PHYSICS LABORATORY REPORT

OHM’S LAW

Muhammad
Raihan sunaryo
2602130211

BINUS-ASO SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

AUTOMOTIVE AND ROBOTICS ENGINEERING
4TH November 2022
 EXPERIMENT
OHM’S LAW

I. OBJECTIVE
At the end of this topic students can understand and explain:
• Relationship between voltage and current

II. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this experiment is to verify Ohm’s Law. The equivalent resistance of
series/parallel circuits is also examined. This may be performed as a single lab or two short
stand-alone labs.

In metals and some other materials (in particular, commercially manufactured resistors),
one finds experimentally that the voltage drop, V, across the material is directly
proportional to the current, I, through the material (provided the temperature remains
relatively constant):

VI

which is referred to as Ohm’s Law. It is convenient to define a proportionality constant

called the resistance (unit: Ohm [Ω] = V/A) such that

V = IR (1)

A resistor generally means a device that obeys Ohm’s Law (many devices do not) and has
a resistance R. Two (or more) resistors can be connected in series (as in Figure 1), or in
parallel (as in Figure 2). Resistors could also be connected in a series/parallel circuit like
Figure 3. An equivalent resistor is a single resistor that could replace a more complex
circuit and produce the same total current when the same total voltage is applied. For a
series circuit, the resistances are additive:

Req = R1 + R2 (2)
where Req is the equivalent resistance. For a parallel circuit, the resistances add as
reciprocals

1 1 1
= + (3)
Req R1 R2

A more complex circuit like Figure 3 can be handled by noting that R1 and R2 are in parallel
and can be reduced to an equivalent resistance using Equation 3. That equivalent resistance
is then in series with R3 and can be treated using Equation 2 to find the equivalent
resistance of the entire series/parallel circuit.

Figure 1: Series Figure 2: Parallel Figure 3: Series/Parallel

III. EQUIPMENT
A. Included
No Quantity Name Code
1 1 Resistive/Capacitive/Inductive Network UI - 5210
1 1 Short Patch Cords (Set of 8) SE - 7123

B. Not Included, but Required

No Quantity Name Code
1 1 850 Universal Interface UI - 5000
1 1 PASCO Capstone

IV. OHM’S LAW

A. Procedure / Setup

Figure 4: Ohm’s Law Setup

1. Setup the circuit shown in Figure 4 using the 3.3 kΩ resistor.

2. In PASCO Capstone, open the Hardware Setup and click on Signal Generator #1
and select the Output Voltage Current Sensor. Set the Common Sample Rate to
100 Hz.
3. Click open the Signal Generator at the left of the screen. Set Output 1 for a DC
Waveform with a DC Voltage of 1V. Click On.

4. Open the Calculator and create the following calculations:

• Iavg = avg [(Output Current)] * 1000 Units of mA

• True Current = [Measured Current] - [Zero Current] Units of mA

5. Create two digits displays and select the Output Voltage and the Average Current.

6. Create a table with four columns: Create user-entered data sets called “Voltage”
with units of V, “Zero Current” with units of mA, and “Measured Current” with
units of mA. In the fourth column, select the calculation “True Current”.

7. The 850 Universal Interface can read currents with a resolution of about 0.01 mA.
However, this is a small current and the instantaneous value fluctuates quite a bit.
Fortunately, by taking an average over several seconds, we get a value with a
precision of 0.01 - 0.02 mA. However, the noise can produce a systematic error up
to about 5 mA with a variation across the range of almost 1 mA, so we must
calibrate the system to get accurate values (± 0.1 mA due to variation in zero noise).
 8. Calibration Run: Unplug the red lead from the 850 Universal Interface. The current
should now be zero for all voltage, but is not. Click RECORD. Wait a few seconds
until the Average current reading stop drifting. Record the Average Current value
in the Zero Current column of Table I. If the Actual Voltage is different from the
Voltage shown in the first column of the table, change the table to match the actual
voltage. Click STOP.

9. Change the Signal Generator to 3V and repeat step 4. Repeat again for voltages of
6 V, 9 V, 12 V, & 15 V.

10. Set the Signal Generator back to 1 V.

11. Experiment Run: plug the red lead back into the 850 Output 1 jack. Repeat steps 4
& 5 except record the values for Average current in the Measured Current column.
The True Current is the difference between the Measured Current and the Zero
Current.

12. Turn off the Signal Generator.

B. Analysis
1. Create a graph of Voltage (user-entered data) vs. True Current
2. Select a Linear fit

3. Open the properties on the graph and select to show horizontal error bars for a fixed
range of ± 0.1 mA. This is the uncertainty in the True Current which was achieved
by calibrating the system. The uncertainty in the Voltage is much too small to
show.

4. The uncertainties in the slope and intercept arise from the spread of the data points
but do not include the uncertainty in the True Current. This means that the quoted
uncertainties are too small. You can get a good approximation to the actual
uncertainties in slope and intercept (without elaborate math) by holding a
 transparent ruler up to the screen (or printing off the graph) and seeing how much
you can vary the slope and intercept with a straight line that still fits the data
(including error bars) reasonably well.

C. Conclusion
1. How well does your data support Ohm’s Law? Explain fully!

From This data it show’s us that it support ohm’s law but, if we make a graphic of it, it
show almost linear because there is a problem in the measurement machine that cause
the graph is not perfectly linear

2. What is the physical meaning of the slope of the Linear Fit to the data on the Ohm’s
Law graph? Hint: What are the units of the slope?

The meaning of the slope of the of the linear fit to data ohm’s law graph are the
resistance value of the resistance between the conductor, as you can see From
the formula V = I . R we can turn the formula into R = V/I so that we can
conclude that the line of the graph symbolize the value of the resistance (Ω)
V. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
A. Equivalent Circuit Setup
 Figure 1: Series
Figure
2: Parallel Figure 3: Series/Parallel

Figure 5: Series
Figure 6: Parallel Figure 7: Series/Parallel

B. Equivalent Resistance
1. Create two tables: “Resistor”, “Resistance”, “Circuit”, and “Theory Resistance” are
user - entered data sets.
 2. Resistor Check (Optional): The resistors on the UI-5210 circuit board are accurate
to within ±5%. This can be improved substantially if a multimeter is available.
These will generally measure resistance ±1%.

a. Disconnect all the wires from the circuit board.

b. Use a multimeter (if available) to measure the resistance of resistors R2, R3,
& R4 on the circuit board. Enter the values in Table II.

3. Theory Resistance: Using Equivalent Circuits and the values for the resistors from
Table II, calculate the equivalent resistance for each of the three circuits shown on
the previous page. Enter the values in the Theory Resistance column of Table III.

C. Equivalent Circuit Procedure

1. Create a new table: Select “Circuit” for the first column. Except for the calculations
“True Cur” and “% Diff”, the rest of the columns are all user-entered data sets.

Open the calculator and make the calculations:

• True Cur = [Av. Current] - [Zero Cur.] Units of mA
• % Diff = 100*([Exp. Resist] - [Theory Resistance]) / [Theory Resistance]
 2. Click open the Signal Generator. Set Output 1 for a DC waveform with a DC
Voltage of 15 V. Click On. Close the Signal Generator panel.

3. Calibrate Check: With nothing attached to Output 1 of the 850 Universal Interface,
click RECORD and record until the Average Current stops changing (a few
seconds). Record the value of the Average Current in the Zero Cur. column of the
Table IV. Enter the same value in each of the three rows. If the Output 1 Voltage
reading is different from 15.00 V, enter the value in column 1, replacing the 15.00
values.

4. Set up the circuit shown in Figures 1 & 5.

5. Click RECORD and record until the Average Current stops changing. Record the
value of the Average Current in the Av. Current column of Table IV. “True Cur” =
“Av. Current” – “Zero Current”.

6. Using the “True Cur” values and Equation 1 from Theory, calculate the total
resistance (experimental) of the circuit. Enter the value in the Exp. Resist. column
of the table.

7. Set up the circuit shown in Figures 2 & 6. Repeat steps 5 & 6.

8. Set up the circuit shown in Figures 3 & 7. Repeat steps 5 & 6.

D. Equivalent Circuit Conclusion

1. How well does the method of equivalent circuits work?
From the experiment of the parallel series we got some error that cause the percentage
of the different is above 50% wich is 80.26% so the methode is not going well, the
problem of this high percentage different is maybe because of the measurement
equipment that have some error of measuring the value of the data that cause the
data error.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
From my conclution, the ohm’s law was proven accurate but in some cases they may
have some data error because the man that measure and input the data have some mistake
that cause human error ,but in my case there is no human error the problem in our
experiment are the measurement machine that have some inaccurate measurement that
cause the data to be not accurate .
VII. REFERENCES
PASCO Scientific. [Online]. Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide for the PASCO
scientific model for Ohm’s model experiment
https://d2n0lz049icia2.cloudfront.net/product_document/EX-5535-Ohms-Law.zip

VIII. APPENDICES