Problem 1.

1: Solution

Write the mass, momentum and energy conservation equations for an incompressible, constant
property and Newtonian fluid, for the following systems:

a) Downward flow in a vertical pipe mass (continuity)

 = (, , )
let

u: r-component
θ
v: θ-component
r w: z-component

gz
z

     
 +   () +   () +  ( ) = 0

1  
→ () + =0
  

Momentum (Navier-Stokes):

              %  '
r:    +   +   − 
+  = ! " #  ()$ +   +  −  & − ( + )

              %   '
→ 
+   +   − 
+  = * " #  ()$ +   +  −  & − 

              %   '
+: + + + + = *" # ()$ +   + + & −
                 
One may use physical argument and conclude that for axi-symmetric flow v=0 everywhere.

, ,  , ,   ,   ,  ,  '
z: 
+   +   +  = * "    +   +  
& −  + )
 energy:

D. 1 D3 *
= 0∇% . + + Φ
D/ 2' D/ 2'

Where
56
=
(6
 ∙ ∇.
+

5 (

6 6  6 6
= + + +
    

  6   6  6
∇% . =  + +
       

58 ' '  ' '

5
= 
+   +   + 

 %    % , %
Φ = 2 :  + + + ;
   

    %  ,  %
+ "   +  & + "  +  &

 , % %     , %
+ "  +

& − < "  () +   + 
&

b) Downward flow in the above vertical pipe, where the hydrodynamic entrance effects have all

=>
disappeared (assume fully developed flow
=? = 0)
Mass:
1  1 
() + =0
   @
Note that one may argue that for axi-symmetric flow v=0.
Momentum:

              %   '
r: +   +   − +  = * " #  ()$ +   +  −  & − 
 

           %   '
→ 
+   +   − 
= * " #  ()$ +   −  & − 

           %   '
Θ: 
+   +   + 
= * " #  ()$ +   +  & −  
'
(All the terms in this equation will vanish, leading to  = 0, which implies that P does not
depend on @.)
 , ,  ,   ,   ,  '
z: 
+   +   = * "    +   & −  + )
The only terms that are finite in this equation are:
1   1 A
*: # $; − + ) = 0
    

energy:

6 6  6 6   6   6  6  ' '  ' '


+   +   +  = 0 "    +   +   & + B "  +   +   +  &
C

 % 1   %   1  % 1  %
+2μ E# $ + # + $ F + ! :  + ; +: ;
  @     @  @

 % 2 1  1  %
+! : ; − ! : () + ;
 3    @
After neglecting terms that are zero, we get:

6 6   6  6  ' , %

+  = 0 "    +   & + B "  & + ! "  &
C

c) Repeat part b assuming axi-symmetric flow and assuming the hydrodynamic and thermal
entrance effects have all disappeared.

Mass:
1 
() = 0 →  = 0
 
Momentum:

       '
r: 
+   − 
= * " #  ()$& − 

     
Θ: 
+   + 
= * " #  ()$&

, ,   ,  '
z: + = *"  & −  + )
    
Note that in these equations  = 0,  = 0 everywhere. Terms involving u and v all disappear.

Energy:

6   6  ' , %
 = 0 "    & + B "  & + ! "  &
C
Notes:
1. In axi-symmetric flow all @-dependent terms must be dropped.
6
2. In the last equation the term must follow the forthcoming Eq. (4.2.22) for thermally

developed assumption to hold. Also, fully-developed and thermally-developed flows imply
steady-state, therefore time-dependent terms should also disappear. However, in practice
slow transients (quasi-steady state) flows can behave approximately like fully-developed
and thermally-developed flows.
Problem 1.3 2nd Ed.. Consider the flow passage shown in the figure. The flow passage has a semi-
circular cross-section, and its axis makes an angle of inclination equal to γ with respect to the horizontal
plane. The curved surface of the flow passage is at a constant temperature Ts, and the flat part of the
flow passage surface is adiabatic. An incompressible, constant-property fluid flows through the flow
passage. Using polar cylindrical coordinates, write the complete momentum and energy conservation
equations, along with boundary conditions representing the surface of the flow channel.

Hint: Start from the equations in Appendices B and C.

Solution:

Equations of Motion for
= 

 ∂ur ∂u u 2   ∂ 1 ∂ 2 ∂u 
( rur ) + 2 2r + 2r − 2 θ  + ρ g cos γ cos θ
∂u u ∂u ∂P 1 ∂ 2u ∂ 2 u
ρ + ur r + θ r + u z r − θ  = − +µ 
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r  ∂r  ∂r  r ∂r  r ∂θ ∂z r ∂θ 

(B.2)

 ∂uθ ∂u u ∂u ∂u u u  1 ∂P  ∂ 1 ∂  1 ∂ uθ ∂ uθ 2 ∂ur 
2 2
ρ + ur θ + θ θ + u z θ + r θ  = − + µ   ( ru )
θ  + 2 2
+ +  − ρ g cos γ sin θ
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r  r ∂θ  ∂r  r ∂r  r ∂θ ∂z 2 r 2 ∂θ 

(B.3)
  ∂u z ∂u u ∂u ∂u  ∂P  1 ∂  ∂u z  1 ∂ u z ∂ uz 
2 2
ρ + ur z + θ z + u z z  = − +µ r +
 2 2
+  − ρ g sin γ
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z  ∂z  r ∂r  ∂r  r ∂θ ∂z 2 
(B.4)

Boundary Conditions:

ur = 0; uθ = 0; u z = 0 at r = R0
ur = 0; uθ = 0; u z = 0 at θ = 0
ur = 0; uθ = 0; u z = 0 at θ = π

Equations of Motion for 


 

 ∂T ∂T uθ ∂T ∂T   1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂ T ∂ T
2 2
ρ CP  + ur + + uz =k r +
 2 + + µΦ (C-1)
 ∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z   r ∂r  ∂r  r ∂θ
2
∂z 2 

 ∂u  2  1 ∂uθ ur 2  ∂u z 2   ∂  uθ 2
 1 ∂ur   1 ∂uz ∂uθ 
2

Φ = 2  r  +  +  +  + r  +  + + +
 ∂r   r ∂θ r   ∂z    ∂r  r  r ∂θ   r ∂θ ∂z 
2 2
 ∂ur ∂u z  2  1 ∂ 1 ∂uθ ∂uz 
 ∂z + ∂r  − 3  r ∂r ( rur ) + r ∂θ + ∂z 

(C-2)

Boundary Conditions:

Boundary Conditions:

T = Ts at r = R0
∂T
= 0 at θ = 0
∂r
∂T
= 0 at θ = π
∂r
Problem 1.4 2nd Ed.. Consider the flow of an incompressible and constant-property fluid
parallel to an infinitely large flat surface. The flow field is two-dimensional. At wall suction of
fluid takes place at a uniform rate such that the fluid has a velocity equal to vs at y=0 . The
surface temperature is uniform at Ts. Far from the surface the fluid has a velocity of U∞ and a
temperature of T∞.

1. Prove that for all parameters to be independent of x we must have v=constant=vs

everywhere.
2. Simplify and solve the momentum equation in x direction, and derive an expression for
the velocity profile u(y).
3. Assuming that viscous dissipation is negligible, simplify and solve the energy equation
and derive an expression for the temperature profile.
4. Assume that the fluid is atmospheric air, and
vs  0.005 m / s; T  300 K ; Ts  320 K
Find the distance from the wall where u U   0.99 and T  Ts  T  Ts   0.99
 ?.o hto"^ l, VVA

Y-4
ll- -- a-qa, = Ve

ai y/,%, i. d,!.q(h.rr.
^-
Hontcr,,T*rry I

tc
a)

=D-
a otdL|s Od-Q, 'TL*
^l--c<|v-l-
|o^onl ,il.ilrh ;-
''%.
Cte +4L
e, ,W{L L --4
=
1t* Ct
=
o
{s'l/t

Vglar fLr- J;q = 17-= U.q

 = o( -

=> � =t- e
 3

F"- dt*
^,
?f- = LaG{1a ) = sra l(
f
V
= l,6z tg- ,"tz/,

ft =-O,oggwt23l.
€e. L{) 6-r',
,(t{)t € =o.i1a-t 1= o.ozleh4
Problem 1.7

The Navier-Stokes equation for an inviscid flow is:

DU

ρ = −∇P + Fbody (1)
Dt

The left side of this equation can be recast as:

 ∂U




DU 1 

ρ =ρ + ∇  U 2  − U × ∇ ×U 
2 
( ) (2)
Dt  ∂t 

Therefore:

 ∂U 


1
( )



ρ + ∇  U 2   = ρU × ∇ × U − ∇P + ρ g


(3)
 ∂t  2 

For irrotational flow, ∇ × U = 0 . Furthermore, for irrotational flow a velocity potential φ can be

defined so that,

U = ∇φ (4)

Combining Eqs. (3) and (4), and integrating between two arbitrary points i and j, gives:

j
 ∂φ 1 
ρ  + U 2  = Pi − Pj − ρ g ( z j − zi ) (5)
 ∂t 2  i
 � 2
r ., ( � &..t lf' J + -'y 2- u.d + �-
-:Je �
-o
2.x u ""' - cLJ
.....

M.o Mt.�t� ...... \ EtJ"- (Tl� 2 ).I (ts. ;J I ( �-4, 4

�

(C--1) 1 u�� 41.-.

� Cl�c.t �
- Ov-op �- cl��"'�
- rvy t 4-u... -z i.J l tL. x ( 4 t. � CK'�"-'- �
1'\d�r
8 0 IA. I'\. J... (l1''1 � d.JI i..r--,;,"1
Fc-,-�pt.� �..-.. t� t'"-
c .....,-Ct, .f c..eN.t� � d i,L.- °1' l�
Df i� en,-, tl--..
f-c., o � X � L J .:J. ...- : t >< j tA"-' � o < 4 ' 2:t\ �
T= � , U,.-:- tAs :- U ,r -:a
t'"' x=L , d �� � •"WA o< d ' '2.t'l
-=
7'x -=- f•
t.t�:: .... 'Ax :.o J - k� 'S

b) E1 · (' , "'-1'1' ,. c..1 •

,..,, .,__,� ""t �
...
/ ["' r: �
,�
-t u• 1.
r ,,
�&(..,. • w �u ...
,c � >c
I [ l,\ � � -t tA, -;)tA)C +U d �)t l -= - �
�V Y- �6 X ?>t .l :>>t +. f dx
(l

'3 OIA�J..�,rJ �
Dt fl� o< = t4.I,\- 1 .Ji. . �
L.

trr O � X <. L ,' a1. r = f )( a-11'1.A/ O < d S '2:tt -.

- (..(le � o{ -t �r � o<. -: 4
( n,._· � +t-- v.c..lo� �1'""-4'� tkAot
� f"-' P"-�JA.i.� -tr -ti- t IJL�J
t:. '1;

tw � = L/ � � l o (.8 � 1.11 i -

- k � :. 1,;
I

�x: O /

C) 'F,r-, Q...)( l- J )IM ""'l «..tr, c:. f,W '.

l • AI.J.. 8- ��,,...,wt- it.� dtrd.fp�
and although in many casesu, -= o
2. fr = '• -= � mlMZ" �,
transient and 3D
Problem 1.9: Solution 
y 
a)   g 
U0 
 

  Assume incompressible, constant‐property fluid, and assume the plate is infinitely large.   

The x‐momentum equation will them be, assuming laminar flow and negligible viscous 
dissipation: 

(1) 

  By virtue of being infinitely large, no x‐dependent terms will occur.  Also, 0, because finite 
   will not be consistent with the infinitely large plate assumption.  We end up with: 

        (2)   

   at  0 

   →0 as  → ∞ 

The solution to this p.d.e. is  

1 erf  

    (3) 
√

Where the error function is defined as: 

  erf    (4) 

| |  

  |   (5) 
√ √ √

The physical problem can thus be simplified as a fluid layer with thickness of √ , with linear 
velocity profile. 

 
 T∞ 
b)   y  q’’s 
  Ts 
 
For heat diffusion in a stagnant fluid, we have  
      (6) 
  Define  , then 
      (7) 

  At   0,   

  at  → ∞,  → 0 

  The solution will be  

    1 erf  ,    (8) 

√

  The wall heat flux will be found by writing, 

′
′′ | |  
′

    |   (9) 
√ √ √

  It is as if at any time   we deal with quasi‐steady conduction through a slab with a thickness of 
  √ . 

c) In this case, assuming that viscous dissipation is negligible, the governing equation and solutions 
will be exactly as before.  

 
 Problem 1.12

The thermal energy equation is:

Dh DP
ρ = ∇ ⋅ ( k ∇T ) + + µΦ (1)
Dt Dt

Also, from thermodynamics, for a pure substance

h = h (T , P )

 ∂h    ∂v  
  = v − T   
 ∂P T   ∂T  P 

Therefore

 ∂h   ∂h    ∂v  
dh =   dT +   d P = CP dT + v − T   dP
 ∂T T  ∂P  P   ∂T  P 

Equation (1) can then be cast as

DT T  ∂ρ  DP
ρ CP =   + ∇ ⋅ ( k ∇T ) + µ Φ
Dt ρ  ∂T  P Dt
ρv = 1
  1 
 ∂  
 ∂v    ρ   T  ∂ρ 
  = =− 2
 ∂T  P ∂T  ρ  ∂T  P
 
 P
∂ ln ρ ∂ ln ρ ∂ρ ∂T T  ∂ρ 
= =  
∂ ln T ∂ρ ∂T ∂ ln T ρ  ∂T 

Because ρ v = 1 , then we get

DT  ∂v  DP
ρ CP = ρT   + ∇ ⋅ ( k ∇T ) + µ Φ (2)
Dt  ∂T  P Dt

Also, since
   1 
 ∂  
 ∂v    ρ   = − 1  ∂ρ 
  =
 ∂T  P ∂T  ρ 2  ∂T  P
 
 P

Equation (2) can then be case as,

DT T  ∂ρ  DP
ρ CP =   + ∇ ⋅ ( k ∇T ) + µ Φ (3)
Dt ρ  ∂T  P Dt

Furthermore,

∂ ln ρ ∂ ln ρ ∂ρ ∂T T  ∂ρ 
= =   (4)
∂ ln T ∂ρ ∂T ∂ ln T ρ  ∂T 

Comparing Eq. (4) with the first term on the right hand side of Eq. (3), the problem has been solved.
Problem 1.13: Solution

  !"" #!
a)
 

=  ∭ 
+ ∑   − ∑   −
 − ∑$%
  !

&# = Number of boundary areas through which heat transfer takes place

b) Use the divergence theorem to write, for a control volume,

*+ ∙ &
' () *+-. = / ∇ ∙ ()
*+-

# 

*+
1+ ∙ & 1+
' . = / ∇ ∙ 3 4 

# 2  2

Substituting in the differential equation, and taking the limit of
 → 0, one gets

7 1+ 1


= *+- + ∇ ∙ 3 4 −
9: + ∇ ∙ ()
78 2 2

This equation can be rewritten as:

7 7 1+ 1

*+ *+
=  ; + ∇ ∙ ()-< +  ; + ) ∙ ∇< + ∇ ∙ 3 4 −
78 78 2 2

The first term on the right side vanishes because of the mass conservation principle. We then
get:

= 1+ 1


= +∇∙3 4−
=8 2 2
File:Problem 1.16.EES 7/2/2011 1:44:45 PM Page 1
EES Ver. 8.637: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

"Problem 1.16"
P=1.e5
T=300
M_L=18
M_CO2=44
m_CO2_L=25e-6
M_air=29
"Get mole fraction of CO2 in water"
X_CO2_L=(m_CO2_L/M_CO2)*M_L
"Air and water are at equilibrium. Therefore Henry's laww will determine the CO2 concentration in air."
"From Appendix I:"
C_He=1710e5
"Now:"
X_CO2_L*C_He=X_CO2_G*P
m_CO2_G=(X_CO2_G*M_CO2)/((X_CO2_G*M_CO2)+(1-X_CO2_G)*M_air)

Problem 1.16

P = 100000

T = 300

M L = 18

M CO2 = 44

m CO2,L = 0.000025

M air = 29

Get mole fraction of CO2 in water

m CO2,L
X CO2,L = · ML
M CO2

Air and water are at equilibrium. Therefore Henry's laww will determine the CO2 concentration in air.

From Appendix I:

8
C He = 1.71 x 10

Now:

X CO2,L · C He = X CO2,G · P

X CO2,G · M CO2
m CO2,G =
X CO2,G · M CO2 + 1 – X CO2,G · M air

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
CHe = 1.710E+08 Mair = 29 MCO2 = 44
mCO2,G = 0.0263 mCO2,L = 0.000025 ML = 18
P = 100000 T = 300 XCO2,G = 0.01749
File:Problem 1.16.EES 7/2/2011 1:44:45 PM Page 2
EES Ver. 8.637: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

XCO2,L = 0.00001023

No unit problems were detected.

File:Problem 1.20 First and 1.23 Second Ed.EES 2/19/2017 3:07:48 AM Page 1
EES Ver. 10.102: #1733: Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA

"Problem 1.20"
P=1.e5
T=320
M_L=18
M_Cl=35.46
m_Cl_L=50e-6
grad_m=100 "[1/m]"
"From Appendix J, at 298 K"
D_Cl_298=1.25e-9
mu_298=viscosity(water, P=P, T=298)
"To estimate D_Cl at 320 and 400 K temperatures, we cna use teh correlation of Wilke and Chang (1955), Eq. (1.5.24),
whereby
D_12 is proportional to mT/mu:"
mu_320=viscosity(water, P=P, T=320)
"For a temperature of 400 K, atmospheric pressure would result in boiling. Therefore, the pressure must be larger. The
effect of pressure on liquid water properties will be
small, however. Let us assume a pressure significantly larger than the saturation pressure of water at 400 K. Assume a
pressure of 3 bars."
P_400=3e5
mu_400=viscosity(water, P=P_400, T=400)
D_Cl_320/D_Cl_298=(320/mu_320)/(298/mu_298)
D_Cl_400/D_Cl_298=(400/mu_400)/(298/mu_298)
"Now calculate the diffusive mass fluxes."
m_DD_320=D_Cl_320*grad_m "[kg/m_2. s]"
m_DD_400=D_Cl_400*grad_m "[kg/m_2. s]"

SOLUTION
Unit Settings: SI K Pa J mass deg
DCl,298 = 1.250E-09 DCl,320 = 2.078E-09
DCl,400 = 6.856E-09 gradm = 100
298 = 0.0008936 320 = 0.0005773
400 = 0.0002187 MCl = 35.46
mCl,L = 0.00005 mDD,320 = 2.078E-07
mDD,400 = 6.856E-07 ML = 18
P = 100000 P400 = 300000
T = 320

3 potential unit problems were detected.

 1.21

- - - -

�._, ur�tt�_ �·--'J"----M...-_o_t;

__,_111:��fc__
· _-\-__�-----'-\-'--�--�
._�
::__ _____

- ----- - - -t-+--- --- -- -----------

- - -- a - -
A-ff�.

t(
� \l
--
-+- --- - - rst'�6
- r 1 s, �a � -- --- --� LI

-- --------r--------- ---------

,.
,.,, � ....�""'0"..,"""1l
-

R {. �
1
�-� ��; EJ .} � -
M t -= VVl t, 5
- ---
- - -
- - -- ---- - ·---

-- -------- �
; ti :

---¼4-- -- - ----