Physics Discussion.

7/12/2021
Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I
Universal Gravitation
This equation describes the force between any two objects in the universe:
𝑀𝑚
𝐹=𝐺
𝑟
where:
F - force of gravity/attraction
G - Gravitational constant of the universe
.
G = 6.67428 𝑥 10 𝑜𝑟
.
M – Mass of one object
m – Mass of the other object
r – Distance between the two objects

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𝑾 𝒉
𝑾
𝑹𝑬 𝑹𝑬 + 𝒉
𝑭 𝑭
When an object is on Earth’s When an object is above Earth’s Using eq. 1 & eq. 2:
surface: surface: Gravitation acceleration, g’ 𝑔𝑅 = 𝑔′(𝑅 + ℎ)
𝐹=𝐺 𝐹=𝐺 𝑔𝑅
( ) 𝑔 =
(𝑅 +ℎ)
𝑊 = 𝐹, 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑊 = 𝐹, 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔’
𝑚𝑔 = 𝐺 𝑚𝑔′ = 𝐺
( )
𝐺𝑀 = 𝑔𝑅 ← 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑔′(𝑅 + ℎ) ← 𝑒𝑞. 2
𝐺𝑀 = 𝑔𝑅 ← 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝐺𝑀 ′ = 𝑔′(𝑅 − ℎ) ← 𝑒𝑞. 4
𝒉
𝜌= ; 𝑀 = 𝜌 𝑉 ; 𝐺𝜌 𝑉 = 𝑔𝑅 𝐺𝜌 𝑉 ′ = 𝑔′(𝑅 − ℎ)
𝑹𝑬
𝑾
𝐺𝜌 𝜋 𝑅 −ℎ = 𝑔′(𝑅 − ℎ) 𝑹𝑬 − 𝒉
𝐺𝜌 𝜋𝑅 = 𝑔𝑅 𝑭
𝐺𝜌 𝜋(𝑅 − ℎ) = 𝑔 ← 𝑒𝑞. 5
𝐺𝜌 𝜋𝑅 = 𝑔 ← 𝑒𝑞. 3
When an object is below Earth’s surface: Use eq.5 & eq. 3: Divide
Gravitation acceleration, g 𝐺𝜌 𝜋(𝑅 − ℎ) = 𝑔

𝐹=𝐺 𝑰𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉, 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
( ) 𝐺𝜌 𝜋𝑅 =𝑔
𝑊 = 𝐹, 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
=
𝑚𝑔′ = 𝐺
( ) 𝑔(𝑅 − ℎ)
𝑔 =
𝐺𝑀 ′ = 𝑔′(𝑅 − ℎ) ← 𝑒𝑞. 4 𝑅

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1. The Earth has a mass of 5.972 x 1024 kg and the Moon has a mass of 7.348 x 1024 kg. The
distance between them is 3.844 x 108 m. What is the force of gravity between the Earth
and the Moon?
Required: Force of gravity, F

Solution:
𝑀𝑚
𝐹=𝐺
𝑟
𝑁. 𝑚 7.348 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔 5.972 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 6.67428 𝑥10
𝑘𝑔 3.844 𝑥 10 𝑚
𝟐𝟐
𝐹 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝑵
Situation 1. A man decided to do experiments on how gravitational acceleration changes with

respect to his location. Suppose the radius of the earth is 6,371 km.
2. Calculate the gravitational acceleration when he is 13,500 m above the surface of the earth.
Required: Gravitational acceleration, g’

Solution:
𝑔𝑅
𝑔 =
(𝑅 +ℎ)
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 6,371 𝑘𝑚
𝑔 =
6,371 𝑘𝑚 + 13.5 𝑘𝑚
𝑔 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟔 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

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Situation 1. A man decided to do experiments on how gravitational acceleration changes with

respect to his location. Suppose the radius of the earth is 6,371 km.
3. Calculate the gravitational acceleration when he is 50,000 m below the surface of the earth.
Required: Gravitational acceleration, g’

Solution:
ℎ
𝑔 =𝑔 1−
𝑅
50 𝑘𝑚
𝑔 = (9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 ) 1 −
6,371 𝑘𝑚
𝑔 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟑𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Coulomb’s Law
It is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which
stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other. In its
scalar form, the law is:
𝑞 𝑞
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟
where:
F – Attractive/Repulsive force
k – Coulomb’s constant
k = 8.99 x 109 N m2 C-2
r – Distance between the charges
q1 & q2 – signed magnitudes of the charges

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4. The force between two identical charges separated by 1.2 cm is equal to 100 N. What is
the magnitude of the two charges?
Required: Magnitude, q
Solution:
𝑞 𝑞
𝐹=𝑘 ; 𝑞 =𝑞
𝑟
𝑞
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟
𝐹𝑟 100𝑁 0.012 𝑚
𝑞 = =
𝑘 8.99 𝑥 10 N m2 C−2
𝑞 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝑪
5. Two neutrally charged bodies are separated by 2 cm. Electrons are removed from one
body and placed on the second body until a force of 1.13 x 10-6 N is generated between
them. How many electrons were transferred between the bodies? (Charge of a single
electron, e = 1.62 x 10-19 C)
Required: Number of Electrons, N

Solution:
𝑞 𝑞
𝐹=𝑘 ; 𝑞 =𝑞
𝑟
𝐹𝑟 1.13 𝑥 10 𝑁 0.02
𝑞 = =
𝑘 8.99 𝑥 10 N m2 C−2
𝑞 = 2.2423 𝑥 10 𝐶 ← 𝑆𝑇𝑂𝑅𝐸
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑒𝑁
2.2423 𝑥 10 𝐶
𝑁=
1.62 x 10−19 C
𝑁 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟖𝟒, 𝟏𝟐𝟏, 𝟗𝟓𝟑 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔

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Kepler’s Three Law

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2 𝑇
𝑟
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1
𝑟
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑇
Kepler’s First Law (The Law of Ellipses)

The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus.
Kepler’s Second Law (The Law of Equal Areas)
An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal
intervals of time.
Kepler’s Third Law (The Law of Harmonies)
The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average
distances from the sun.
6. A geostationary orbit is a circular orbit directly above the Earth’s equator approximately 36,000 km
above the ground. Any point on the equator plane revolves about the Earth in the same direction
and with the same period as the Earth’s rotation. The period of the satellite is one day or
approximately 24 hours. Use Me = 5.9742 x 1024 kg and Re = 6,371 km. Find the velocity of the
satellite in orbit.
Required: Velocity of the satellite, v

Solution:
𝐹
𝐹 − 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠)
𝐹 − 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝐹 =𝐹 𝐹 𝑣
Due to gravitational pull of the Earth: 𝐹 𝑎
𝑀 𝑚
𝐹=𝐺 &𝐹 =𝑚 𝑎
𝑅
∴𝐹=𝐹
𝑀 𝑚 𝑣
𝐺 =𝑚
𝑅 𝑅
𝐺𝑀
𝑣=
𝑅

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6. A geostationary orbit is a circular orbit directly above the Earth’s equator approximately 36,000 km
above the ground. Any point on the equator plane revolves about the Earth in the same direction
and with the same period as the Earth’s rotation. The period of the satellite is one day or
approximately 24 hours. Use Me = 5.9742 x 1024 kg and Re = 6,371 km. Find the velocity of the
satellite in orbit.
Required: Velocity of the satellite, v

Solution: 𝐹
𝐺𝑀
𝑣=
𝑅 𝐹 𝑣
𝑁. 𝑚 𝐹 𝑎
6.67428 𝑥10 (5.9742 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑘𝑔
𝑣=
(6,371 𝑘𝑚 + 36,000 𝑘𝑚) 10
𝑣 = 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
7. Human-made satellites typically orbits at heights of 400 miles from the surface of the
Earth (about 640 kilometers, or 6.4 x 105 meters) and Re = 6,371 km. What is the velocity
of such a satellite?
Required: Velocity of satellite, v

Solution: 𝐹
𝐺𝑀
𝑣=
𝑅 𝐹 𝑣
𝑁. 𝑚 𝐹 𝑎
6.67428 𝑥10 (5.9742 𝑥 10 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑘𝑔
𝑣=
(6,371 𝑘𝑚 + 640 𝑘𝑚) 10
𝑣 = 𝟕𝟓𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟐 𝒎/𝒔

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8. Two objects A and B do circular motion with constant tangential speeds. Object A has
mass 2m and radius R and object B has mass 3m and radius 2R. If the centripetal forces of
these objects are the same, find the ratio of the tangential speed of these objects.
𝒗𝑨
Required:
𝒗𝑩 𝑣
Solution: 𝐵
𝐹 𝐴 = 𝐹 (𝐵) 3𝑚 𝐴
𝑚 𝑎 =𝑚 𝑎 2𝑚
𝑣 𝑣 2𝑅
2𝑚 = 3𝑚 𝑣
𝑅 2𝑅
𝑅
𝑣 3 𝑣 3
= → =
𝑣 4 𝑣 4
𝑣 𝟑
=
𝑣 𝟐
9. A car makes a turn on a curve of having radius 10m. If the car does not slide, find the
tangential velocity of it. (Coefficient of friction between the road and the tires of the car is
0.21)
Required: Tangential Velocity, v

Solution:
𝑓=𝐹
𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 & 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑊
𝑣 𝐹 𝑣
𝜇𝑁 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝜇𝑁 = 𝑚 𝑓
𝑟
𝑊 𝑣
(0.21)𝑊 =
9.81 10
𝑣 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟖 𝒎/𝒔

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10. Galileo is often credited with the early discovery of four of Jupiter’s many moons. The moons
orbiting Jupiter follow the same laws of motion as the planets orbiting the sun. One of the moons is
called Io – its distance from Jupiter’s center is 4.2 units and it orbits Jupiter in 1.8 Earth-days.
Another moon is called Ganymede; it is 10.7 units from the Jupiter’s center. Make a prediction of
the period of Ganymede using Kepler’s law of harmonies.
Required: Period of Ganymede, 𝑻𝑮

Solution: 𝑇 = 1.8 𝐸. 𝑑
𝑇 𝑅
=
𝑇 𝑅
𝑇 10.7 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
=
1.8 𝐸. 𝑑 4.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑇
𝑇 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 − 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
11. Suppose a small planet is discovered that is 14 times as far from the sun as the Earth’s
distance is from the sun. Predict the orbital period of such a planet.
Required: Period of the small planet, 𝑻𝑺

Solution: 𝑇 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑇 𝑅
=
𝑇 𝑅
𝑇 14 𝑅
=
1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅 𝑇
𝑇 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟐 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔

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12. The average orbital distance of Mars is 1.6 times the average orbital distance of the Earth.
Knowing that the Earth orbits the sun in approximately 365 days, use Kepler’s law of
harmonies to predict the time for Mars to orbit the sun.
Required: Period of Mars to orbit the Sun, 𝑻𝑴 𝑇 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Solution:
𝑇 𝑅
=
𝑇 𝑅
𝑇 1.6𝑅 𝑇
=
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑅
𝑇 = 𝟕𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
Simple Harmonic Motion and Springs
The period of a cyclic system, one that is vibrating or rotating in a repetitive fashion, is the time
required for the system to complete one full cycle. In the case of vibration, it is the total time for
the combined back and forth motion of the system. The period is the number of seconds per
cycle.
The frequency is the number of vibrations made per unit time or the number of cycles per
second. Because period is the time for one cycle, f = 1/T .

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The Simple Harmonic Motion is the vibratory motion which a
system that obeys Hooke’s Law undergoes. A central feature of
SHM is that the system oscillates at a single constant
frequency, that’s what makes it “simple” harmonic.
A Hookean System is one that returns to its initial position
after being distorted and then released. Moreover, when such
a system is stretched a distance x, the restoring force exerted
by the spring is given by Hooke’s Law where k is the spring
constant. The negative sign indicates that the restoring force is
always opposite in direction to the displacement.
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥
It is also useful to express Hooke’s Law in terms of external
force, 𝐹 . This force is the opposite of the restoring force:
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥

The Elastic Potential Energy stored in a Hookean spring, that is Speed in SHM is determined by the previous equation:
distorted a distance x is given by:
𝑘
1 𝑣= 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑚
2
When energy is completely stored in the spring, Acceleration in SHM is determined by Hooke’s Law and Newton’s 2nd
𝑥 = ±𝑥 (𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞) , the mass at the end of a spring has its Law, equating these two for F gives:
maximum displacement. The energy of the vibrating system is 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 & 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
always 𝑘𝑥 .
𝑘
𝑎=− 𝑥
Energy interchange between KE and PE occurs constantly in a 𝑚
vibrating system. When the system passes through its equilibrium
position, KE = max and 𝑃𝐸 =0. When the system has its maximum
displacement, KE = 0 and 𝑃𝐸 = maximum. From the law of
conservation of energy, in the absence of friction-type losses and for
a mass m at the end of a spring(whose own mass is negligible):
1 1 1
𝑚𝑣 + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
2 2 2

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Period in SHM: The period T of the SHM Acceleration in terms of T:
is the time taken for point P to go once
around the reference circle. Using 𝑎 = − 𝑥 and 𝑇 = 2𝜋 , we
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑥
𝑇= = ← 𝑒𝑞. 1 find:
𝑣 𝑣
4𝜋
But 𝑣 is the maximum speed of point A, 𝑎=− 𝑥
that is ,𝑣 is the value of 𝑣 in SHM when 𝑇
x = 0.
𝑘 The Simple Pendulum very nearly
𝑣 = 𝑥 −𝑥 undergoes SHM if its angle of swing is
𝑚 not too large. The period of vibration for
𝑘 𝑥 𝑚 a pendulum of length L, at a location
𝑣 =𝑥 : = ← 𝑒𝑞. 2 where the gravitational acceleration g is
𝑚 𝑣 𝑘 given by:
Using eq. 1 & eq. 2:
𝐿
𝑚 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘
13. When a 500-g mass is hung at the end of a vertical spring, the spring stretches 40 cm.
What is the spring constant of the spring?
Required: Spring constant, k

Solution:
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
9.81𝑚
𝐹 = 0.5𝑘𝑔 = 4.905𝑁
𝑠
4.905𝑁 𝑥 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝑘=
0.40 𝑚
𝑘 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑵/𝒎

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Situation 2. As shown in the figure, a long-light piece of spring steel is clamped at its lower end and a
2.0 kg ball is fastened to its top end. A horizontal force of 8.0 N is required to displace the
ball 20 cm to one side as shown. Assume the system to undergo SHM when release.
14. Find the spring constant.

Solution:
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
8𝑁
𝑘=
0.20 𝑚
𝑘 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎
Situation 2.As shown in the figure, a long-light piece of spring steel is clamped at its lower end and a
2.0 kg ball is fastened to its top end. A horizontal force of 8.0 N is required to displace the
ball 20 cm to one side as shown. Assume the system to undergo SHM when release.
15. Determine the period with which the ball will vibrate back and forth.
Required: Period, T
Solution:
𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘
2𝑘𝑔
𝑇 = 2𝜋
40 𝑁/𝑚
𝑇 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟓 𝒔

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Situation 3. A 50-g mass vibrates in SHM at the end of a spring. The amplitude of the motion
is 12 cm, and the period is 1.70 s.
16. Find the frequency.
Required: Frequency, f
Solution:
1
𝑓=
𝑇
1
𝑓=
1.70 𝑠
𝐹 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝑯𝒛
17. Find the spring constant.

Solution:
𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘
4𝜋 𝑚
𝑘=
𝑇
4𝜋 (0.05𝑘𝑔)
𝑘=
(1.7 𝑠)
𝑘 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝑵/𝒎

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18. Determine the maximum speed of the mass.
Required: Maximum speed, v

Solution:
𝑘
𝑣= 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑚
𝑥=0
𝑘 0.683 𝑁/𝑚
𝑣=𝑥 = 0.12𝑚
𝑚 0.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
19. Determine the maximum absolute acceleration of the mass.
Required: Max. absolute acceleration, |a|

Solution:
𝑘
𝑎=− 𝑥
𝑚
𝑥 = ±𝑥
𝑁
𝑘 0.683 𝑚
𝑎= 𝑥 = 0.12𝑚
𝑚 0.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑎 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝒎⁄𝒔𝟐

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20. Determine the speed when the displacement if 6.0 cm.
Required: Speed, v
Solution:
𝑘
𝑣= 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑚
0.683 𝑁/𝑚
𝑣= 0.12𝑚 − 0.06𝑚
0.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
21. Determine the acceleration when x = 6.0 cm.
Required: Acceleration, a
Solution:
𝑘
𝑎=− 𝑥
𝑚
𝑁
0.683 𝑚
𝑎=− 0.06 𝑚
0.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑎 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝒎⁄𝒔𝟐

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Sound
Sound waves are compression waves in a The speed of compression waves in other
material medium such as air, water, or steel. materials is given by:
When the compression and rarefactions of
the waves strike the eardrum, they result in 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
the sensation of sound, provided the 𝑣=
frequency of the waves is between about 20 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Hz and 20,000 Hz. Waves with frequencies
above 20 kHz are called ultrasonic waves.
Those with frequencies below 20Hz are called where:
infrasonic waves. Modulus = Young’s Modulus, if the material is in
the form of a bar. For liquids, use bulk modulus.
In an ideal gas of molecular mass M and
R is the gas constant
absolute temperature T, the speed of sound is
given by: R = 8314 J/kmol °K
𝛾 is the ratio of specific heats
𝛾𝑅𝑇 𝛾 = 1.67 for monatomic gases
𝑣=
𝑀 𝛾 = 1.40 for diatomic gases
Sound
Diatomic Elements Monatomic Elements
Hydrogen Helium
Nitrogen Neon
Fluorine Argon
Oxygen Krypton
Iodine Xenon
Chlorine Radon
Bromine Oganesson

7/12/2021
Sound
The speed of sound in air: Intensity may be shown for a sound with amplitude 𝑥 and
frequency f , travelling speed v in material of density 𝜌:
0℃ = 331 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐼 = 2𝜋 𝑓 𝜌𝑣𝑥
The speed increase with temperature:
Loudness Level is defined by an arbitrary scale that
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 1℃ 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.61 𝑚⁄𝑠 corresponds roughly to the sensation of loudness. The
intensity or loudness level, in decibels, is then defined by:
More precisely, sounds speeds at absolute
temperature are related by: 𝐼
𝛽 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑣 𝑇 𝐼
= 𝐼 = 1.00 𝑥 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚
𝑣 𝑇
The Intensity of any wave is the energy per unit Resonant wave length
area, per unit time in practice.
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
∆𝐸 λ =
𝐼= 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
∆𝐴∆𝑡
22. An explosion occurs at a distance of 6.00 km from a person. How long after the explosion,
does the person hear it? Assume the temperature is 14.0 ˚C.
Required: Time, t
Solution:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇 = 14.0 ˚𝐶
𝑣 = 331 𝑚⁄𝑠 + 0.61 𝑚⁄𝑠 14
𝑣 = 339.54 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡
𝑠 6,000 𝑚
𝑡= =
𝑣 339.54 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟏 𝒔

7/12/2021
23. Compute the speed of sound in a monatomic ideal gas at 27.0 ˚C. Use M = 20.18 kg/kmol
Required: Speed of sound, v

Solution:
𝛾𝑅𝑇 (1.67)(8314 J/kmol °K)(300.15°𝐾 )
𝑣= 𝑣=
𝑀 20.18 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
R = 8314 J/kmol °K
𝛾 = 1.67 for monatomic gases 𝑣 = 𝟒𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝑇 = 27.0 ˚𝐶 → °𝐾
𝑇 = 27 + 273.15 = 300.15°𝐾
24. A sound has an intensity of 3.00 x 10-8 W/m2. What is the sound level in dB?
Required: Loundness/Sound level, 𝜷

Solution:
𝐼
𝐼
𝐼 = 1.00 𝑥 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚
3.00 𝑥 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚
1.00 𝑥 10 𝑊 ⁄𝑚
𝛽 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝑩

7/12/2021
25. A tuning fork oscillates at 284 Hz in air. Compute the wavelength of the tone
emitted at 25 ˚C.
Required: Resonant wavelength

Solution:
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
λ=
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇 = 25℃:
𝑚
𝑣 = 331 𝑚⁄𝑠 + 0.61 𝑚⁄𝑠 25 = 346.25
𝑠
346.25 𝑚/𝑠
λ =
284 𝑠
λ = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒎
26. An organ pipe whose length is held constant resonates at a frequency of 224.0 Hz when
the air temperature is 15 ˚C. What will be its resonant frequency when the air
temperature is 24 ˚C?
Required: Resonant frequency, f

Solution:
𝑣
λ=
𝑓
Same value of wavelength at each temperature
because it only depends only on the length of the pipe:
𝑣 𝑣
=
𝑓 𝑓
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
331 𝑠 + 0.61 𝑠 (15) 331 𝑠 + 0.61 𝑠 (24)
=
224.0 𝐻𝑧 𝑓
𝑓 = 𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝒛

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27. An uncomfortably loud sound might have an intensity of 0.54 W/m2. Find the maximum
displacement of the molecules of air in a sound wave if its frequency is 800 Hz. Take the
density of air to be 1.29 kg/m3 and the speed of sound to be 340 m/s.
Required: Maximum displacement, xo

Solution:
𝐼 = 2𝜋 𝑓 𝜌𝑣𝑥
1 𝐼
𝑥 =
𝜋𝑓 2𝜌𝑣
1 0.54 W/m2
𝑥 =
𝜋(800 𝐻𝑧) 2(1.29 kg/m3)(340𝑚/𝑠)
𝑥 = 9.8721 𝑥10 𝑚 ≈ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝝁𝒎
Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity is an intrinsic physical property of a substance that measures the amount of
heat required to change that substance’s temperature by a given amount.
Specific Heat Capacity, c 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐(𝑇 − 𝑇 )

Water - 4190 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶) Note:
where:
Ice - 2100 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶) 1 Calorie = 4.184 Joules
Aluminum - 950 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶) Q – Heat energy 1 BTU = 1,055.06 Joules
Copper - 390 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶)
m – Mass of the object
Iron - 500 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶)
Lead - 130 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶) c – Specific heat capacity
T1 – Initial temperature of the object
T2 – Final temperature of the object

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28. Calculate the quantity of heat in MJ required to raise the temperature of 11 kg of water
from 10˚C to 100˚C. Assume the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/(kg˚C).
Required: Heat energy, Q

Solution:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑇 − 𝑇
𝑄 = 11 𝑘𝑔(4200 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔℃)(100℃ − 10℃)
𝑄 = 4,158,000𝐽
𝑄 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝑴𝑱
29. A block of cast iron having a mass of 8 kg cools from a temperature of 130˚C to 40˚C.
How much energy (in BTU) is lost by the cast iron? Assume the heat capacity of iron is
500J/(kg ˚C)?
Required: Heat energy, Q

Solution:
𝑄 = 8 𝑘𝑔(500 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔℃)(40℃ − 130℃)
1𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑄 = −360,000𝐽
1055.06𝐽
𝑄 = −𝟑𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑻𝑼

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30. A copper container of mass 500 g contains 1 liter of water at 280˚K. Calculate the quantity
of heat required to raise the temperature of the water and container to boiling point.
Assume that there are no heat losses.
Required: Heat energy, Q Copper Container:

Solution:
𝑄 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔 390 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 °𝐶 100℃ − 6.85℃
Boiling point of water = 100℃ 𝑄 = 18164.25 𝐽
Initial temperature in ℃: Water:
280°𝐾 − 273.15 = 6.85℃ 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑚
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑣 = 1000 1𝐿 = 1𝑘𝑔
Copper = 390 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶) 𝑚 1𝐿
𝐽
Water = 4190 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 °𝐶) 𝑄 = 1 𝑘𝑔 4190 °𝐶 100℃ − 6.85℃
𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = 390,298.5 𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑄 + 𝑄 = 18164.25 𝐽 + 390,298.5 𝐽
𝑄 = 408462.75 𝐽 ≈ 𝟒𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝑲𝑱
Refraction of Light
The speed of light is a fundamental physical constant that is the speed at which
electromagnetic radiation propagates in a vacuum, where its speed is c = 2.998 x 108 m/s.
The absolute index of refraction of a material is defined as:
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑐
𝑛= =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣
For any two materials, the relative index of refraction of material 1 with respect to material 2 is:
𝑛
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑛

7/12/2021
Refraction of Light
When a ray of light is transmitted obliquely through the
boundary between two materials of unlike index of refraction,
the ray bends. This phenomenon, called refraction.
If 𝑛 > 𝑛 : The ray refracts as shown in the figure; it bends
toward the normal as it enters the second material.
If 𝑛 < 𝑛 : The ray refracts away from the normal.
The way in which a ray refracts at an interface between
materials with indices of refraction 𝑛 &𝑛 is given by
Snell’s Law:
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑛λ =𝑛 λ
Where:
𝜃 - Angle of Incidence
𝜃 - Angle of Transmission (Refraction)
λ – Wave length
Refraction of Light
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜃
𝑛 𝜃 = 90°
𝑛 𝜃 𝜃
𝜃 >𝜃
Critical angle for total internal reflection: When light reflects off an interface where 𝑛 > 𝑛
the process is called external reflection, when 𝑛 < 𝑛 it’s internal reflection.
Suppose that a ray of light passes from a material with higher index of refraction to one of
lower index as shown in the figure. Part of the incident light is refracted and part is
reflected at the interface. It is possible to make 𝜃 > 𝜃 until 𝜃 becomes 90 degrees. This
value of 𝜃 is called the critical angle 𝜃 . For 𝜃 larger that this, no refracted ray can exist, all
the light is reflected.
To solve for critical angle:
𝑛
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° → 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑛

7/12/2021
Refraction of Light
INDEX OF
MATERIAL
REFRACTION
Air 1.000
Water 1.333
Benzene 1.500
Salt 1.500
Diamond 2.419
31. The speed of light in water is (3/4)c. Determine the refractive index of water.
Required: Refractive index of water, 𝒏𝒘

Solution:
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑐
𝑛= =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣
𝑐
𝑛 =
3
𝑐
4
4
𝑛 = ≈ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
3

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32. A glass plate is 0.60 cm thick and has a refractive index of 1.55. How long does it take for a
pulse of light incident normally to pass through the plate?
Required: Time, t
Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
𝑣= →𝑡=
𝑡 𝑣
𝑐 𝑐
𝑛= →𝑣=
𝑣 𝑛
𝑑𝑛 0.006 𝑚(1.55)
𝑡= =
𝑐 2.998 𝑥10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝒔
33. The wavelength of light in glass (n=1.5) is λ = 450 nm. What is the wavelength of this light
in diamond (n=2.42)?
Required: λ 𝑛 = 1.5
λ = 450 𝑛𝑚
Solution:
𝑛λ =𝑛 λ
1.5 450 𝑛𝑚 = 2.42(λ ) 𝑛 = 2.42
λ =?
λ = 𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝐧𝐦

7/12/2021
34. Light strikes an air water boundary with an angle of incidence of 30˚. Calculate the
refracted light ray in water.
Required: 𝜃
30°
Air
Solution: 𝑛 = 1.00
Water
1.0𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 1.33𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛 = 1.33
𝜃 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟐° 𝜃
35. A layer of oil (n =1.45) floats on water (n=1.33). A ray of light shines onto the oil with an
incidence angle of 40˚. Find the angle the ray makes in the water.
Required: 𝜽𝒘
Solution 1: Solution 2:
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑂𝑖𝑙: 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟:
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1.0𝑠𝑖𝑛40° = 1.45𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1.0𝑠𝑖𝑛40° = 1.33𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 = 26.3147° 𝜃 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟎𝟏°
𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟:
1.45𝑠𝑖𝑛26.3147° = 1.33𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟎𝟏°

7/12/2021
36. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the critical angle for light passing from
diamond to air?
Required: 𝜽𝒄 𝑛 = 1.0
θ = 90°
Solution: 90°
𝑛 𝐴𝑖𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑛
1.0 𝑛 = 2.42
θ =?
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
2.42
𝜃 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟓°
Kinematics
Constant Acceleration Position as a Function of Time: Velocity as a Function of Position:
When the acceleration is constant, 𝑣= = 𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑠
each of the three kinematic equation
𝑎 = , 𝑣 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣 can 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑠
be integrated to obtain formulas that
𝑑𝑠 = (𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑠−𝑠
relate acceleration(a), velocity (v),
position (s), and time (t). ∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (𝑣 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑣 −𝑣 = 2𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑠
Velocity as a Function of Time:
1
𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑎= → 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑡 2
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑡
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡

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Projectile Motion
𝑣 =0
𝑥
𝑣
𝑡=
𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 𝑣
𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 =𝑣 𝑣 =𝑣
2
1 𝑣 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑔 𝑣
𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑥
𝑔𝑥 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −
2 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑦 = − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
Situation 4: A freight train travels at 𝑣 = 60 1 − 𝑒 𝑓𝑡/𝑠, where t is the elapsed time in

seconds.
37. Determine the distance traveled in three seconds.
Required: Distance, s (t=3 seconds)

Solution:
𝑑𝑠
𝑣= → 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 60 1 − 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒕

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Situation 4: A freight train travels at 𝑣 = 60 1 − 𝑒 𝑓𝑡/𝑠, where t is the elapsed time in

seconds.
38. Determine the acceleration in three seconds.
Required: Acceleration, a (t=3 seconds)

Solution:
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
60 1 − 𝑒 |
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟕 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
39. The acceleration of a rocket travelling upward is given by:

𝑎 = 6 + 0.02𝑠 𝑚/𝑠 , where s is in meters.
Determine the velocity needed for the rocket to reach an altitude of s = 100 m from rest.
Required: Velocity, v
Solution:
𝑎𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
6 + 0.02𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑣 =?
𝑣
700 =
2
𝑣 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝒎/𝒔 𝑠 = 100𝑚
𝑣 =0

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40. A train starts from rest at station A and accelerates at 0.5 m/s2 for 60 s. Afterwards it
travels with a constant velocity for 15 mins. It then decelerates at 1 m/s2 until it is brought
to rest at station B. Determine the distance between the stations.
Required: Total distance
Solution:
𝑎 = 0.5 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡: 𝑣 = 0 𝑡 = 60 𝑠 𝑡 = 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 ≈ 900 𝑠 𝑎 = −1 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝: 𝑣 = 0
𝐴 𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐵
𝑆
𝑆
𝑆
𝐴→𝐴: 𝐴′ → 𝐵 :
1 1
𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 2
1
𝑠 − 0 = 0 + (0.5 𝑚⁄𝑠 )(60 𝑠) 𝑠 − 900𝑚 = 30 𝑚/𝑠(900𝑠) + 0
2 𝑠 = 27,900 𝑚
𝑠 = 900 𝑚
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 = 0.5 𝑚⁄𝑠 60 𝑠 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
40. A train starts from rest at station A and accelerates at 0.5 m/s2 for 60 s. Afterwards it
travels with a constant velocity for 15 mins. It then decelerates at 1 m/s2 until it is brought
to rest at station B. Determine the distance between the stations.
Required: Total distance
Solution:
𝑎 = 0.5 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡: 𝑣 = 0 𝑡 = 60 𝑠 𝑡 = 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 ≈ 900 𝑠 𝑎 = −1 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝: 𝑣 = 0
𝐴 𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐵
𝑆
𝑆
𝑆
𝐵′ → 𝐵: 1
𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 − 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 2
1
0 − 30 𝑚⁄𝑠 = −1 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑡 𝑠 − 27,900𝑚 = 30 𝑚/𝑠(30𝑠) + −1 𝑚⁄𝑠 (30 𝑠)
𝑡 = 30 𝑠 2
𝑠 = 𝟐𝟖, 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎

7/12/2021
41. A ball is dropped from a building 100 m high. If the mass of the ball is 10 g, after what
time will the ball strike the ground?
Required: Time, t
Solution:
1
𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 100 𝑚
1
100 − 0 = 0 + 9.81 𝑡
2
𝑡 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝒔
Situation 5: A projectile is fired upward to the right on top of a 50-m high building with a
velocity of 200 m/s at an angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal. Wind is blowing
to left at 5 m/s.
42. Find the maximum height from the ground that the projectile can reach.
𝐵
Required: Maximum height, 𝑯𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑣 = 200𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 = 5𝑚/𝑠
Solution: 𝑦
𝐴 → 𝐵 :𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑠 60°
𝐴
𝑚
−(200𝑠𝑖𝑛60°) = 2(−9.81 )(𝑦 − 0)
𝑠 𝐻
𝑦 = 1529.052 𝑚 50 𝑚
𝐻 = 1529.052 𝑚 + 50 𝑚
𝐻 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝒎 𝐶

7/12/2021
to left at 5 m/s.
43. Calculate the time when the projectile reaches its highest point.
𝐵
Required: Time from A to B 𝑣 = 200𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 = 5𝑚/𝑠
Solution: 𝑦
60°
𝐴 → 𝐵 : 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 𝐴
𝑚
0 − 200𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = −9.81 𝑡 𝐻
𝑠 50 𝑚
𝑡 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝒔
𝐶
to left at 5 m/s.
44. Determine the horizontal distance of the object from the building to its highest point.
𝐵
Required: x 𝑣 = 200𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 = 5𝑚/𝑠
Solution: 𝑦
𝑥=𝑣 𝑡 𝐴
60°
𝑥 = 200𝑐𝑜𝑠60° 17.656 𝑠
𝑥 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎 𝐻
𝑔𝑥 50 𝑚
𝑇𝑟𝑦: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −
2 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
9.81𝑥 𝐶
+1529.052 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛60° −
2 200𝑐𝑜𝑠60°
𝑥 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎 𝑥

7/12/2021
to left at 5 m/s.
45. Solve the vertical component of the velocity as the projectile hits the ground.
𝐵
Required: 𝑽𝒄𝒚 𝑣 = 200𝑚/𝑠
𝑣 = 5𝑚/𝑠
Solution 1: 𝑦
(𝐴 → 𝐶) : 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑠 60°
𝐴
𝑣 − 200𝑠𝑖𝑛60° = 2 9.81 50 − 0
𝑣 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 𝐻
50 𝑚
Solution 2:
(𝐵 → 𝐶) : 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 2𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝐶
𝑣 − 0 = 2 9.81 1579.052 − 0
𝑣 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
Situation 6: A golf ball is struck with a velocity of 80 ft/s as shown.

46. Determine the time of flight from A to B.
Required: Time, 𝒕𝑨𝑩

Solution:
1
(𝐴 → 𝐵) : 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑞. 1 → 𝑒𝑞. 2:
2 80𝑐𝑜𝑠55°𝑡 1
𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠10° − 0 = 80𝑐𝑜𝑠55°𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛10° − 0 = 80𝑠𝑖𝑛55° + −32.2 𝑡
80𝑐𝑜𝑠55°𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠10° 2
𝑑= ← 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑡 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟖 𝒔
𝑐𝑜𝑠10°
1
(𝐴 → 𝐵) : 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛10° − 0 = 80𝑠𝑖𝑛55°𝑡 + −32.2 𝑡 ← 𝑒𝑞. 2
2

7/12/2021
Situation 6: A golf ball is struck with a velocity of 80 ft/s as shown.

47. Determine the speed at which it strikes the ground at B.
Required: 𝑽𝑩
Solution:
𝑉 = 𝑉 +𝑉 𝑣
𝑉 = 𝑉 = 80𝑐𝑜𝑠55° = 45.886 𝑚/𝑠 𝑩
(𝐴 → 𝐵) : 𝑣 − 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 − 80𝑠𝑖𝑛55° = −32.2 3.5678 𝑣
𝑣 = −49.351 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣
𝑉 = 45.886 + (−49.351)
𝑉 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
Circular Motion
Position Angular Velocity as a
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 Function of Time:
𝜔 − 𝜔 = 𝛼𝑡
Velocity
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 Angular Position as
a Function of Time:
Acceleration 1
𝜃 − 𝜃 = 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡
2
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼
Angular Velocity as a
Function of Position:
𝜔 −𝜔 = 2𝛼 𝜃 − 𝜃

7/12/2021
48. Using a constant angular acceleration, a water turbine is brought to its normal operating
speed of 180 rev/min in 6 minutes. How many complete revolutions did the turbine make
in coming to normal speed?
Required: Complete revolution, 𝜽

Solution:
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔 = 180
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔 =0 𝜔 = 180 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜔 − 𝜔 = 𝛼𝑡 𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
180 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 0 = 𝛼(6 𝑚𝑖𝑛. )
𝛼 = 30 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛.
1
𝜃 − 𝜃 = 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡
2
1
𝜃 − 0 = 0 + 30 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛 6 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
2
𝜃 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒗
49. The angular speed of a flywheel having a diameter of 6m is 20 rpm. Find the tangential
velocity (m/s) of a point at the edge of the flywheel.
Required: Tangential velocity, 𝒗𝒕

Solution: 𝑣
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔 = 20
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 𝜔 = 20 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐷 = 6𝑚
20 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣 = 3𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝒎/𝒔

7/12/2021
50. A flywheel rotating at 40 rad/s is accelerated uniformly at 10 rad/s2. What will be its
angular speed after 70 revolutions?
Required: Angular speed, 𝝎

Solution:
𝜔 = 40 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜔 = 40 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝛼 = 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠 𝛼 = 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠
𝜃 = 70 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔 − 𝜔 = 2𝛼 𝜃 − 𝜃
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 − 40 = 2 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ⁄𝑠 70 𝑟𝑒𝑣 − 0
𝑠 1𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
51. A circular platform of radius 2m is rotated about its center at the rate of 8 rpm. Find the
normal acceleration at the edge of the platform.
Required: 𝒂𝒏
𝑟 = 2𝑚
Solution: 𝜔 = 8 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔=8
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
8 𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣 = 2𝑚 = 1.6755𝑚/𝑠 𝑣
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣 1.6755𝑚/𝑠
𝑎 = = 𝑎
𝑟 2𝑚
𝑎 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝒎⁄𝒔𝟐

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7/12/2021

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

𝐺𝑀 = 𝑔𝑅 ← 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑔′(𝑅 + ℎ) ← 𝑒𝑞. 2

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Gravitation acceleration, g 𝐺𝜌 𝜋(𝑅 − ℎ) = 𝑔

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Force of gravity, F

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Situation 1. A man decided to do experiments on how gravitational acceleration changes with

Required: Gravitational acceleration, g’

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Situation 1. A man decided to do experiments on how gravitational acceleration changes with

Required: Gravitational acceleration, g’

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Number of Electrons, N

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Kepler’s Three Law

Kepler’s First Law (The Law of Ellipses)

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Velocity of the satellite, v

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Velocity of the satellite, v

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Velocity of satellite, v

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Tangential Velocity, v

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Period of Ganymede, 𝑻𝑮

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Period of the small planet, 𝑻𝑺

𝑇 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝟐 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Period of Mars to orbit the Sun, 𝑻𝑴 𝑇 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Simple Harmonic Motion and Springs

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Simple Harmonic Motion and Springs

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Simple Harmonic Motion and Springs

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Simple Harmonic Motion and Springs

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Spring constant, k

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Spring constant, k

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Spring constant, k

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Maximum speed, v

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Required: Max. absolute acceleration, |a|

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I

Lecturer: Engr. Japheth A. Jancorda, CE, ME-I