MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

UNIT – 2
BESSEL’S EQUATION
DR. RAJESH MATHPAL
ACADEMIC CONSULTANT
SCHOOL OF SCIENCES
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
TEENPANI, HALDWANI
UTTRAKHAND
MOB:9758417736,7983713112
Email: rmathpal@uou.ac.in
 STRUCTURE OF UNIT
• 2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 2.2 BESSEL’S EQUATION
• 2.4 BESSEL’S FUNCTIONS, Jn (x)
• 2.5 Bessel’s function of the second kind of order n
• 2.6 RECURRENCE FORMULAE
• 2.7 ORTHOGONALITY OF BESSEL FUNCTION
• 2.8 A GENERATING FUNCTION FOR Jn (x)
• 2.9 SOME EXAMPLES
 2.1 INTRODUCTION
We find the Bessel’s equation while solving Laplace equation in polar coordinates by the needed of separation of variables. This equation has a number of applications in
engineering.
Bessel’s function are involved in
• The Oscillatory motion of a hanging chain
• Euler’s theory of a circular membrane
• The studies of planetary motion
• The propagation of waves
• The Elasticity
• The fluid motion
• The potential theory
• Cylindrical and spherical waves
• Theory of plane waves
• Bessel’s function are also known as cylindrical and spherical function.
 2.2 BESSEL’S EQUATION
The differential equation

𝑑 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 2 +𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑛 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

is called the Bessel’s differential equation, and particular solutions of this equation are
called Bessel’s fraction of order n.
 2.3 SOLUTION OF BESSEL’S EQUATION
2 𝑑 2 𝑦′ 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 = 0. …(1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let σ∞𝑟=0 𝑎 𝑟 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑚+1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑚+2 + ⋯ …(2)
𝑑𝑦
So that = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑎𝑟 𝑚 + 𝑟 𝑥
𝑚+𝑟−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
and = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑎𝑟 𝑚 + 𝑟 (𝑚 + 𝑟 −1)𝑥
𝑚+𝑟−2
𝑑𝑥 2
Substituting these values in (1), we get
∞ ∞

𝑥 2 ෍ 𝑎𝑟 𝑚+𝑟 (𝑚+𝑟 −1)𝑥 𝑚+𝑟−2 +𝑥 ෍ 𝑎𝑟 𝑚 + 𝑟 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟−1 + (𝑥 2

𝑟=0 𝑟=0
∞

− 𝑛2 ) ෍ 𝑎𝑟 𝑥 𝑚+𝑟 = 0
𝑟=0
    
  ar (m + r )(m + r − 1) x m+ r
+  ar (m + r ) x m+ r
+  ar x m+ r + 2
−n 2
 r =0
a x m+ r

r =0 r =0 r =0 r =0
 
  ar [(m + r )(m + r − 1) + (m + r ) − n 2 ]x m+ r +  ar x m+ r + 2 = 0
r =0 r =0
 
  ar [(m + r )2 − n 2 ]x m+ r +  ar x m+ r + 2 = 0.
r =0 r =0

Equating the coefficient of lowest degree term of xm in the identity (3) to zero,
by putting r = 0 in the first summation we get the indicial equation.

a0[m+0)2 – n2] = 0. (r = 0)

⇒ m2 = n2 i.e. m = n, m = - n a0 ≠ 0
Equating the coefficient of the next lowest degree term xm+1 in the identity (3), we put r = 1 in the first summation
a1 [m + 1)2 – n2] = 0 i.e. a1 = 0, since m + 1)2 – n2 ≠ 0
Equating the coefficient of xm + r + 2 in (3) to zero, to find relation in successive coefficients, we get
ar +2[(m+r+2)2 – n2] +ar = 0
1
⇒ 𝑎𝑟+2 = − .a
𝑚+𝑟+2 2 −𝑛2 r
Therefore, a3 = a5 = a1 = …. = 0, since a1 = 0
1
If r = 0, 𝑎2 = − .a
𝑚+2 2 −𝑛2 0
1 1
If r = 2, 𝑎4 = − a = a and so on.
𝑚+4 2 −𝑛2 2 𝑚+2 2 −𝑛2 [(𝑚+4)2 −𝑛2 0
On substituting the values of the coefficients a1, a2, a3, a4 …….. in (2), we have
𝑎0 𝑚+2 𝑎0
y = a0xm = − 2
𝑚+2 −𝑛 2 𝑥 + 𝑚+2 2 −𝑛2 [ 𝑚+4)2 −𝑛2
𝑥 𝑚+4 + ⋯
1 1
y = a0xm = 1 − 𝑚+2 2 −𝑛2
𝑥2 + 𝑚+2 2 −𝑛2 [ 𝑚+4)2 −𝑛2
𝑥4 − ⋯
For m = n
1 1
y = a0xn 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 − ⋯
4 𝑛+1 4 2 .2! 𝑛+1 𝑛+2

where a0 is an arbitrary constant.

For m = − n
1 1
y= a0x-n 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 − ⋯
4 −𝑛+1 42 .2! −𝑛+1 −𝑛+2
 2.4 BESSEL’S FUNCTIONS, Jn (x)
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The Bessel’s equation is 𝑥 2 +𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑛 )𝑦 = 0. …(1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution of (1) is
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥 2𝑟
y = a0x-n 1 − + − ⋯ + (−1)𝑟 +⋯
2.2(𝑛 +1) 2.4.22 (𝑛 +1)(𝑛 +2) (2𝑟 𝑟 !).2𝑟 (𝑛 +1)(𝑛 +2)…(𝑛 +𝑟 )


x2r
= a0 x n  (−1) r
r =0 22 r.r !(n + 1)(n + 2)...(n + r )

where a0 is an arbitrary constant.

1
If a0 =
2𝑛 (𝑛 +1)

The above solution is called Bessel’s function denoted by J n (x).

 1 𝑥 𝑛 +2𝑟
Thus 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) = σ(−1 )𝑟 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛!
2𝑛 (𝑛+1) 22𝑟 .𝑟!(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)…(𝑛+𝑟 )

x n 1 1 x 2 1 x 4 1 x 6
⇒ 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) = (𝑛+1)
− + − +⋯
2 1! (𝑛+2) 2 2! (𝑛+3) 2 3! (𝑛+4) 2

𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥4
⇒ 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) = 1− + +⋯ …(2)
2𝑛 𝑛+1 2.(2𝑛+2) 2.4.(2𝑛+2)(2𝑛+4)

n+2r n+2r

(−1)r  x 
(−1)r  x 
 J n ( x) =    J n ( x) =   
r =0 r ! ( n + r + 1)  2  r =0 r ! (n + r )!  2 

(−1)𝑟 𝑥 2𝑟 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
If n = 0, J0 (x) = σ ( ⇒ J0 (x) = 1 − 2 + − +⋯
𝑟!)2 2 2 22 .4 2 22 .4 2 .62
 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5
If n = 1, J1 (x) = − + 2 2 −⋯
2 22 .4 2 .4 .6
We draw the length of these two functions. Both the functions are oscillatory with a
varying period and a decreasing amplitude.
−1 𝑟 𝑥 −𝑛+2𝑟
Replacing n by – n in (2), we get J-n (x) = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟! −𝑛+𝑟+1 2

Case I. If n is not integer or zero, then complete solution of (1) is

Case II. If n = 0, then y1 = y2 and complete solution of (1) is the Bessel’s function of
order zero.
Case III. If n is positive integer, then y2 is not solution of (1). And y1 fails to give a
solution for negative values of n. Let us find out the general solution when n is an
integer.
 2.5 Bessel’s function of the second kind of
order n
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 +𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑛2 𝑦 = 0 …(1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let y = u(x) Jn (x) be the second of the Bessel’s equation when n integer.
𝑑𝑦
= u’ Jn + u J’n
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= u’’ Jn + 2u’ J’n + u J’’n
𝑑𝑥 2
Substituting these values of y, y’, yn in (1), we get
x2 (u’’ Jn + 2u’ J’n + u J’’n) + x(u’ Jn + u.J’n) + (x2 – n2) u Jn = 0
⇒ u [x2 Jnn + x J’n + (x2 – n2) Jn] + x2 u’’ Jn + 2x2 u’ Jn + x u’ Jn = 0 …(2)
⇒ x2 J’’n + x J’n + (x2 – n2) Jn = 0 [Since Jn is a solution of (1)]
(2) becomes x2 u’’ Jn + 2x2 u’ J’n + xu’ Jn = 0 …(3)
Dividing (3) by x2 u’ Jn, we have
𝑢𝑛 𝐽𝑛′ 1
+2 + =0
𝑢′ 𝐽𝑛 𝑥

(4) Can also be written as …(4)

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[log 𝑢′ + 2 [log 𝐽𝑛 ] + (log 𝑥) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⇒ [log 𝑢′ + 2 log 𝐽𝑛 + log 𝑥] = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
⇒ log(𝑢′ . 𝐽𝑛2 𝑥 = 0 …(5)
𝑑𝑥

Integrating (5), we get

log 𝑢′ . 𝐽𝑛2 . 𝑥 = log 𝐶1
𝐶1
⇒ 𝑢′ . 𝐽𝑛2 . 𝑥 = 𝐶1 ⇒ 𝑢′ = …(6)
𝐽𝑛2 .𝑥

On integrating (6), we obtain

𝐶1
𝑢=‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝐽𝑛2 .𝑥

Putting the value of 𝑢 in the assumed solution y = u (x). 𝐽𝑛2 (𝑥), we get
 2.6 RECURRENCE FORMULAE

These formulae are very useful in solving the questions. So, they are to be
committed to memory.
1. x 𝐽𝑛′ = 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥 𝐽𝑛+1

2. x 𝐽𝑛′ = −𝑛𝐽𝑛 + 𝑥 𝐽𝑛−1

3. 2 𝐽𝑛′ = 𝐽𝑛−1 − 𝐽𝑛+1

4. 2𝑛 𝐽𝑛 = 𝑥 𝐽𝑛−1 + 𝐽𝑛+1
5. 𝑑
𝑥 −𝑛 𝐽𝑛 = −𝑥 −𝑛 𝐽𝑛+1
𝑑𝑥

6. 𝑑
𝑥 −𝑛 𝐽𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 𝐽𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
 Formula I. x ′
𝐽𝑛 = 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥𝐽𝑛+1
Proof. We know that
−1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟
𝐽𝑛 = σ∞
𝑟=0 2
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

−1 𝑟 𝑛+2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟−1 1
𝐽𝑛′ = σ 2 2
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1

−1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟 −1 𝑟 .2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟−1

⇒ 𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = 𝑛 σ 2
+𝑥σ 2
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2.𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1

−1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟−1
= 𝑥𝐽𝑛 + 𝑥 σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟−1 ! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2

−1 𝑠+1 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑠−1
= 𝑛𝐽𝑛 + 𝑥 σ∞
𝑠=0 2
[Putting r – 1 = s]
𝑠! 𝑛+𝑠+2

−1 𝑠 𝑥 𝑛+1 +2𝑠
= 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥 σ∞
𝑠=0 2
𝑠! 𝑛+1 +𝑠+1

𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥𝐽𝑛+1 Proved.

 ′
Formula II. 𝑥𝐽𝑛 = −𝑛𝐽𝑛 + 𝑥𝐽𝑛−1
−1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟
Proof. We know that 𝐽𝑛 = σ∞
𝑟=0 𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+2 2

∞ −1 𝑟 𝑛+2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟−1 1
𝐽𝑛′
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’, we get = σ𝑟=0
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2 2

′ ∞ −1 𝑟 𝑛+2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟 ∞ −1 𝑟 2𝑛+2𝑟 −𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟

𝐽𝑛 = σ𝑟=0 = σ𝑟=0
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2 𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2

∞ −1 𝑟 2𝑛+2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟 ∞ −1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟

= σ𝑟=0 − 𝑛 σ𝑟=0
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2 𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟+1 2

∞ −1 𝑟 2 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟
= σ𝑟=0 − 𝑛𝐽𝑛
𝑟! 𝑛+𝑟 2
∞ 𝑟
−1 𝑥 𝑛−1+2𝑟
=𝑥෍ − 𝑛𝐽𝑛
2
𝑟=0 𝑟! 𝑛−1 +𝑟+1
⇒ 𝒙𝑱′𝒏 = 𝒙𝑱𝒏−𝟏 − 𝒏𝑱𝒏
 ′
Formula III. 𝟐𝑱𝒏 = 𝑱𝒏−𝟏 − 𝑱𝒏+𝟏

Proof.
We know that
𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = 𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥𝐽𝑛+1 …(1) (Recurrence formula I)
𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = −𝑛𝐽𝑛 + 𝑥𝐽𝑛−1 …(2) (Recurrence formula II)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
2𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = −𝑥𝐽𝑛+1 + 𝑥𝐽𝑛−1 ⇒ 2𝐽𝑛′ = 𝐽𝑛−1 − 𝐽𝑛+1
 Formula IV. 2𝑛𝐽𝑛 = 𝑥 (𝐽𝑛−1 + 𝐽𝑛+1 )
Proof.
We know that
𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥𝐽𝑛+1 …(1) (Recurrence formula I)
𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = −𝑛𝐽𝑛 + 𝑥𝐽𝑛−1 …(2) (Recurrence formula II)

subtracting (2) from (1), we get

0 = 2 𝑛 𝐽𝑛 −𝑥𝐽𝑛+1 −𝑥𝐽𝑛−1
⇒ 2 𝑛 𝐽𝑛 = 𝑥 (𝐽𝑛−1 +𝐽𝑛+1 ) …(3)
 𝒅
Formula V. (x-n. Jn) = -x-n Jn+1
𝒅𝒙

Proof. We know that 𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥𝐽𝑛+1

(Recurrence formula I)
Multiplying by x-n-1, we obtain x-n 𝐽𝑛′ = nx-n-1 Jn – x-n Jn+1
i.e., x-n 𝐽𝑛′ = nx-n-1 Jn =– x-n Jn+1
𝑑
⇒ (x-n Jn) = - x-n Jn + 1
𝑑𝑥
 𝒅 n n
Formula VI. (x Jn) = x Jn-1
𝒅𝒙
Proof.
We know that x-n 𝐽𝑛′ = -nJn + x Jn-1 (Recurrence formula II)
Multiplying by xn+1, we have
xn 𝐽𝑛′ = -nxn-1 Jn + xn Jn-1 i.e., xn 𝐽𝑛′ +nxn-1 Jn = xn Jn-1
𝒅
⇒ (xn Jn) = xn Jn-1
𝒅𝒙
 2.7 ORTHOGONALITY OF BESSEL
FUNCTION
Proof. We know that
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛼 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑛2 𝑦 = 0 …(1)
𝑑 𝑧2 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑥2 2 +𝑥 + 𝛽 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑛2 𝑧 = 0 …(2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑥
Solution of (1) and (2) are y = Jn (𝛼 𝑥), z = Jn (𝛽 𝑥) respectively.
𝑧 𝑦
Multiplying (1) by 𝑥 and (2) by – 𝑥 and adding, we get
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑧 −𝑦 + 𝑧 −𝑦 + 𝛼 2 −𝛽2 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛼 2 −𝛽2 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 0 …(3)
Integrating (3) w.r.t. ‘x’ between the limits 0 and 1, we get
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 1 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛼 2 −𝛽2 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⇒ 𝛽2 −𝛼 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 …(4)
0 𝑥=1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Putting the values of y = Jn (𝛼 𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 𝐽𝑛′ 𝛼𝑥 , 𝑧 = 𝐽𝑛 𝛽𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛽, 𝐽𝑛′ 𝛽𝑥 in (4), we get
1
𝛽2 − 𝛼 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝐽𝑛 𝛼𝑥 . 𝐽𝑛 𝛽𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼𝐽𝑛′ 𝛼𝑥 𝐽𝑛 𝛽𝑥 = 𝛽𝐽𝑛′ 𝛽𝑥 𝐽𝑛 𝛼𝑥 𝑥=1
= 𝛼𝐽𝑛′ 𝛼 𝐽𝑛 𝛽 − 𝛽𝐽𝑛′ 𝛽 𝐽𝑛 𝛼 …(5)
Since 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of Jn (x) = 0, so Jn 𝛼 = Jn 𝛽 = 0
 Putting the values of Jn (𝛼 ) = Jn (𝛽) = 0 in (5), we get
1
(𝛼 2 −𝛽2 ) ‫׬‬0 𝑥 Jn (𝛼𝑥). Jn (𝛽𝑥) dx = 0

1
⇒ ‫׬‬0 𝑥 Jn (𝛼𝑥). Jn (𝛽𝑥) dx = 0 Proved.

We also know that Jn (𝛼 ) = 0. Let 𝛽 be a neighboring value of 𝛼, which tends to 𝛼.

Then

0 +  J n' ( ).J n (  )
1

 → 
lim xJ n ( x).J n (  x)dx = lim
0
 →  2 − 2

0
As the limit is of the form , we apply L’ Hopital’s rule
0

0 +  J n' ( ).J n' (  ) 1 '

1

0    = 
2
2
xJ ( x ) dx = lim =  J ( ) 
2 2
n n
 →
Proved.
 2.8 A GENERATING FUNCTION FOR
Jn (x)
𝑥 1
𝑧−𝑧
Prove that Jn (x) is the coefficient of zn in the expansion of 𝑒 2

𝑡2 𝑡3
Proof. We know that et =1 +t+ + +⋯
2! 3!
𝑥𝑧
𝑥𝑧 1 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 3
𝑒 2 =1+ + − +⋯ …(1)
2 2! 2𝑧 3! 2𝑧
𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 3
𝑒 2𝑧 =1− + − +⋯ …(2)
2𝑧 2! 2𝑧 3! 2𝑧
On multiplying (1) and (2), we get
𝑥 1
𝑧𝑧 𝑥𝑧 1 𝑥𝑧 2 1 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 3
𝑒 2 = 1+ + + +⋯ × 1− + − + ⋯ …(3)
2 2! 2 3! 2 2𝑧 2! 2𝑧 3! 2𝑧
The coefficient of zn in the product of (3), we get

1 𝑥 𝑛 1 𝑥 𝑛+2 1 𝑥 𝑛+4
= −( + − ⋯ = Jn (x)
𝑛! 2 𝑛+1)! 2 2!(𝑛+2)! 2

Similarly, coefficient of z-n in the product of (3) = J-n(x)

𝑥 1
𝑧
∴ 𝑒 2 𝑧 = J0 + z J1 + z2 J2 + z3 J3 + … + z-1 J-1 + z-2 J-2 + z-3 J-3 + …
x 1  
z 
e 2 z 
=  z J ( x)
n =−
n
n

𝑥 1
𝑧
For this reason 𝑒 2 𝑧 is known as the generating function of Bessel’s functions.

Proved.
 2.9 SOME EXAMPLES

Example 1. Show that Bessel’s Function Jn(x) is an even function when n is even and is
odd function when n is odd.

Solution. We know that

n+2r

( −1) r x
J n ( x) =    ...(1)
r =0 r ! n + r + 1  2 

Replacing x by – x in (1), we get

n+2r

(−1) r  −x 
J n (− x) =    ...(2)
r =0 r ! n + r + 1  2 

−𝑥 𝑛 +2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛 +2𝑟
Case I. If n is even, then n + 2r is even ⇒ =
2 2

Thus (2), becomes

 n+2r

(−1) r  x
J n (− x) =   
r =0 r ! n + r + 1  2 

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= Jn (x)
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Hence, Jn (x) is even function

−𝑥 𝑛 +2𝑟 𝑥 𝑛 +2𝑟
Case II. If n is odd, then n + 2r is odd ⇒ =−
2 2

Thus (2). Becomes

n+2r

(−1) r  x
J n (− x) = −  
r =0 r ! n + r + 1  2 

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= − Jn (x)
𝑓 (−𝑥) = −𝑓 (𝑥)

Proved.

Hence, Jn (x) os odd function.

Example 2. Prove that:

J n ( x) 1
lim = ;(n  −1).
x →0 xn 2n n + 1

Solution. From the equation (2) of Article 29.3 on page 798, we know that
𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥4
Jn (x) = 1− + −⋯
2𝑛 𝑛+1 2.(2𝑛+2) 2.4(2𝑛+2)(2𝑛+4)

On taking limit on both sides when x → 0, we get

J n ( x) 1  x2 x4 
lim n = lim n 1 − + − ...
x →0 x x →0 2 n + 1  2.(2n + 2) 2.4.(2n + 2)(2n + 4) 
1
=
2𝑛 𝑛+1
Example 3. Find the value of J-1 (x) + J1 (x).
Solution. By using Recurrence relation IV for Jn (x) is
2n Jn = x (Jn – 1 + Jn + 1)
2𝑛
Jn – 1 (x) + Jn + 1 (x) = J (x)
𝑥 n
Put n = 0
J-1(X) + J1(x) = 0
Example 4. Prove that
𝒅
Formula V. (x-n. Jn) = -x-n Jn+1
𝒅𝒙
Proof. We know that 𝑥𝐽𝑛′ = 𝑛𝐽𝑛 − 𝑥𝐽𝑛+1 (Recurrence formula I)
Multiplying by x-n-1, we obtain x-n 𝐽𝑛′ = nx-n-1 Jn – x-n Jn+1
i.e., x-n 𝐽𝑛′ = nx-n-1 Jn =– x-n Jn+1
𝑑
⇒ (x-n Jn) = - x-n Jn + 1
𝑑𝑥
THANKS