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Pharmaceutical Potential of Aquatic Plant Pistia Stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia Crassipes

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Pharmaceutical Potential of Aquatic Plant Pistia stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia


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Journal of Plant Sciences
2015; 3(1-1): 10-18
Published online December 26, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jps)
doi: 10.11648/j.jps.s.2015030101.12
ISSN: 2331-0723 (Print); ISSN: 2331-0731 (Online)

Pharmaceutical potential of aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes


(L.) and Eichhornia crassipes
Tyagi Tulika, Agrawal Mala
BBD Government PG College, Chimanpura (Shahpura), Jaipur,Rajasthan, India

Email address:
tulikatyagi_062@yahoo.co.in (T. Tulika), agarwal.mala@yahoo.co.in (A. Mala)

To cite this article:


Tyagi Tulika, Agrawal Mala. Pharmaceutical Potential of Aquatic Plant Pistia stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia crassipes. Journal of Plant
Sciences. Special Issue: Medicinal Plants. Vol. 3, No. 1-1, 2015, pp. 10-18. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.s.2015030101.12

Abstract: Pistia stratiotes L. commonly known as water lettuce belongs to Araceae. It has been used in various medicines
for the treatment of eczema, leprosy, ulcers, piles, stomach disorder, throat and mouth inflammation, a few to mention.
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Waterhyacinth), an aquatic perennial herb present throughout the world, has a myriad of
metabolites. Extracts, as well as pure compounds isolated from this plant, have been demonstrated to possess pharmacological
activities. This review article is a compilation of the updated information regarding phytochemical, pharmacological, medicinal,
bioremediation potential, allelopathy, utilization and management of water lettuce and waterhyacinth.
Keywords: Bioremediation, Allelopathy, Inflammation, Phytochemical

1. Introduction
Mankind through observation and experience developed conditions and loves alkaline/lime-rich water. P. stratiotes
knowledge of the properties of plants as a source of food and belongs to arum/ Araceae family [1].
medicines. Phytochemicals are as important as synthetic
medicines since in some regions it is the only source of
medicine. In the history of ancient civilizations, the use of
medicinal herbs for curing diseases has been documented.
Drugs were used in crude forms as decoctions, infusions,
tinctures and poultices. Phytochemicals play an important
role in the pharmaceutical industry as raw materials or as a
particular drug. Secondary metabolites obtained from the
plants are found to be an important source of various
phytochemicals that could be used for the production of
pharmaceuticals. In the developing countries, approximately
80% of the populations still rely on the traditional medicine
derived from the plants for health care needs. Thus the
demand for herbal medicines is continuously increasing day Figure 1. Pistia stratiotes
by day in comparison to the synthetic drugs. India is called
the botanical garden of the world for its rich natural resources. Pistia stratiotes L., is a free floating, aquatic plant with
sessile leaves forming a rosette. The leaves are pale-green,
2.1. Pistia stratiotes 10-20 cm long and 10 cm wide, spathulate to obovate with a
rounded to truncate apex. Around 7-15 veins run parallel
Pistia stratiotes, also known as ‘Jal kumbhi’, water from the base. The lower surface is covered with whitish
cabbage, water lettuce, Nile cabbage, or shellflower is a free hairs [2-5]. Inflorescence is axillary, solitary, spathulated
floating aquatic plant of streams, lakes and ponds. Due to its with a single pistillate flower at base, and 2-8 staminate
stoloniferous nature it is always found anchored to the flowers above. Flowers are unisexual, staminate with two
hydrosoil when the water level recedes and in marshland stamens, pistillate with unilocular ovary having numerous
Journal of Plant Sciences 2015; 3(1-1): 10-18 11

ovules, a slender style and penicillate stigma, the fruit with like ancestor [16]. P. stratiotes can be used as a model plant
many thin seeds [6]. Its seeds germinate on the hydro-soil in biochemical study of oxalic acid formation and calcium
and float to the surface within 5 days. Germination can also regulation as related to calcium oxalate production in pure
occur in the dark. P. stratiotes does not survive freezing cultures [19].
temperatures. Germination does not occur below 20°C. It
flowers in summer and give fruits at the end of hot season [7]. 2.2. Pharmacological Uses of of Pistia Stratiotes
The seeds float on the surface for few days, transported by 2.2.1. Biogas Production
currents and water fowl, before they sink to the bottom [4]. Pistia stratiotes can be utilized as a substrate for biogas
A large number of medicinal and other uses are attributed production in batch digestion. With inoculation, a high rate of
to P. stratiotes which makes it a very special plant to be biogas with an average 58-68% methane production and
exploited [8]. The recent upsurge in herbal medicines has significant concentrations of propionic, butyric, isobutyric,
made it possible to transform traditional medicine into a valeric, and isovaleric acids. The addition of inoculum
modern industry to deliver healthcare to the common man[9]. improves the performance significantly [20]. It can be
P. stratiotes from medicinal point is used as antiseptic, exploited for bio-fuels through GM bacteria, this will help in
antitubercular and antidysentric. Its extract is used as an managing the weed, mitigating water pollution, relieving
anodyne for eyewash and for relieving ear complaints. Its ash energy problems and protecting the aquatic ecosystem [21].
is applied to scalp for curing ringworm. Leaf extract is used
in eczema, leprosy, ulcers, piles, and syphilis. Leaf extract 2.2.2. Role in Water Purification
boiled in coconut oil is applied to the skin in chronic Pistia stratiotes L. is a ‘hyperaccumulator’ by removing
dermatitis [8]. Its concoction is useful for relieving nervous heavy metals, organic compounds and radio-nuclides from
disorders, fever and intestinal bacterial infections. P. water [22]. It purifies the polluted aquatic system from
stratiotes is useful in the treatment of stomach disorder, deterimental metals. Lower size of the plant for removal of
throat and mouth inflammation [10]. It was reported that heavy metals is a credit for this plant as compared to water
ethanol and hot water fractions of the plant exerts hyacinth [23-26]. It can be used for Zn extraction from
antimicrobial action on a few pathogenic bacteria while industrial wastes as it has strong affinity to Zn absorption in
chloroform fraction of the same plant possess both antifungal an ecofriendly manner [27]. The same is true about mercury
and antibacterial activities on some pathogens [11] too [28]. The accumulation of heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cu,
Cr, and Cd does not cause any toxic effect on the plant which
2.1.1. Phytochemical Content of Pistia Stratiotes qualifies the plant to be used for the phyto-remediation of
P. stratiotes plant extracts consist of various alkaloids, waste water for heavy metals on large-scale [29]. P. stratiotes
glycosides, flavonoids and phytosterols. Leaf and stem is best candidate for in situ bioremediation of drug
extract consist of 92.9% H2O, 1.4% protein, 0.3% fats, 2.6% contaminated water body as it is more sensitive than the other
carbohydrates, 0.9% crude fiber and 1.9% minerals (mostly aquatic plants tested. Thus it is recommended for quinolone
potassium and phosphorous). Leaves are rich in vitamins A & bioremediation but less effective for sulphonamide [30].
C, stigma-sterol, stigma-steryl, stigma-sterate and palmitic
acids are found in abundance. 2-di-cgl-cosy-flavones of 2.2.3. Biological and Pharmacological Activities
vicenin and lucenin type, anthocyanin cyaniding-3-glucoside, Pistia stratiotes leaves extract is capable to reduce
luteolin-7-glucoside and mono-C-glcosyl flavones–vitexin superoxides and nitric oxide radicals and to lower free radical
and orientin have also been isolated from the plant[12]. induced cell injury. The ethanolic extract of this plant leaves
Stratioside II (a new C13 norterpene glucoside) is the major inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase and hence uric acid
component of this plant. Leaves are rich in proteins, essential formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is used in the
amino acids, stigmatane, sito-sterol acyl glycosides and treatment of gout [31]. The antipyretic nature of the extract
minerals[13]. Vicenin an anticancer agent[14] and cyanidin- can be utilized for treating fever [32]. The leaves are used as
3-glucoside (an anthocyanin) is present[15]. The plant disinfectant and for the treatment of tuberculosis, dysentery,
contains large amounts of di-c-glycosyl-flavones similar to eczema, leprosy, ulcer, piles, syphilis and parasitic worms
vicenin and lucenin and their derivatives, traces of [33,34]. The ash of water lettuce is used for curing tinea.
anthocyanin; cyanidin-3- glucoside and a luteolin-7- Egami et al., reported the antibacterial activity in the plant
glycoside, mono-cglycosylflavones, vitexin and orientin [16]. [35]. P. stratiotes works as antioxidant [36], bronchodilator
Using column chromatography resulted in isolation of [37], antitumor [38], antifungal [39], diuretic[40],
stigmastanes as well as eight new compounds as Ergosta-7, antiprotease [41], emollient [42], antidiabetic[43] and
22-diene-3,5,6-triol, 7-hydroxyl-sitosterol, sitoindoside, antimicrobial [44].
soya-cerebroside, luteolin, chrysoeriol 4-O-
Dglucopyranoside, sitosterol and daucoterol[17,18]. The 2.2.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
flavonoid chemistry of P. stratiotes shows an evolutionary Water lettuce is traditionally used for curing opthalmia and
link between the aroids and the lemnaceae due to similar iritis in Ghana, due to its analgesic anti-inflammatory
biochemical pathways to most flavonoids, which strengthens effect[32],[42],[45,46]. Its water and ethanolic extracts given
the concept that lemnaceae may have arisen from a Pistia- in acute inflammation relieve hyperalgesia by inhibiting the
chemicals (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin, and
12 Tyagi Tulika and Agrawal Mala: Pharmaceutical Potential of Aquatic Plant Pistia stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia crassipes

bradykinin) that stimulates and sensitizes the nociceptor[47]. other genera occur in this family of predominantly
The phytochemical screening revealed presence of some neotropical, freshwater aquatics, and eight species in the
flavonoids and sterols, which might be the source of the anti- genus Eichhornia. The English common names of
inflammatory activity of this plant [48,49]. Eichhornia crassipes are waterhyacinth, water hyacinth and
water-hyacinth. Waterhyacinth is the standardized spelling
2.2.5. Diuretic Activity adopted by the Weed Science Society of America to denote
Pallavi et al., reported antidiabetic and diuretic activities in that it is not an aquatic relative of true “hyacinth”
the leaf extracts of water lettuce [40]. They found that oral (Hyacinthus spp.), as the two-word spelling suggests[70].
administration of the extracts produced significant diuretic Waterhyacinth contains many phytochemicals[71-74]. Many
action which might be its ability to block sugar absorption. phenalene compounds have been isolated from
The ethanolic leaf extract of this plant has significant diuretic waterhyacinth[75-78]. The plant has been reported to show
activity, and supports the traditional practice of using water antimicrobial activity[79-83], antioxidant activity[84,85][74],
lettuce as diuretic [50]. wound healing activity[86,87], antitumour activity [88] and
2.2.6. Antifungal Activity larvicidal activity[89].
Natarajan et al., found that P. stratiotes methanolic extract Eichhornia crassipes is a free-floating aquatic macrophyte
was most effective against dermatophytes. The antifungal that displays two different morphologies with intermediates,
activity of water lettuce justify its use for curing different dependent on the conditions in which it grows. In dense
diseases with fungal or fungal-like symptoms, like ringworm stands, the petioles are elongated (up to 1 m in length in
infection of the scalp, syphilitic eruptions, skin infections, nutrient-rich waters devoid of herbivores) with circular
boils, and wounds, and highlight the worth of indigenous leaves; but are short (<30 cm) and bulbous, with kidney-
knowledge of ethno-botany in choosing water lettuce to shaped leaves where the plants are not in dense mats, or
discover new medicines[51]. along the edge of infestations[90]. The 6–10 glabrous leaves
are arranged in basal rosettes, each leaf lasting up to 6–8
2.2.7. Anti Microbial Activity weeks before senescence. Both the rhizome and the fibrous,
The extract of Pistia stratiotes showed antibacterial feathery roots remain submerged. The root morphology is
[44],[52,53] antifungal[54,55], antiviral[56-58] and antialgal highly plastic and the plasticity is related to nutrient,
activities[59,60]. Flavonoids and phenolic derivatives of particularly phosphorus(P), availability in the water. Lateral
water lettuce affected the function of bacterial cell membrane roots are generally longer and denser at low P levels than at
as a result inhibited their growth[61,62]. high P levels[91]. The root–shoot ratio varies inversely with
nutrient, particularly nitrogen, availability.
2.2.8. Wound Healing Potential
Pistia stratiotes contains large amount of compounds that
have antioxidant activity[63]. Sterols from this plant are
reported to be responsible for wound healing property of the
plant [64]. The healing potential is due to its ability to trigger
angiogenesis and mitogenesis at the site[65]. The wound
healing property of water lettuce is attributed to certain
compounds present in the plant which work alone or in
combination with other compounds in the healing process.

2.2.9. Allelopathic Effects on Terrestrial Plants


The allelopathic potential of water lettuce is a best source
for weed management. Screening provides important basic
information on inhibitory effects and their potential for weed
control [66]. Some alellochemicals caused root cell death
indirectly by production of reactive oxygen species that
worked as signaling molecules that changed hormonal Figure 2. Eichhornia crassipes
balance during seed germination[67]. Germination of lettuce
in aqueous extracts of corn residues, caused necrotic root tips Reproduction is both sexual and vegetative. The showy
and shorter roots due to damage of meristematic tissue[68]. flowers are pale blue or violet, displaying a yellow central
Eucalyptol also inhibits the roots growth of lettuce patch in the standard perianth lobe, and are borne in spikes.
seedlings[69]. The Pontederiaceae is one of only two monocotyledonous
families that display genetic polymorphism of tristyly, in
3. Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms which all flowers of an individual plant possess one of three
distinct corresponding style and stamen length
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms is an aquatic perennial phenotypes[92]. Flowers produce large numbers of longlived
herb that belongs to the family Pontederiaceae, an erect free- seeds that can remain viable for up to 20 years in
floating herbaceous plant, spread throughout the world. Eight
Journal of Plant Sciences 2015; 3(1-1): 10-18 13

sediments[93,94]. Sexual reproduction is limited by a waterhyacinth by different methods.


scarcity of suitable pollinators and lack of appropriate sites
for germination and seedling establishment[95]. The main 3.1.4. Sterols
mode of population increase is vegetative, via ramets Sterols are present in various extracts of waterhyacinth
(daughter plants) formed from axillary buds on stolons [103,73,74]. Campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were
produced through elongation of internodes[90]. Once the detected in the sterol mixture isolated from the acetone
ramets have developed roots, the stolons either decay or extract [108]. Hydroxystigmata-4, 22- dien-3-one (35), a
break, separating from the parent plant. Thus E. crassipes novel steroid, has also been isolated [109].
populations increase rapidly, doubling under suitable 3.1.5. Glycosides
conditions every 11–18 days[96]. Neutral pH favors E. Glycosides [72], in particular cardiac glycosides [73], were
crassipes proliferation, although the plant can tolerate pH reported in the chloroform and aqueous extracts of the shoot,
levels from 4 to 10; high light intensities and nutrient-rich respectively. Monogalactosyldiglycerides and
water also encourage population build-up. Growth is directly digalactosyldiglycerides are the major glycolipids.
correlated with nutrient concentrations[94] – as nitrogen and Phospholipids found in the roots, leaf stalks and flowers are
phosphorus increase in concentration, so too does E. respectively phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and
crassipes biomass accumulation[97,98]. phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids in the roots,
3.1. Phytochemical Content of Eichhornia Crassipes leaf stalks, leaves and flowers are palmitic and linoleic,
linoleic, palmitic, linolenic and linoleic, respectively [110].
Waterhyacinth possesses nutritionally important Stigmatic exudates of waterhyacinth contain the soluble
compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, glutathione [99] and sugars, fructose, sucrose, and free fatty acids [111]. Analysis
many other metabolites. of the polysaccharide revealed that the heteropolysaccharide
of waterhyacinth is composed of D-xylose, L-galactose and
3.1.1. Phenolic Compounds Larabinose [112].
Phenolic compounds are a large and diverse group of
molecules, which include many different families of aromatic 3.1.6. Other Metabolites
secondary metabolites in plants. Phenolic compounds are Resins [113] are present in waterhyacinth. Saponin in
detected in the leaves [100,101], methanol extract [102,103], chloroform and methanol extracts [72,103], and
aqueous extract [73] and ethyl acetate extract [74] of anthroquinone in the chloroform extract [110] of
waterhyacinth. 4-Methylresorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol, waterhyacinth were observed. The aqueous extract of
catechol, pyrogallol, and genetisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, waterhyacinth shoot contains phlobatannin, quinone,
syringic, vanillic and salicylic acids have been detected by anthraquinone and cardiac glycosides, whereas phlobatannin
TLC in the ethanolic shoot extract, whereas 4- and cardiac glycosides are absent in the rhizome [73].
methylresorcinol, 2-methylresorcinol, resorcinol, catechol,
and genetisic and salicylic acids were present in rhizomes 3.2. Pharmacological Content of Eichhornia Crassipes
[104]. 1(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)2(4-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl) 3.2.1. Antimicrobial Activity
ethanone was identified in the ethanol extract by GC-MS Many researchers have evaluated the antimicrobial activity
[105]. of various extracts of the plant. The methanol extract and its
3.1.2. Alkaloids fractions showed antimicrobial (bacterial and fungal) and
Phytochemical investigation of the plant showed the anti-algal activities (green microalgae and cyanobacteria)
presence of alkaloids in waterhyacinth [103,73,74,72]. using the paper disc diffusion bioassay. Waterhyacinth
Qualitative separation of alkaloids by TLC revealed that extract showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus,
cytisine and tomatine are present both in the shoot and Escherichia coli, Penicillium and Aspergillus niger, but the
rhizome, whereas codeine, thebaine and quinine are present activity depended on pH, concentration and action time [114].
in the shoot, and the rhizome contains nicotine [73]. GC-MS The methanolic extract of waterhyacinth showed activity
analysis of the methanol extract of waterhyacinth showed the against Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium
presence of 18,19-secoyohimban-19-oic acid, and oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Xanthomonas
16,17,20,21-tetradehydro-16-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl ester compestries [115].
[102], whereas pipradrol, and 1H-pyrrole,1-phenyl were 3.2.2. Antioxidant Activity
detected in the ethanol extract [105]. Eichhornia crassipes exposed to various concentrations of
3.1.3. Terpenoids Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn hydroponically for 21
Terpenoids were detected in various extracts of days showed increases in the activity of catalase, peroxidase
waterhyacinth [102,103,73,74]. 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2- and superoxide dismutase, and there was differential
hexadecen-1- ol and phytol were identified in the ethanol inducement among the metals. Overall, Zn had the least
extract by GC-MS [105]. Growth regulating substances, inducement of the antioxidant enzymes in Eichhornia
indole compounds and gibberellins were separated from the crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, while Hg had the highest
roots of the plant [106,107]. Carotene was extracted from inducement [116]. The reducing power of the aqueous extract
14 Tyagi Tulika and Agrawal Mala: Pharmaceutical Potential of Aquatic Plant Pistia stratiotes (L.) and Eichhornia crassipes

and fractions – ethanol, aqueous, methanol and aqueous- of Table 1. Photochemical estimation of Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia
waterhyacinth evaluated for their reducing power capability crassipes
at five different concentrations showed increasing absorbance S.No. Phytochemical Pistia stratiotes Eichhornia crassipes
and this was related to their high antioxidant capacity [117]. 1 Alkaloids + +
The DPPH scavenging assay of the light petroleum, acetone, 2 Flavonoids + +
3 Tannins - +
ethyl acetate, aqueous, and hydrolyzed extracts, and fractions
4 Saponins - -
showed that the hydrolyzed extract has good DPPH 5 Terpenoids - +
scavenging activity [87]. 6 Sterols + -
7 Antraquinones - +
3.2.3. Wound Healing Activity 8 Phenols - +
The methanolic extract of waterhyacinth leaves in the form 9 Quinones - +
of an ointment, at two different concentrations (10% and 10 Carbohydrates - -
11 Proteins - -
15%, w/w of leaf extract in a simple ointment base) were
12 Glycosides + +
investigated for their wound healing potential in an excision 13 Reducing sugar + +
experimental model of wounds in rats. The treatments 14 Steroids + +
showed better wound contraction ability that was
significantly greater than that of the control [86].
4. Conclusion
3.2.4. Antitumor Activity
The elaboration of a wide variety of phytochemicals from
A methanolic leaf extract of waterhyacinth (50%) at
Water lettuce and waterhyacinth, their significant
different doses (200 mg/kg body weight to 500 mg/kg body
pharmacological activity, and their large scale harvesting for
weight) showed good response against B16F10 in vivo
other utilities render the plants of potential importance. Being
melanoma tumor bearing hybrid mice models (from Swiss
a hyper-accumulator it is the cheapest tool for the phyto-
albino female and C57BL male) [88]. Some fractions
remediation of polluted water bodies in removing heavy
exhibited selective anticancer activity against a liver cancer
metals and to denature the antibiotics released into water.
cell line, while other fractions exhibited high anticancer
Phytochemicals present in the plants indicates relevance to
activity against hormone dependent tumor types (cervix and
large scale harvesting, chemical modification, and utilization.
breast cancers). The potency of the crude extract compared to
If some useful compounds could be isolated, which is
its fractions has been attributed to the auto-synergistic effect
considered a threat to the environment and economy, it could
of these fractions within the same extract [118].
be harvested and constructively used. Though there are many
3.2.5. Larvicidal Activity works citing the use of this plant in bioremediation and
Chironomus ramosus Chaudhuri eggs and larvae subjected energy production, the plant has been exploited only to a
to varying concentrations of crude root extracts of E. certain extent in terms of its phytochemicals. Based on this
crassipes (final concentrations 0.25–2.5%) showed 100% review, the economic impact of water lettuce and
efficiency [119] Larvicidal, pupicidal and repellent activity waterhyacinth is huge as it involves both the control of
carried out on the light petroleum, ethyl acetate, and aqueous growth and the problem caused by the plant on the ecosystem.
extracts, and methanol and ethanol fractions against Culex
quinquefasciatus in our laboratory showed good activity.
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