This document describes an experiment using op-amps to demonstrate inverting, differentiating, and integrating circuits. The inverting op-amp circuit was tested at gains of -1, -10, and -100. Simulation results closely matched physical measurements. The differentiating circuit converted a triangular wave input to a square wave output. The integrating circuit was designed to convert a square wave input to a triangular wave output, though distortion occurred at high input voltages which was resolved by lowering the input voltage.
This document describes an experiment using op-amps to demonstrate inverting, differentiating, and integrating circuits. The inverting op-amp circuit was tested at gains of -1, -10, and -100. Simulation results closely matched physical measurements. The differentiating circuit converted a triangular wave input to a square wave output. The integrating circuit was designed to convert a square wave input to a triangular wave output, though distortion occurred at high input voltages which was resolved by lowering the input voltage.
This document describes an experiment using op-amps to demonstrate inverting, differentiating, and integrating circuits. The inverting op-amp circuit was tested at gains of -1, -10, and -100. Simulation results closely matched physical measurements. The differentiating circuit converted a triangular wave input to a square wave output. The integrating circuit was designed to convert a square wave input to a triangular wave output, though distortion occurred at high input voltages which was resolved by lowering the input voltage.
This document describes an experiment using op-amps to demonstrate inverting, differentiating, and integrating circuits. The inverting op-amp circuit was tested at gains of -1, -10, and -100. Simulation results closely matched physical measurements. The differentiating circuit converted a triangular wave input to a square wave output. The integrating circuit was designed to convert a square wave input to a triangular wave output, though distortion occurred at high input voltages which was resolved by lowering the input voltage.
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Op-Amps Applications 1
Op-Amp Circuits Zack Phillips and Jenna Rock
gain circuits are located in Figures 5, 6, and 7. For Figures 2,
Abstract—This lab illustrates the function of an inverting, 3, and 4 the input is shown in red and the output is shown in differentiating, and integrating Op-Amp circuit. green.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HIS lab demonstrates the operation characteristics of an
inverting, differentiating, and integrating Op-Amp circuit. The frequency effects of these Op-Amps are also analyzed.
II. PROCEDURE A. Equations The equations used for the lab preparation were as follows: Rf 1. Av = − RA Figure 2: Gain of -1 −1 2. Vo = sR1C2 1 1 R1C 2 ∫0 3. Vo = VC − v1(t ' )dt '
These equations provided values to compare the simulation
and hands-on measurements to.
B. Inverting Op-Amp Circuit.
Figure 3: Gain of -10 The circuit shown in Figure 1 was the circuit used to build the inverting amplifier. The tool used to simulate the circuit was National Instrument’s Multisim software package. 3 7 1 5 U1 0 R3 2 3
Figure 1: Inverting Op-Amp The inverting Op-Amp circuit in Figure 1 was designed and tested with three different gains. The first gain was -1, the second was -10, and the last was -100. The corner frequencies for each circuit were calculated and recorded in Table 1. The resistor values for each gain are also located in Table 1. A plot of the gain for the -1, -10, and -100 are located in Figures, Figure 5: Bode plot for gain of -1 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Bode plots for the -1, -10, and -100 Op-Amps Applications 2
Figure 6: Bode plot for gain of -10
Figure 7: Bode plot for gain of -100 Figure 10: Gain of -100 As expected, the values for the computer simulation closely Gain -1 -10 -100 followed the results of the physical circuit. In order to be able Rf 1KΩ 1KΩ 1KΩ to see all of the output for Figure 9, the setting had to be Ra 1KΩ 10KΩ 100KΩ altered slightly. The input was one volt per division, but the Corner 488.6KHz 1.273MHz 1.394MHz output was set to five volts per division. Theses were the same Freq. settings for Figure 10. To get a non clipped wave form on the - Table 1: Inverting Op-Amp Values 100 gain circuit shown in Figure 10, the input voltage had to The output plots of the physically built circuits are be decreased 0.1 V. contained in Figures 8, 9, and 10. C. Differentiating Op-Amp Circuit. A differentiating Op-Amp was constructed that accepts a triangular wave and outputs a square wave. The differentiating Op-Amp circuit is located in Figure 11. VCC 15V
VCC
0 R2 7 1 5 U1 3 1kΩ 3
6 C1 1 2 XFG1 4.7nF Vin 4 741 R1 Vout 1kΩ 0 VDD Figure 8: Gain of -1
VDD -15V Figure 11: Differentiating Op-Amp.
The output plot generated by the simulation is located in
Figure 12, and the physical circuit output is located in figure 13. For Figure 12, the input is shown in red and the output is shown in green.
Figure 9: Gain of -10
Figure 12: Differentiator Simulation Output
Op-Amps Applications 3
Figure 16: Integrator Circuit Output
Figure 13: Physical Differentiator Output. As shown in the results of the physical circuit, the given parameters of a 10V peak to peak square wave causes a D. Integrating Op-Amp. distortion in the top of the output triangular wave. To fix this An integrating Op-Amp was designed such that an input problem, the input voltage was reduced to 1V peak to peak. square wave was converted to a triangular wave. The This drop in voltage resolved the distortion issue, and the new integrating Op-Amp circuit is located in Figure 14. output is shown in Figure 17.
VCC 15V
VCC
0 R2 7 1 5 U1 3 1kΩ 3
6 R1 1 2 XFG1 1kΩ Vin 4 741 C1 Vout 0 VDD 4.7nF
Figure 17: Corrected circuit output.
VDD -15V Figure 14: Integrating Op-Amp circuit
The output from the computer simulation is located in III. CONCLUSION
Figure 15, and the physical circuit output is located in Figure This lab demonstrated how versatile the Op-Amp can be. It 16. For Figure 15, the input is shown in green and the output is also showed how accurately a computer simulation tool can shown in red. model the operation of real-world Op-Amp circuits.
