Eca 1 Lab 3

Electric Circuit Analysis I
CPE121
Lab Manual
Name MALIK MUHAMMAD HANZALA
Registration number FA20-BCE-039
Class BCE-1A
Instructor's Name Dr. Babar Mansoor
Lab 03: Resistor Combinations - Series and Parallel

LAB # 3-Resistor Combinations – Series and Parallel
Pre-Lab
Theory: Resistance in series

The circuit in which the current remains the same and the voltage is different across each resistor
is called a series circuit, as shown in Figure 3.1. In a series circuit the total resistance is the sum
of individual resistance values. If k number of resistors is connected in series then the equivalent
resistance Req is given by,
(3.1)
Or (3.2)
In Lab
Objectives
 Learn how to connect the resistors in series and parallel on breadboard.
 To measure the equivalent resistance of series and parallel combination of resistors using
digital multi-meter (DMM) and compare with its theoretical value.
 To verify that same amount of current flows through each series circuit element.
 To verify that equal voltage appears across each parallel circuit element.
Equipment Required
Resistors, DMM, Breadboard, DC Power Supply, Connecting wires
Knowledge Level
Before working on this lab, you should have a basic understanding of Ohm’s law and use of
DMM for resistance measurement.
Task (1)
Task 1. Take any three resistors of your choice.
Resistance values are marked onto the body of the
resistor using a series of colored bands. Find their
individual resistance values through color code
identification and record these in Table 3.2.
Task 2. Connect the three resistors in series as shown

in Figure 3.2.
Calculate the value of equivalent series resistance
Req and record the value in Table 3.2.
Figure 1: Resistors in Series
Task 3. Measure the equivalent resistance of the
circuit on breadboard using the Digital Multi-
meter (DMM) being set for resistance
measurement; and record the value in Table 3.2.
Do the measured and calculated equivalent
resistance values agree?
Task 4. Apply 5V across the terminals of the series

combination of three resistors on breadboard. The
terminals are circled and shown in Figure 3.2.
Task 5. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of

current iT is flowing in the circuit. Record this Figure 2: Resistors connected in series on the
value in Table 3.2. breadboard
Task 6. Use DMM being set as ammeter to measure the

value of total current iT is flowing through the
circuit as shown in Figure 3.3. Record the value in
Table 3.2. Do the measured and calculated current
values agree?
Task 7. Connect the ammeter in series with the first

resistor R1. The value would give the current I1
flowing through R1. Record the value of current in
Table 3.2. Similarly, connect the ammeter in series
with the remaining two resistors R2 and R3; and
record the I2 and I3 current values in Table 3.2. All these values should be same, which shows
that when connected in series, the resistors have
same amount of current flowing through them. Figure 3
Task 8. Create the circuits shown in figure 3.1 in LTSPICE. Simulate the circuit and observe all
the branch voltages and currents. Record the values mentioned in measurement tables.
Resistances in parallel
In a parallel circuit voltage across all the resistors remains the same and the supply current or
total current is the sum of the individual currents in different parallel paths. The sum of the
reciprocal of parallel resistances connected in the circuit is equal to the reciprocal of the
equivalent resistance connected in the circuit. If k number of resistors is connected in parallel
then the equivalent resistance Req is given by,
(3.3)
Value of R1 (Ω) Value of R2 (Ω) Value of R3 (Ω) Req calculated(Ω) Req measured(Ω)
1k 4.7k 10k 15.7k/15700
iT (mA) iT (mA)
V1 (V) measured V2 (V) measured V3 (V) measured
calculated measured
0.318
iT (mA) V1 (V) V2 (V) V3 (V)
Simulated Simulated Simulated Simulated
0.318 5V 4.68153V 3.18471V
Table 3.1
Task(2)
Task 1. Take any three resistors of your choice. Find
their individual resistance values through color
code identification and record these in Table 3.3.
Task 2. Connect the three resistors in parallel as shown

in Figure 3.5.
Task 3. Calculate the value of equivalent parallel Figure 4: Resistors in Parallel

resistance Req and record the value in Table 3.3.
Task 4. Measure the equivalent resistance of the circuit

on breadboard using the Digital Multi-meter
(DMM) being set for resistance measurement; and
record the value in Table 3.3. Do the measured and
calculated equivalent resistance values agree?
Task 5. Apply 5V across the terminals of the parallel

combination of three resistors on breadboard. The
terminals are circled and shown in Figure 3.5.
Task 6. Use DMM being set as voltmeter to measure the Figure 5: Resistors connected in parallel
voltages across the three resistors. Record the values on breadboard
in Table 3.3. All these values should be equal to the
supply voltage. Do the individual resistor voltages is
equal to the supply voltage?
Task 7. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the total amount of

current iT is flowing in the circuit. Record this value
in Table 3.3.
Task 8. Connect the ammeter in series with the parallel

combination of resistors to measure the total current
flowing through the circuit, as shown in Figure 3.6.
The value would give the current iT is flowing
through equivalent parallel resistance. Record the
value of current in Table 3.3.
Figure 6: Ammeter connected to measure
Task 9.Create the circuits shown in figure 3.4 in the total current flowing in the circuit
LTSPICE. Simulate the circuit and observe all the
branch voltages and currents. Record the values
mentioned in measurement tables.
Measurement Tables:
Req Req (Ω)

Value of R1 (Ω) Value of R2 (Ω) Value of R3 (Ω)
calculated(Ω) measured
1k 4.7k 10k 761.75040
iT (mA) iT (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)

calculated measured measured measured measured
6.56
I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)

iT (mA) Simulated
Simulated Simulated Simulated
6.56 5 1.06383 0.5
Table 3.2
Post lab
Questions
1. Assume that you have a 100 Ω resistor. You want to add a resistor in series with this
100 Ω resistor in order to limit the current to 0.5 amps when 110 volts is placed across
the two resistors in series. How much resistance should you use?
ANSWER:
V1= IR
= (0.5) (100) (as current is same in series i.e. 0.5)
V1= 50V
V2 = 110-50 = 60V
R2=V2/I= 60V/0.5A=120ohms
R2=120 Ω
2. Identify the resistances pairs that are in parallel in the following circuit:
ANSWER:
By using the folowng statement we can easily find which resistor are in parallel;
“Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two
nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.”
These resistors are in parallel:
1. 3ohms and 10ohms (connected at D and R node)
2. 2ohms and 2ohms (connected at N and R node)
Because they are connected to same two nodes and they also have the same
voltage across them.
3. What is the equivalent resistance of the following resistance combinate?
ANSWER:
To get Req we combine resistors in series and in parallel.
The 4- Ω and 6-Ωresistors are in parallel, so their equivalent resistance is:
4Ω || 6 Ω =4x6/4+6=24/10 =2.4Ω
We notice that2.4- Ω and 6Ω - resistors are in series so equivalent resistance is:
2.4Ω +6Ω =8.4Ω
The 4- Ω and 2- Ω resistors are also in sires are in series so:
2Ω +4Ω = 6Ω
Then 6- Ω and 8- Ω resistors are in parallel they become:
6x8/6+8= 3.42Ω
The 3.43- Ω and 8- Ω resistors are in series, so their equivalent resistance is:
3.42Ω +8Ω =11.42Ω
The 11.42- Ω &8.4- Ω resistors are in parallel so their equivalent resistance is:
Req=11.42x8.4/11.42+8.4=4.84Ω
Req will be 4.84Ω
Critical Analysis / Conclusion

We have done two tasks in this lab:
In both the tasks we took three resistors and measured the equivalent resistance on a
bread board using (DMM digital multi-meter) being set for resistance. Then we
applied 5V across the terminals of the series combination of three resistors on
breadboard. Then we used ohms law to find total amount of current.
We created the circuits and recorded the values in tables.
Lab Assessment
Pre-Lab /5
Performance /5
Results /5 /25
Viva /5
Critical Analysis /5
Instructor Signature and Comments


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Eca 1 Lab 3

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Electric Circuit Analysis I

Name MALIK MUHAMMAD HANZALA

Registration number FA20-BCE-039

Instructor's Name Dr. Babar Mansoor

Lab 03: Resistor Combinations - Series and Parallel

Theory: Resistance in series

Task 2. Connect the three resistors in series as shown

Task 4. Apply 5V across the terminals of the series

Task 5. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the value of

Task 6. Use DMM being set as ammeter to measure the

Task 7. Connect the ammeter in series with the first

1k 4.7k 10k 15.7k/15700

iT (mA) V1 (V) V2 (V) V3 (V)

Simulated Simulated Simulated Simulated

0.318 5V 4.68153V 3.18471V

Task 2. Connect the three resistors in parallel as shown

Task 3. Calculate the value of equivalent parallel Figure 4: Resistors in Parallel

Task 4. Measure the equivalent resistance of the circuit

Task 5. Apply 5V across the terminals of the parallel

Task 7. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the total amount of

Task 8. Connect the ammeter in series with the parallel

Req Req (Ω)

1k 4.7k 10k 761.75040

iT (mA) iT (mA) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)

I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)

6.56 5 1.06383 0.5

= (0.5) (100) (as current is same in series i.e. 0.5)

These resistors are in parallel:

1. 3ohms and 10ohms (connected at D and R node)

2. 2ohms and 2ohms (connected at N and R node)

Critical Analysis / Conclusion

Instructor Signature and Comments

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