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7 Earthquake

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EARTHQUAKES-

Causes & Effects

Guru Prasad Sharma


Sikkim Manipal Institute of
Technology
Plate Tectonics
 The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major
plates which are moved in various
directions.
 This plate motion causes them to collide,
pull apart, or scrape against each other.
 Each type of interaction causes a
characteristic set of Earth structures or
“tectonic” features.
 The word, tectonic, refers to the
deformation of the crust because of plate
interaction.
World Plates
types of plate boundary
Divergent

Convergent

Transform
Divergent boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Boundary

View of the San Andreas


transform fault
Where do earthquakes
form?
Earthquake
Terminology
Earthquake Frequency
Magnitude and
Intensity
 Magnitude represents the size of the
earthquake, but not necessarily the
damage or shaking level
 Decimal value (e.g., 6.7). Only one value is
used for a single earthquake
 Described by the “Richter scale”, though
“energy” magnitude is now generally used.
 Depends on the energy released.
Magnitude and
Intensity
 Intensity represents the effects of an
earthquake: the shaking and damage at
different locations
 Determined from observations of shaking
and damage
 Roman numerals from I to X are used. The
value varies depending on location
 The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is
used
MMI Scale
Effects of Earthquakes
 Earthquakes produce several types of
effects, all of which can cause loss of
property and human life
 Ground motion is the familiar trembling
and shaking of the land during an
earthquake
Can topple buildings and bridges
 Fire is a problem just after earthquakes
because of broken gas and water mains and
fallen electrical wires
 Landslides can be triggered by ground
shaking, particularly in larger quakes
 Liquefaction occurs when water-
saturated soil or sediment sloshes like a
liquid during a quake
Effects of Earthquake
Effects of Earthquake

Ariel survey of landslide after


earthquake
Effects of Earthquake

Damaged building in Singtam, East Sikkim


Earthquake Resistant
Design
 We don’t need earthquake-proof buildings
that will not get damaged even during the
strong earthquake -Instead, earthquake
resistant building.
 such buildings resist the effects of
ground shaking, although they may get
damaged severely but would not collapse
during the strong earthquake.
 Thus, safety of people and contents is
assured in earthquake-resistant buildings,
and thereby a disaster is avoided.
 This is a major objective of seismic design
codes throughout the world.
Design Philosophy

 a)Under minor shaking, structural members should


not be damaged; however, building parts that do not
carry load may sustain repairable damage.
Design Philosophy

 b) Moderate Shaking: Structure should be able to


resist occasional moderate ground shaking
without significant damage
Design Philosophy

 Structure should be able to resist major


earthquakes without collapse
OBJECTIVES OF EQ
RESISTANT DESIGN
 Should the structure be designed to
withstand strong shaking without
sustaining any damage Such a construction
will be too expensive

 It may be more logical to accept some


damage in case of strong shaking

 However, loss of life must be protected


even in case of strong shaking.
Seismic Map IS1893-2016
How do we make
resistant structures
 Ductility Concept
 Ductility is defined as the capacity of the building
materials, systems, or structures to absorb energy
by deforming in the inelastic range
 The safety of building from collapse is based on
energy
 In such instance, consideration must be given to
structure’s capacity to absorb energy rather than
to its resistance
 Therefore, ductility of a structure in fact is one of
the most important factors affecting its
earthquake performance
Lateral Load Resisting
Systems- Moment Resisting
Frames
 Column and beams joined by moment resisting
connections
 Lateral stiffness of the frame depends on the
flexural stiffness of the beams, columns, and
connections.
 Economical for buildings up to about 10-15 stories.
 Well suited for reinforced concrete construction
due to the inherent continuity in the joints.
 Gravity loads also resisted by frame action.
 This system is generally preferred by architects
because they are relatively un-obtrusive compared
with shear walls or braced frame
Moment Resisting
Frames
Lateral Load Resisting
Systems-Shear Walls
 Generally constructed with concrete,
 Shear walls have high in-plane stiffness and
strength.
 Well suited for tall buildings up to about 35
stories.
 Can be used around elevator and/or stair cores.
 wall elements designed to take vertical as well as
in plane horizontal (lateral) forces
Shear Walls
Lateral Load Resisting
Systems-Braced Frames
 Braced Frames are basically vertical truss
systems.
 Almost exclusively steel or timber.
 Highly efficient use of material since forces are
primarily axial. Creates a laterally stiff building
with relatively little additional material.
 Good for buildings of any height. May be internal
or external.
 Braces used to resist lateral loads -steel or
concrete
 Damage can occur when braces buckle
 Stiffer than pure frame
Braced Frames
Methods of analysis
 Equivalent static analysis.
 Response spectrum analysis.
 Non-linear static analysis.
 Time History Analysis
References
 IS 1893: 2016, “Indian Standard criteria for earthquak
e resistant design of structures, Part 1 General provi
sions and buildings”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 2016
 Earthquake tips issued by IIT Kanpur and BMTPC.

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