Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform. Earthquakes form at plate boundaries due to stresses building up and sudden slippage of rocks. The magnitude represents the energy released by an earthquake, while the intensity represents its effects on people and structures. Major effects include ground shaking, fire, landslides, and liquefaction. Earthquake resistant design aims to build structures that resist ground shaking without collapsing through ductility and lateral load resisting systems like moment frames, shear walls, and braced frames. Analysis methods include equivalent static, response spectrum, nonlinear static, and time history analyses.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform. Earthquakes form at plate boundaries due to stresses building up and sudden slippage of rocks. The magnitude represents the energy released by an earthquake, while the intensity represents its effects on people and structures. Major effects include ground shaking, fire, landslides, and liquefaction. Earthquake resistant design aims to build structures that resist ground shaking without collapsing through ductility and lateral load resisting systems like moment frames, shear walls, and braced frames. Analysis methods include equivalent static, response spectrum, nonlinear static, and time history analyses.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform. Earthquakes form at plate boundaries due to stresses building up and sudden slippage of rocks. The magnitude represents the energy released by an earthquake, while the intensity represents its effects on people and structures. Major effects include ground shaking, fire, landslides, and liquefaction. Earthquake resistant design aims to build structures that resist ground shaking without collapsing through ductility and lateral load resisting systems like moment frames, shear walls, and braced frames. Analysis methods include equivalent static, response spectrum, nonlinear static, and time history analyses.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform. Earthquakes form at plate boundaries due to stresses building up and sudden slippage of rocks. The magnitude represents the energy released by an earthquake, while the intensity represents its effects on people and structures. Major effects include ground shaking, fire, landslides, and liquefaction. Earthquake resistant design aims to build structures that resist ground shaking without collapsing through ductility and lateral load resisting systems like moment frames, shear walls, and braced frames. Analysis methods include equivalent static, response spectrum, nonlinear static, and time history analyses.
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology Plate Tectonics The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions. This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other. Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features. The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust because of plate interaction. World Plates types of plate boundary Divergent
transform fault Where do earthquakes form? Earthquake Terminology Earthquake Frequency Magnitude and Intensity Magnitude represents the size of the earthquake, but not necessarily the damage or shaking level Decimal value (e.g., 6.7). Only one value is used for a single earthquake Described by the “Richter scale”, though “energy” magnitude is now generally used. Depends on the energy released. Magnitude and Intensity Intensity represents the effects of an earthquake: the shaking and damage at different locations Determined from observations of shaking and damage Roman numerals from I to X are used. The value varies depending on location The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is used MMI Scale Effects of Earthquakes Earthquakes produce several types of effects, all of which can cause loss of property and human life Ground motion is the familiar trembling and shaking of the land during an earthquake Can topple buildings and bridges Fire is a problem just after earthquakes because of broken gas and water mains and fallen electrical wires Landslides can be triggered by ground shaking, particularly in larger quakes Liquefaction occurs when water- saturated soil or sediment sloshes like a liquid during a quake Effects of Earthquake Effects of Earthquake
Ariel survey of landslide after
earthquake Effects of Earthquake
Damaged building in Singtam, East Sikkim
Earthquake Resistant Design We don’t need earthquake-proof buildings that will not get damaged even during the strong earthquake -Instead, earthquake resistant building. such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world. Design Philosophy
a)Under minor shaking, structural members should
not be damaged; however, building parts that do not carry load may sustain repairable damage. Design Philosophy
b) Moderate Shaking: Structure should be able to
resist occasional moderate ground shaking without significant damage Design Philosophy
Structure should be able to resist major
earthquakes without collapse OBJECTIVES OF EQ RESISTANT DESIGN Should the structure be designed to withstand strong shaking without sustaining any damage Such a construction will be too expensive
It may be more logical to accept some
damage in case of strong shaking
However, loss of life must be protected
even in case of strong shaking. Seismic Map IS1893-2016 How do we make resistant structures Ductility Concept Ductility is defined as the capacity of the building materials, systems, or structures to absorb energy by deforming in the inelastic range The safety of building from collapse is based on energy In such instance, consideration must be given to structure’s capacity to absorb energy rather than to its resistance Therefore, ductility of a structure in fact is one of the most important factors affecting its earthquake performance Lateral Load Resisting Systems- Moment Resisting Frames Column and beams joined by moment resisting connections Lateral stiffness of the frame depends on the flexural stiffness of the beams, columns, and connections. Economical for buildings up to about 10-15 stories. Well suited for reinforced concrete construction due to the inherent continuity in the joints. Gravity loads also resisted by frame action. This system is generally preferred by architects because they are relatively un-obtrusive compared with shear walls or braced frame Moment Resisting Frames Lateral Load Resisting Systems-Shear Walls Generally constructed with concrete, Shear walls have high in-plane stiffness and strength. Well suited for tall buildings up to about 35 stories. Can be used around elevator and/or stair cores. wall elements designed to take vertical as well as in plane horizontal (lateral) forces Shear Walls Lateral Load Resisting Systems-Braced Frames Braced Frames are basically vertical truss systems. Almost exclusively steel or timber. Highly efficient use of material since forces are primarily axial. Creates a laterally stiff building with relatively little additional material. Good for buildings of any height. May be internal or external. Braces used to resist lateral loads -steel or concrete Damage can occur when braces buckle Stiffer than pure frame Braced Frames Methods of analysis Equivalent static analysis. Response spectrum analysis. Non-linear static analysis. Time History Analysis References IS 1893: 2016, “Indian Standard criteria for earthquak e resistant design of structures, Part 1 General provi sions and buildings”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2016 Earthquake tips issued by IIT Kanpur and BMTPC.