CE2232:

EARTHQUAKE & WIND ENGINEERING

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION The difference in the design effects on a building during
Definition of Terms: natural actions of (a) Earthquake Ground Movement at
Amplitude The extent of vibratory movement (as of the base, and (b) Wind pressure on exposed area:
pendulum) measured from the mean
position to an extreme
Damping The process by which free vibration
steadily diminishes amplitude
Diaphragm A structural element that transmits
lateral loads to the vertical resisting
elements of a structure (such as shear
walls, and frames); Typically horizontal,
but can be sloped such as in a gable roof
on a wood structure or concrete ramp in
a parking garage • Wind loads are applied external forces to the
Ductility The ability of an object/structure to surface of the structure while Earthquake loads are
withstand large displacement demand
inertial forces experienced from the ground
through structural damage without
• The magnitude of forces applied for wind loads is
collapse and undue loss of strength
Epicenter The point on the surface of the earth based on the function of the building/structure’s
directly above the hypocenter exposed area while for earthquake loads, the
Frequency The number of waves that pass through magnitude of forces is a function of mass and
a point in one second acceleration (F = ma) among its parameters.
Hypocenter The location where the earthquake is
Nature of Earthquake motion
initiated. Its location is defined by
latitude, longitude, and depth below the • Intensity of earthquake waves is based on the
surface
following, among others:
Inertia “An object in rest tends to stay at rest,
o Magnitude
and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion” o Epicenter
Load path The direction in which each consecutive o Ground/Soil Type
load will pass through connected • Low-rise buildings are considered rigid as
members movement is limited to being along the ground’s
Magnitude Measures the energy released at the motion
source of the earthquake and is • High-rise buildings are considered flexible as
determined from the measurements on movement is bound to have more swaying action.
seismographs (Richter Scale) • The building, due to its mass and inertia, will resist
Mode The deformed shape of a building when motion causing more distortion and stress within
shape shaken at its natural period the structure. As the motion continues further, this
Oscillation The movement of an object back and will cause the building to undergo a complex series
forth like a pendulum
of oscillations (back and forth motion)
Period The amount of time it takes one wave
cycle to pass the given point. It is an Effect of Earthquake on Buildings
inherent property of a building
controlled by its mass and stiffness
Resonance The tendency of a building to oscillate
with greater amplitude at some
frequencies than others
Resonant The frequency at which the maximum-
Frequency amplitude oscillation occurs
Shear wall A vertical element of a seismic force-
resisting system that is designed to
resist in-plane lateral forces, typically
wind and seismic loads
• Equivalent lateral seismic load, in theory, can be Frequency vs. Period
determined using Newton’s Law, F = ma
• The acceleration is dependent on the natural period
of a building (the time in seconds it takes the
building to move from 1 full side-to-side oscillation)

• Relationship is inversely proportional

• “The higher the period, the lower the frequency”

Note:

- Ground quality (bedrock state, medium sediment,

soft sediment) affects the impact of stress on the
building.
- Harder ground = higher frequency
• Considering the rigidity of low-rise buildings, almost - Matching resonant frequency by the building and
no swaying would occur for such structures; the ground = structure is more prone to damage.
therefore, the period for a low-rise building would
be very small or almost equal to zero. DESIGN APPROACHES
• When time is low, acceleration is high due to its
Code-Based vs. Performance-Based Design for
inverse proportionality relationship.
Earthquake-resistant Buildings
∆𝑉
𝑎=
𝑡 Prescriptive Approach (code-based)
Strictly mandated by a combination of laws, codes,
• “The higher the acceleration, the lower the time” standards, regulations, etc., and is based on past
• Thus, since high-rise buildings are flexible, the time experiences and consolidated know-how
or period is greater resulting in low acceleration **more economical for low to medium-rise regular
• In general, considering F = ma, low-rise buildings structures
experience a higher force due to having a higher Performance-based Design (PBD) Approach
acceleration because of their rigidity. Recognized by employing a performance-based
approach at any stage in the building design process
Oscillation of Flexible Buildings or to any type of structure, but are usually for more
complex, expensive high-rise structures that have
• Fundamental natural periods, T, of normal single- stringent requirements than those using the simpler
story to 20-story buildings are usually in the range of prescriptive route
0.05 – 2.00 sec. Some examples of natural periods of **more economical for high-rise complex structures
different structures are as indicated:
o Single-story building – 0.05 sec Basic aspects of Seismic Design
o Low-rise building – 0.4 sec
Designing buildings to behave elastically during
o 15-story building – 1 sec
o Reinforced concrete chimney – 2 sec earthquakes without damage may render the project
o Elevated water tank – 4 sec economically unviable. Consequently, it may be
o Large Concrete Gravity Dam – 0.8 sec necessary for the structure to undergo damage and
o Suspension Bridge – 6 sec thereby dissipate the energy input to it during the
earthquake. Therefore, the traditional earthquake-
resistant design philosophy or most code-based
earthquake provisions implicitly require that structures
be able to resist the following:
 a.) Minor (and frequent) shaking with no damage to The failure of a column can affect the stability of the
structural and non-structural elements whole building, but the failure of a beam causes a
b.) Moderate shaking with minor damage to localized effect. Therefore, it is better to make beams to
structural elements, and some damage to non- be ductile weak links than columns. This method of
structural elements; and designing RC buildings is called the strong-column
c.) Severe (and infrequent) shaking with damage to weak-beam design method.
structural elements, but with NO collapse (to
save life and property inside/adjoining the LOAD PATH
building).
• Design against earthquake for the building was • A complete load path is a basic requirement for all
made only to resist; not totally avoid damage. buildings. There must be a complete lateral-force-
Damage is still expected hence the term resisting system that forms a continuous load path
Earthquake-resistant Design was used instead of between the foundation, all diaphragm levels, and
earthquake-proof Design. Thus, Seismic design all portions of the building for proper seismic
balances reduce cost and acceptable damage, to performance. The general load path is as follows:
make the project viable.
Gravity Load:
• Earthquake-resistant design is therefore concerned
about ensuring that the damages in buildings during
earthquakes are of the acceptable variety, and also
that they occur at the right places and in the right
amounts.
• Earthquake-resistant buildings, particularly their
main elements, need to be built with ductility in
them. Such buildings can sway back and forth during
an earthquake, and withstand earthquake effects
with some damage, but without collapse.
Lateral or Wind Loads:

• If there is a discontinuity in the load path, the

building is unable to resist seismic forces regardless
of the strength of the elements.
To conclude:
Methods of Analysis
Ductility is one of the most important factors
The following methods can be used for analyzing a
affecting building performance (in earthquakes). Thus,
structure depending on its requirements (based on the
the earthquake-resistant design strives to predetermine
Code-based Design Approach):
the locations where the damage takes place and then
provide good detailing at these locations to ensure the • LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (Focus of Lecture)
ductile behavior of the building. • LINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
• NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE
How to Make Buildings Ductile for Good Seismic
o Pushover Analysis
Performance o Capacity spectrum method
• NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
2 commonly used procedures for specifying seismic --------------------------------------------------------------------------
design forces known by many design engineers: Configuration requirements (p. 2-162, 208.4.5.1, 4.5.1)

• EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCE PROCEDURE Regular Structures

o Usually intended for “regular” structures • No significant discontinuities in plan or vertical
• DYNAMIC ANALYSIS configuration
o For complex-shaped buildings or “irregular”
Irregular structures (p. 2-162, 208.4.5.2)
structures
• Vertical Structures Irregularities (p. 2-162, Table
208-9)
• Horizontal Structures Irregularities (p. 2-163, Table
208-10)
EARTHQUAKE LOADS - NSCP SECTION 208 Structural Systems (p. 2-163, 208.4.6)
Parameters to be Considered: • Bearing wall system
• Occupancy Category (p. 1-6, Table 103-1) • Building wall system
o Seismic important Factors (p.2-138, Table • Moment-resisting frame system
208-1) • Dual System
▪ I – structural elements
▪ IP – nonstructural elements
• Soil profile type (p. 2-138, 208.4.3.1)
o Descriptions (p. 208-2, Table 208-2)
o SA to SE have their own categories while SF is
site specific – needs another type of test
unseen form the given conditions
• Site seismic hazard characteristics (p. 2-141,
208.4.4) – probability of seismic activity
o Seismic zones
o Proximity of the site to active seismic
sources
o Site soil profile
o Importance factor
- Seismic Zone Factor, Z (Table 208-3)
• Seismic source types (p.2-141, Table 208-4)
o Zone 2 – Palawan and a few Islands
o Zone 4 – All of the remaining locations
• Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor - 208.4.4.3 (p.
2-161, Table 208-5, 6)
o Near Source Factor, Na
o Near Source Factor, Nv
o Interpolate when necessary
o If seismic zone 2 is indicated, direct to
seismic response coefficient – no need for
Na and Nv
• Seismic response coefficients (p. 2-161, 208.4.4.4) • Cantilevered Column System
o Seismic coefficient, Ca (Table 208-7) • Undefined Structural System
o Seismic coefficient, Cv (Table 208-8) • Non-building Structural System

_____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
Determination of R – 208.4.10.2 (Table 208-11A) o 208.5.1.2 Vertical Distribution
3𝐶𝑎
R – numerical coefficient representative of the inherent FX = 𝑤𝑖
𝑅
over-strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-
force resisting systems, as set forth in Table 208-11 or Where: FX = Applied lateral force per
208-12 floor
wi = Structure seismic wave per
floor

• Static (Section 208.4.8.2)

o 208.5.2 Static Force Procedure
o 208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
𝑪𝒗 𝑰
V= 𝑹𝑻
𝑾
Shall comply that value must not exceed the
following:
𝟐.𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰
V= 𝑾
𝑹
Shall not be less than the following:
V = 0.11CaIW
In addition to seismic zone 4, the total base
shear shall not be less than the following:
𝟎.𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰
V= 𝑾
𝑹
o 208.5.2.2 Structure Period
Method A
For all buildings, the value T may be
approximated from the following:
T = Ct(hn)3/4
Where: Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment
resisting frames (Metric)
• 0.035 (English)
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced
concrete moment resisting
frames and eccentrically braced
Selection of Lateral Force Procedure frames
• 0.03 (English)
• Simplified Static (Section 208.4.8.1) Ct = 0.0488 for all other
o 208.5 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and buildings
Related Effects • 0.02 (English)
o 208.5.1 Simplified Static Force Procedure Method B
o 208.5.1.1 Simplified Design Base Shear Given, The value of T from Method B shall
3𝐶𝑎
V= 𝑅
𝑊 not exceed a value of 30% greater than the
value of T obtained from method A in
Where: Ca is based on table 208-7 seismic zone 4, and 40% percent in seismic
R = numerical coefficient zone 2.
representative of the inherent
over-strength and global o 208.5.2.3 Vertical Distribution of Forces
ductility capacity of lateral-force
Highlight: Ft = 0.07TV
resisting systems, as set forth in
Table 208-11 or 208-12
W = total structure seismic wave
Example Problem 1:

GIVEN:

• 4-storey – Residential
• Manila City, NCR
• Reinforced Concrete Building
• Structural System: Special-Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF)
• Story Height: hn = one@4.5m + 3@3m = 13.5 m
• Building Dimension: 5m x 12m
• Weight (structure per floor) = 7.2 kPa
• Seismic Source Type: B
• Distance to Nearest Fault line: 5 km
• Soil Profile Type: SD
• Structure Period TB = 1 sec

REQUIRED: Period, T
Base Shear, V
Lateral Seismic Force, Fx
Lateral Seismic Storey Shear, ΣFx

Solution:
Identify Necessary parameters:
PARAMETERS VALUES
Importance Factor, I (p. 2-138, Table 208-1)
1.00
• Since it is a residential structure, It is under Occupancy Category IV – Standard Occupancy Structures.
Seismic zone Factor, Z (p. 2-141, Table 208-3)
0.40
• Reference is location; manila seismic zone is zone 4.
Near Source Factor, Na (p. 2-161, Table 208-5)
1.0
• Reference is distance from Nearest Fault Line and Seismic Source Type. (Interpolate when necessary)
Near Source Factor, Nv (p. 2-161, Table 208-6)
1.2
• Reference is distance from Nearest Fault Line and Seismic Source Type. (Interpolate when necessary)
Seismic coefficient, Ca (p. 2-161, Table 208-7)
• Reference is Seismic zone and Soil profile type. 0.44
CA= 0.44(1.0) = 0.44
Seismic coefficient, CV (p. 2-161, Table 208-8)
• Reference is Seismic zone and Soil profile type. 0.768
CV = 0.64(1.2) = 0.768
Numerical coefficient for period, Ct (p. 2-168, 208.5.2.2)
0.0731
• Reference is type of building (Reinforced Concrete building/structure)
Response Modification Factor, R (p. 2-176 to 2-179, depending on material. For this case, concrete, table
208-11A) 8.5
• Reference is type of Structural System
Total weight of structure, W
• Weight of each floor, wx = 7.2 kPa x Area = 7.2 (5 x 12) = 432 kN 1728 kN
• W = wx times number of floors = 432 x 4 = 1728 kN
Solving for Period, T:
METHOD A: TA = Ct(hn)3/4 = 0.0731(13.5)3/4 = 0.5148345726 sec 0.669
TB = 1 sec (GIVEN) sec.
METHOD B: TB should not exceed 1.3TA = 0.6692849444 sec. Since 1 sec exceeded the value, use 0.669 sec.
How was 1.3TA derived?

Given, The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value of 30% greater than the value of T obtained ([1+0.3]TA)
from method A in seismic zone 4, and 40% percent ([1+0.4]TA) in seismic zone 2. Recall, our structure is zone 4

Solving for Design Base shear, V:

The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equations:
𝑪𝒗 𝑰 𝟎.𝟕𝟔𝟖(𝟏)
𝑽= 𝑹𝑻
𝑾 = 𝟖.𝟓(𝟎.𝟔𝟕𝟓) (𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖) = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟏
Shall comply that value must not exceed the following:
𝟐.𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰 𝟐.𝟓(𝟎.𝟒𝟒)(𝟏) 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟖
𝑽= 𝑾 = (𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖) = = 𝟐𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒
𝑹 𝟖.𝟓 𝟖𝟓
Shall not be less than the following:
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟓𝟐
In addition to seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall not be less than the following:
𝟎.𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰 𝟎.𝟖(𝟎.𝟒)(𝟏.𝟐)(𝟏)
𝑽= 𝑾 = (𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟖) = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟎𝟔𝟓
𝑹 𝟖.𝟓

First equation did not meet 2nd equation’s condition. Therefore, we use value from 2nd equation: 223.624 kN

Solving for Vertical Distribution of force:

Ft = 0.07TV; If T < 0.7, Ft = 0

Therefore, Ft = 0

(𝑽−𝑭𝒕)𝑾𝒙 𝒉𝒙
Fx = 𝒘𝒊 𝒉𝒊
= column 6

LEVEL Heigh h Weight w at wxhx Vertical Lateral Lateral Overturning

above shear height h, kN Distribution Seismic Seismic Moments,
base, m factor Force Fx, kN Force ΣFx, kN-m ΣFxd
wh/Σwh kN d = dist
from roof
Roof 13.5 432 5832 3/8 83.859 83.859 0
4th 10.5 432 4536 7/24 65.224 149.082 251.577
3rd 7.5 432 3240 5/24 46.588 195.671 698.823
2nd 4.5 432 1944 1/8 27.953 223.624 1285.836
GF 0 432 - - - - 2292.147
Σ15552

Final answers:
Period, T = 0.669 sec
Base Shear, V = 223.624
Lateral Seismic Force, Fx Lateral Seismic Storey Shear, ΣFx
Roof 83.859 Roof 83.859
4th 65.224 4th 149.082
rd rd
3 46.588 3 195.671
2nd 27.953 2nd 223.624
GF - GF -
Solution for overturning Moments:

• To solve for overturning moment at roof, solve for the moment at point A, but only considering the forces above it.
Since no forces are above point A, MA = 0

• To solve for moment at 4th, solve for the moment at point B, but only considering the forces above it.
MB = 0; 83.859(3m) – MB = 0 MB = 251.577 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 3rd, solve for the moment at point C, but only considering the forces above it.
MC = 0; 83.859(6m) + 65.224(3m) – MC = 0 MC = 698.823 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 2nd, solve for the moment at point D, but only considering the forces above it.
MB = 0; 83.859(9m) + 65.224(6m) + 46.588(3m) – MD = 0 MD = 1285.836 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 1st, solve for the moment at ground point
MB = 0; 83.859(13.5m) + 65.224(10.5m) + 46.588(7.5) + 27.953(4.5m) – MD = 0 MD = 2292.147 kN-m
Problem Set 1:

GIVEN:

• 5-storey – Residential
• Palawan, MIMAROPA
• Reinforced Concrete Building
• Structural System: Special-Moment Resisting Frame System (SMRF)
• Storey Height: hn = one@4.5m + 4@3m = 16.5 m
• Building Dimension: 6m x 12m
• Weight (structure per floor) = 6.5 kPa
• Seismic Source Type: A
• Distance to Nearest Fault line: 7 km
• Soil Profile Type: SC
• Structure Period TB = 1 sec

REQUIRED: Period, T
Base Shear, V
Lateral Seismic Force, Fx
Lateral Seismic Storey Shear, ΣFx

Solution:
Identify Necessary parameters:
PARAMETERS VALUES
Importance Factor, I (p. 2-138, Table 208-1)
1.00
• Since it is a residential structure, It is under Occupancy Category IV – Standard Occupancy Structures.
Seismic zone Factor, Z (p. 2-141, Table 208-3)
0.20
• Reference is location; Palawan seismic zone is zone 2.
Near Source Factor, Na (p. 2-161, Table 208-5)
• Reference is distance from Nearest Fault Line and Seismic Source Type. (Interpolate when necessary) 1.08
10 − 7
(1.0 − 1.2) + 1.2 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖
10 − 5
Near Source Factor, Nv (p. 2-161, Table 208-6)
• Reference is distance from Nearest Fault Line and Seismic Source Type. (Interpolate when necessary) 1.36
10 − 7
(1.2 − 1.6) + 1.6 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔
10 − 5
Seismic coefficient, Ca (p. 2-161, Table 208-7)
• Reference is Seismic zone and Soil profile type. 0.24
CA = 0.24
Seismic coefficient, CV (p. 2-161, Table 208-8)
• Reference is Seismic zone and Soil profile type. 0.32
CV = 0.32
Numerical coefficient for period, Ct (p. 2-168, 208.5.2.2)
0.0731
• Reference is type of building (Reinforced Concrete building/structure)
Response Modification Factor, R (p. 2-176 to 2-179, depending on material. For this case, concrete, table
208-11A) 8.5
• Reference is type of Structural System
Total weight of structure, W
• Weight of each floor, wx = 6.5 kPa x Area = 6.5 (6 x 12) = 468 kN 2340 kN
• W = wx times number of floors = 432 x 4 = 1728 kN
Solving for Period, T:
METHOD A: TA = Ct(hn)3/4 = 0.0731(13.5)3/4 = 0.5984533951 sec 0.838
TB = 1 sec (GIVEN) sec.
METHOD B: TB should not exceed 1.2TA = 0.837834758 sec. Since 1 sec exceeded the value, use 0.838 sec.
Solving for Design Base shear, V:

The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equations:
𝑪𝒗 𝑰 𝟎.𝟑𝟐(𝟏)
𝑽= 𝑾 = (𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟎) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗
𝑹𝑻 𝟖.𝟓(𝟎.𝟖𝟑𝟖)
Shall comply that value must not exceed the following:
𝟐.𝟓𝑪𝒂 𝑰 𝟐.𝟓(𝟎.𝟐𝟒)(𝟏) 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟖
𝑽= 𝑾 = (𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟎) = = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟔
𝑹 𝟖.𝟓 𝟏𝟕
Shall not be less than the following:
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑪𝒂 𝑰𝑾 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟔
In addition to seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall not be less than the following:
𝟎.𝟖𝒁𝑵𝒗 𝑰 𝟎.𝟖(𝟎.𝟐)(𝟏.𝟑𝟔)(𝟏)
𝑽= 𝑾 = (𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟎) = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝟒
𝑹 𝟖.𝟓

First equation met all the conditions. Therefore, we use: 105.145 kN

Solving for Vertical Distribution of force:

Ft = 0.07TV; If T < 0.7, Ft = 0 (not the case since T = 0.8383)

Ft = 0.07(0.838)(105.145) = 6.166588235

(𝑽−𝑭𝒕)𝑾𝒙 𝒉𝒙
Fx = 𝒘𝒊 𝒉𝒊
= column 6

LEVEL Height h Weight w at wxhx Vertical Lateral Lateral Overturning

above shear height h, kN Distribution Seismic Seismic Moments,
base, m factor Force Fx, kN Force ΣFx, kN-m ΣFxd
wh/Σwh kN d = dist
from roof
Roof 16.5 468 7722 11/35 31.107 31.107 0.000
5th 13.5 468 6318 9/35 25.452 56.559 93.321
4th 10.5 468 4914 1/5 19.796 76.355 262.998
3rd 7.5 468 3510 1/7 14.140 90.495 492.063
2nd 4.5 468 2106 3/35 8.484 98.978 763.548
GF 0 468 - - - - 1208.954
Σ24570

Final answers:
Period, T = 0.669 sec
Base Shear, V = 223.624
Lateral Seismic Force, Fx
Roof 31.107
5th 25.452
4th 19.796
rd
3 14.140
2nd 8.484
GF -

Lateral Seismic Storey Shear, ΣFx

Roof 31.107
5th 56.559
4th 76.355
rd
3 90.495
2nd 98.978
GF -
Solution for overturning Moments:

• To solve for overturning moment at roof, solve for the moment at point A, but only considering the forces above it.
Since no forces are above point A, MA = 0

• To solve for moment at 5th, solve for the moment at point B, but only considering the forces above it.
MB = 0; 31.107(3m) – MB = 0 MB = 93.321 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 4th, solve for the moment at point B, but only considering the forces above it.
MB = 0; 31.107(6m) + 24.452(3m) – MB = 0 MB = 262.998 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 3rd, solve for the moment at point C, but only considering the forces above it.
MC = 0; 31.107(9m) + 24.452(6m) + 19.796(3) – MC = 0 MC = 492.063 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 2nd, solve for the moment at point D, but only considering the forces above it.
MB = 0; 31.107(12m) + 24.452(9m) + 19.796(6) +14.140(3) – MD = 0 MD = 763.548 kN-m

• To solve for moment at 1st, solve for the moment at ground point
MB = 0; 31.107(16.5m) + 24.452(13.5m) + 19.796(10.5) +14.140(7.5) + 8.484(4.5) – MD = 0 MD = 2292.147 kN-m
Problem Set 2:

A six-story concrete special moment resisting frame is shown. The specified Lateral force, Fx from NSCP 2015 Equations
208-16 to 206-17 have been applied and the corresponding floor level displacements, Δx at the floor center of mass have
been found and are shown below. Determine if a Type 1 vertical irregularity (stiffness irregularity-soft story) exists in
the first story.

Conditions for Vertical Structural Irregularities can be found in Table 208-9 (page 2-162)

NOTE: Soft story condition exists if lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the story of interest than in the next story (Case
1) OR if lateral stiffness of the story of interest is less than 80% of the average stiffness of the next 3 floors (Case 2).
(Reference: 208.4.8.3 Item 2 Dynamic Lateral Procedure)

∆𝒔
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑧) = ∆𝒛 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 = ∆𝒛 − ∆𝒛−𝟏 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝒉𝒛

1st condition: If drift ratio of 2nd floor < 70% of 1st floor drift ratio

∆𝑆1 18.03𝑚𝑚
= = 0.00515 70% 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅: 0.7(0.00515) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟏
ℎ1 3.5(1000)𝑚𝑚

∆𝑆2 − ∆𝑆1 27.43 − 18.03

2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑
ℎ2 3(1000)

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟔𝟏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

2nd condition: if the average drift ratio of the 3 next floors < 80% of 1st floor

2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: 0.00313 80% 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅: 0.8(0.00515) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟐

∆𝑆3 − ∆𝑆2 36.83 − 27.43

3𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 0.00313
ℎ3 3(1000)

∆𝑆4 − ∆𝑆3 44.45 − 36.83

4𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 0.00254
ℎ4 3(1000)

0.00313 + 0.00313 + 0.00254

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟑
3

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟑 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Problem Set 3:

Confirm if a stiffness irregularity-soft story exists in the building and determine which floors have it. The figure below
shows a five-story special steel moment resisting frame with a total height of 18m. After applying the lateral forces(Fx), it
yielded the following displacements of each floor level shown below.

Conditions for Vertical Structural Irregularities can be found in Table 208-9 (page 2-162)

NOTE: Soft story condition exists if lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the story of interest than in the next story (Case 1)
OR if lateral stiffness of the story of interest is less than 80% of the average stiffness of the next 3 floors (Case 2).

∆𝒔
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑧) = ∆𝒛 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 = ∆𝒛 − ∆𝒛−𝟏 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝒉𝒛

1st floor:

1st condition: If drift ratio of 2nd floor < 70% of 1st floor drift ratio

∆𝑆1 19.64𝑚𝑚
= = 0.00491 70% 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅: 0.7(0.00491) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟒
ℎ1 4(1000)𝑚𝑚

∆𝑆2 − ∆𝑆1 29.65 − 19.64

2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟒
ℎ2 3(1000)

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟒 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

2nd condition: if the average drift ratio of the 3 next floors < 80% of 1st floor

2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: 0.00334 80% 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅: 0.8(0.00491) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟑

∆𝑆3 − ∆𝑆2 36.89 − 29.65

3𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 0.00207
ℎ3 3.5(1000)

∆𝑆4 − ∆𝑆3 47.96 − 36.89

4𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 0.00277
ℎ4 4(1000)

0.00334 + 0.00207 + 0.00277

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟑
3

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟑 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
2nd floor:

1st condition: If drift ratio of 3rd floor < 70% of 2nd floor drift ratio

2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: 0.00334 70% 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅: 0.7(0.00334) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟒

3𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟕 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

2nd condition: if the average drift ratio of the 3 next floors < 80% of 2nd floor

3𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: 0.00207 80% 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑅: 0.7(0.00334) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟕

4𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: 0.00277

∆𝑆5 − ∆𝑆4 54.58 − 47.96

5𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟: = = 0.00189
ℎ5 3.5(1000)

0.00207 + 0.00277 + 0.00189

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒
3

𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟒 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟕, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

*For the remaining floors, we can tabulate the values for ease of solving.

AVG OF Does Soft

FLOOR HEIGHT ∆𝑆 DRIFT 70% DR 80%DR NEXT THREE story exist?
RATIO FLOORS
5 3.4 54.58 0.00189 0.00132 0.00151 ~ NO
4 4 47.96 0.00277 0.00194 0.00222 ~ YES
3 3.5 36.89 0.00207 0.00145 0.00166 ~ NO
2 3 29.65 0.00334 0.00234 0.00267 0.00224 YES
1 4 19.64 0.00491 0.00344 0.00393 0.00273 YES

Note that Soft Story still exists on the 4th floor since it met the conditions in one of the cases stated in Table 208-9 (page
2-162).
Problem Set 4:

A two-story residential house that utilizes wooden light-framed walls with shear panels will be constructed on an area
that contains stiff soil. Compute for the base shear and lateral forces at each level based on the following additional
information:

Zone 4
Distance to a fault: 4 km
Seismic Source Type A

F3
100 kN

F2
85 kN

F1
75 kN

Note that the given information meets the requirements for using the Simplified Static Force Procedure (208.4.8.1)
found in page 2-164, therefore we will be using the following formulas for the solution.

Simplified design base shear: Vertical Distribution:

3𝐶𝑎 3𝐶𝑎
𝑉= 𝑊 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑤
𝑅 𝑅 𝑖

SOLUTION:
Identify Necessary parameters:
PARAMETERS VALUES
Near Source Factor, Na (p. 2-161, Table 208-5)
• Reference is distance from Nearest Fault Line and Seismic Source Type. (Interpolate when
necessary) 1.3
𝑥 − 1.5 1.2 − 1.5
= 𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟑
4−2 5−2

Seismic coefficient, Ca (p. 2-161, Table 208-7)

• Reference is Seismic zone and Soil profile type. Based on Table 208-2 (page 2-139), the designation
0.572
for “Stiff Soil” is SD.
CA = 0.44Na = 0.44(1.3) = 0.572
Response Modification Factor, R (p. 2-176 to 2-179, depending on material. For this case, wooden, table
208-11D) 5.5
Reference is type of Structural System
Total weight of structure, W
𝑊𝑇 = 100𝑘𝑁 + 85𝑘𝑁 + 75𝑘𝑁 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 260 kN
Solution:

1. Determine Base Shear, V

R = 5.5
Ca = 0.572
W = 260 kN

3𝐶𝑎 3(0.572)
𝑉= 𝑊= (260 𝑘𝑁) = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝒌𝑵
𝑅 5.5

2. Determine lateral force for each level, Fx

R = 5.5
Ca = 0.572
w1 = 100 kN
w2 = 85 kN
w3 = 75 kN

3𝐶𝑎 3(0.572)
𝐹1 = 𝑤1 = (100 𝑘𝑁) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝑵
𝑅 8.5

3𝐶𝑎 3(0.572)
𝐹2 = 𝑤2 = (85 𝑘𝑁) = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟐 𝒌𝑵
𝑅 5.5

3𝐶𝑎 3(0.572)
𝐹3 = 𝑤1 = (75 𝑘𝑁) = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑅 5.5