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    Lap Thermo: Pilot Plant Lab. in Chemical Engineering Department Level. 3rd Class

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    Muntazer Qasim
    The document summarizes a lab experiment on vapor-liquid equilibrium for azeotropic mixtures conducted by 4 students. The objective was to sketch the composition of mixtures in liquid and vapor phases to determine the lower boiling point. The theory discussed azeotropes, which are mixtures that cannot be separated by simple distillation as the vapor and liquid compositions remain the same. Tables show experimental data on temperature and compositions at different benzene concentrations. The discussion covers how azeotropes can be separated using a third component, definitions of maximum and minimum boiling azeotropes, and the differences between azeotropic and extractive distillation. References for further reading are also provided.

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    Lap Thermo: Pilot Plant Lab. in Chemical Engineering Department Level. 3rd Class

    Uploaded by

    Muntazer Qasim
    22 views4 pages
    The document summarizes a lab experiment on vapor-liquid equilibrium for azeotropic mixtures conducted by 4 students. The objective was to sketch the composition of mixtures in liquid and vapor phases to determine the lower boiling point. The theory discussed azeotropes, which are mixtures that cannot be separated by simple distillation as the vapor and liquid compositions remain the same. Tables show experimental data on temperature and compositions at different benzene concentrations. The discussion covers how azeotropes can be separated using a third component, definitions of maximum and minimum boiling azeotropes, and the differences between azeotropic and extractive distillation. References for further reading are also provided.

    Original Title

    Vapor -liquid

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    The document summarizes a lab experiment on vapor-liquid equilibrium for azeotropic mixtures conducted by 4 students. The objective was to sketch the composition of mixtures in liquid and vapor phases to determine the lower boiling point. The theory discussed azeotropes, which are mixtures that cannot be separated by simple distillation as the vapor and liquid compositions remain the same. Tables show experimental data on temperature and compositions at different benzene concentrations. The discussion covers how azeotropes can be separated using a third component, definitions of maximum and minimum boiling azeotropes, and the differences between azeotropic and extractive distillation. References for further reading are also provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views4 pages

    Lap Thermo: Pilot Plant Lab. in Chemical Engineering Department Level. 3rd Class

    Uploaded by

    Muntazer Qasim
    The document summarizes a lab experiment on vapor-liquid equilibrium for azeotropic mixtures conducted by 4 students. The objective was to sketch the composition of mixtures in liquid and vapor phases to determine the lower boiling point. The theory discussed azeotropes, which are mixtures that cannot be separated by simple distillation as the vapor and liquid compositions remain the same. Tables show experimental data on temperature and compositions at different benzene concentrations. The discussion covers how azeotropes can be separated using a third component, definitions of maximum and minimum boiling azeotropes, and the differences between azeotropic and extractive distillation. References for further reading are also provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Pilot Plant Lab.

    In Chemical Engineering
    Department
    Level. 3rd Class

    Branch:Refinery.
    Stage:Third.
    Study:morning.
    Date:2021/1/19
    Lap Thermo
    (Vapor -liquid equilibrium for azeotropic mixtures)
    By:-
    1-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‬
    2-‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ‬
    3-‫ﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﻤﺰه‬
    4-‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﻼم‬

    Objective:-
    -Sketch the known composition which consist of the mixture in the liquid and vapor
    phases to determination less boiling point for mixture.

    Theory:-
    An azeotropes or a constant boiling point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids
    whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens
    because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapour has the same proportions of
    constituents as the unboiled mixture. Because their composition is unchanged by
    distillation, azeotropes are also called (especially in older texts) constant boiling
    point mixtures.
    Some azeotropic mixtures of pairs of compounds are known, and many azeotropes of
    three or more compounds are also known.
    In such a case it is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
    There are two types of azeotropes: minimum boiling azeotrope and maximum boiling
    azeotrope. A solution that shows greater positive deviation from Raoult's law forms a
    minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. For example, an ethanol–
    water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) on fractional distillation yields a
    solution containing at most 97.2% by volume of ethanol. Once this composition has
    been achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further
    separation occurs. A solution that shows large negative deviation from Raoult's
    law forms a maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. Nitric
    acid and water is an example of this class of azeotrope. This azeotrope has an
    approximate composition of 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass, with a boiling
    point of 393.5 K (120.4 °C).

    Tables:-
    Vbenzen ml Tc o R . Iliquid R . Ivap XBZ liquid XBZ vap
    0 81 1.366 1.373 0.02 0.06
    4 75 1.385 1.408 0.1 0.27
    8 71 1.415 1.435 0.21 0.41
    12 70 1.445 1.450 0.24 0.5

    Discussion:-
    1-How do you separate azeotropic mixtures?
    -Azeotropic distillation is the use of a third component to separate two close-boiling
    components. This is done by means of the formation of an azeotropic mixture
    between one of the original components and the third to increase the difference in the
    boiling points and facilitate separation by distillation.

    2-What is maximum boiling azeotrope?


    -Maximum boiling azeotropes are those which boil at a higher temperature than the
    boiling point of each component in a pure state, e.g., 68 % nitric acid and 32 % water
    by mass.

    3-Can Azeotropes be separated by distillation?


    -Azeotropes have the same composition in both the liquid and vapour phase. ...
    Fractional distillation depends on difference in boiling points, which is not seen on
    azeotropes. So it can 't be used for separation.

    4-What is difference between azeotropic and extractive


    distillation?
    -Azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation are two important types of
    distillation. The difference between azeotropic and extractive distillation is that the
    formation of an azeotrope is required to separate the components of a mixture
    whereas, in extractive distillation, no azeotrope formation takes place.

    Reference:-
    1.Carol Kendall (2004). "Fundamentals of Stable
    Isotope Geochemistry". USGS. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

    2.Blundell, Stephen J.; Katherine M. Blundell


    (2008). Concepts in Thermal Physics. Oxford University
    Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856770-7

    3.Faghri, A., and Zhang, Y., Transport Phenomena in


    Multiphase Systems, Elsevier, Burlington, MA, 2006,

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