs yet only obtain enough food to raise one. The problem is usually solved by the somewhat callous-sounding
system of “opportunistic sibling murder.” The first-born chick is larger and stronger than its nest mate(s) as a result of
hatching a few days earlier and also because the parents feed the larger chick. If food is scarce, the first born will get
more food than its nest mate(s) and will outcompete them, causing them to starve. The above system optimizes the
reproductive capacity of the blue-foot in an unpredictable environment. The system ensures that, if possible, at least one
chick will survive a period of shortage rather than all three dying of starvation under a more ‘humane’ system.
Questions 7-10
Complete the summary below, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7 –10 on your answer sheet.
The courtship of the Blue-footed Booby consists of the male flaunting his blue feet and dancing to impress the female.
During the dance, the male will spread his wings and stamp his feet on the ground with his bills
7 …………. After mating, the booby’s unusual demeanor continues with ritual 8 ………… that really serves no purpose.
When the female Booby lays eggs, the parental boobies incubate the eggs beneath their 9 …....… which
contain 10 ………… to transmit the heat, because of the lack of brood patches.