CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT

ON
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE

Submitted 2021-2022
This project work submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the Award
of diploma in.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under The Guidance Of
Ms. M. T. Nagdeve Mam
(Lecture in civil engg. Dept.)

Submitted By: -
NIKHIL A. MUNDLE (201597007) PRATIK H. MESHRAM (1915970025)
VAIBHAV N. GAJAPURE (201597008) ADITYA G. DUMANE (1915970024)
SHANTANU M. WAGHMARE (2015970010) SAYYED SAHIL ALI MOHD ALI
(2015970011)
SWETA B. RAMTEKE( 1915970015) SURAJ R. BADAKE ( 1915970052)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BRAMHAPURI, (2021-22)
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BRAMHAPURI DIST-CHANDRAPUR

We, the students of 3rd year of Department of Civil Engineering, humbly completed this
CAPSTONE PROJECT work on NON – DESTRUTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE for time to time as
described in this report by our own skill and study between the period from 2021-202. As per
instruction and guidance of Prof. Ms.: M.T. NAGDEVE Mam .And following students were
associated with us for this work. However, quantum of our contribution has been approved
by the guide.
SUBMITTED BY
NIKHIL A. MUNDLE (201597007) PRATIK H. MESHRAM (1915970025)
VAIBHAV N. GAJAPURE (201597008) ADITYA G. DUMANE (1915970024)
SHANTANU M. WAGHMARE (2015970010) SAYYED SAHIL ALI MOHD ALI
(2015970011)
SWETA B. RAMTEKE( 1915970015) SURAJ R. BADAKE ( 1915970052)

DATE: / / 2021 PLACE : BRAMHAPURI

Project Guide H.O.D

Ms. M.T. Nagdeve Mam Mr. Prof.Mr.:Dr.A.Pawde.Sir
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BRAMHAPURI, [2021-2022]
 Acknowledgement
This is a great pleasure and a moment of immense satisfaction
to express deep sense of gratitude to respect Ms. M. T.
Nagdeve Mam Professor, Civil Engineering Department
Government Polytechnic, Bramhapuri who has rendered
valuable and inspiring timely guidance and perpetual
encouragement during the dissertation work.
During the work, he had delivered a extracted deep information
and knowledge which help me not only to complete this
particular work but also taught all time perfectness in
experimentation with Cube, collecting information, and to get
the job work done with available facilities and equipment.
I was also get benefited a great deal from extremely useful
assistance of course co-ordinator Ms. M.T. Nagdeve Mam. He
showed keen interest in the work and was always ready to help
in laboratory investigation. I gratefully acknowledge his
valuable help all the time.
I am very much thanks to Dr. A. W. Pawde Sir, Head of Civil
Engineering Department ,for their cooperation and help at
different stages of the work.
I gratefully thank to Dr. D.N. Shingade Sir, Principal
Government Polytechnic, Bramhapuri for providing and
permitting the use of laboratory, equipment, material, library
etc., for completion of this work.
I also wish to acknowledge to skilled assistance, in the
laboratory during experimentation of the work. I am also
thankful to staff of Geotechnical Engineering section,
Department of Civil Engineering, staff of Library Section for
their help and assistance from time to time
I am grateful to the Department of Civil Engineering,
Government Polytechnic Bramhapuri, for giving me the
opportunity to execute this project, which is an important part
of the curriculum in Civil engineering diploma.
 ABSTRACT
In the past ,non destructive techniques to evaluate defects & strength of concrete
have develop great importance . these techniques have their own advantages as
well as limitations, when compared to conventual strength estimation and
damage detection test.
In these project various concrete specimen (beams and square slab ) were cast
and discontinuities were created in using thick paper sheet and wooden pieces at
varying depth and position within the specimen.

1. Penetration method
2. Rebound hammer method
3. Pull out test method
4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
5. Radioactive method
And finding the most suitable and economical technique to serve the purpose.
Use the thermal imaging technique in this area is a very new concept and its
relevance in this area has been explored in this project and it has found that this
technique is of great use in detecting defects in concrete.
This project does not deal determining the strength of specimen.
 CONTENT
Sr.no. TITLE Page no.

Title page

Certificates

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

DEFINATION

DIFFERENT TYPES OF NDT

BENEFITS

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER2 LITRATURE SURVE

GENERAL

LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

FEES OF NDT

NDT CERTIFICATION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

PHOTOS
 CHAPTER -1
NON – DESTRUTIVE TESTING OF CONCRETE
Introduction
Maintaining safe and reliable civil infrastructures for daily use is important for the
well-being of mankind. Operation and maintenance have become more complex
with the increased age of the structures. The process of determining and tracking
structural integrity and assessing the nature of damage in a structure is often
referred as health monitoring.
In history a lot of work has been done regarding infrastructure monitoring,
inspection, repair and design code specifications. For example, in United States of
America in every two years almost600,000 bridges are inspected and depending
upon their condition they are scaled [2]. Federal Highway Administration defined
the scaling system (0–9) for the rating of the structures, in which 9 stands for newly
constructed bridge while 0 for failed bridge. According to this rating, more than
40% of the national bridges are structurally deficient or not functioning [2].
Moreover, the average life of a bridge in USA is 42 years while bridges are designed
and constructed for at least 50 years [3]. Therefore, there is a great need for the
health monitoring and maintenance of the concrete bridges [2].
Concrete degradation, steel corrosion, change in boundary conditions, and
weakening of connections in structures over time are major concerns in highway
bridges. If a damaged bridge remains unattended, the structural integrity and
service capability of the bridge would deteriorate over time [4]. Therefore,
frequent condition assessment and health monitoring of the highway bridges is
required. Health monitoring of structures specially bridges can be classified into
two broad categories i.e. global health monitoring and local health monitoring.
Global health monitoring is the technique in which only the occurrence of damage
is detected, while in local health monitoring, the extend, location and severity of
damage is identified [1]. Both global and local health monitoring techniques are
necessary and important for safe and sound operation of structures.
Non-destructive test (NDT) and nondestructive evaluation(NDE) offer skills to
engineers and owners to speedily and effectively examine and monitor aging
structures. These methods are used to detect the damage and used for local health
monitoring of structures [1]. Moreover, NDT can prevent the unpredictable and
premature collapse of structures. Various researchers have provided the
guidelines and application of these methods for the evaluation of structures [5-
13]. In this paper, we have reviewed various NDT methods which are applicable
especially to concrete bridges. The methodology, advantages and disadvantages
along with the up to date research on NDT methods are presented in Section 2.
For better understanding, capabilities and limitation of the well-known NDT
methods is presented in tabular form. The planning and selection of NDT methods
is discussed in Section 3.Here, we have proposed different damage levels based on
crack lengths, spalling of concrete cover, support settlement, titling of foundation
(due to settlement of subsoil or erosion of soil) and corrosion of reinforcement
along with inspection type are suggested. These measurement units will provide
relatively better information and less dependence on the inspector judgement. As
field engineers and specialist are dissatisfied by NDT methods, a flow chart based
on damage level along with NDT methods and potential remedial measures are
proposed for periodic health monitoring of structures. In this section, NDT
methods are also suggested to address specific problems related to structures.
Moreover, the relation between some of the well-known NDT methods and most
common problems encountered by the field engineers is proposed. Finally, in
Section 4, the conclusions and recommendations are covered.
At construction sites, it is very important to examine the com-pressive strength
development of concrete and shoring structures before dismantling formwork
within the target quality management range to improve productivity in formwork
and reinforced concrete construction that requires concentrated manpower and
equipment [1–3]. For testing the strength development of concrete, the required
formwork removal strength is usually checked by conducting a fracture test with
small specimens collected from sites in accordance with quality management
standards [4,5]. The compressive strength of concrete, however, is developed
through the physical combination of compounds generated from chemical
reactions among water, cement, and admixture and aggregate [6], and it may not
be feasible to examine the strength development by the fracture test within the
required period due to the influence of environmental factors, such as materials
used, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, and site construction factors
such as pumping, compaction, curing, and construction environment
[7].Nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity testing has been widely used to
examine the mechanical properties and integrity of concrete structures [8–12]. It
can be easily used at construction sites and provides results promptly. For
homogeneous materials such as concrete, mechanical properties and relationships
can be derived based on elastic theory [13,14], but they need to be corrected using
data derived from various conditions because they can be affected by factors such
as cement, aggregate, admixture, and water content [15–20].

Objective OF Non-destructive Test

➢ Nondestructive testing in the broad sense refers to methods where by
internal characteristics of solids structures can be examined without
permanently affecting the structure.
➢ Thus, parts that prove to be satisfactory under specified test conditions are
not degraded by the procedures.
➢ These destructive tests are often used to determined the physical properties
of materials such as impact resistance, ductility, yield and ultimate tensile
strength.
 Definition
Non-destructive tests of concrete is a method to obtain the compressive strength
and other properties of concrete from the existing structures. This test provides
immediate results and actual strength and properties of concrete structure.
Non destructive test is a method of testing existing concrete structures to assess
the strength and durability of concrete structure. In the non destructive method
of testing, without loading the specimen to failure (i.e. without destructing the
concrete) we can measure strength of concrete. Now days this method has
become a part of quality control process. This method of testing also helps us to
investigate crack depth, micro cracks and deterioration of concrete.
Non destructive testing of concrete is a very simple method of testing but it
requires skilled and experienced persons having some special knowledge to
interpret and analyze test results.

NDT TEST ON CONCRETE

Different method of NDT
1 Penetration method

2 Rebound hammer method

3 Pull out test method
4 Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
5 Radioactive method
1. Penetration Tests on Concrete
• The Windsor probe is generally considered to be the best means of testing
penetration. Equipment consists of a powder-actuated gun or driver, hardened
alloy probes, loaded cartridges, a depth gauge for measuring penetration of
probes and other related equipment.
• A probe, diameter 0.25 in. (6.5 mm) and length 3.125 in. (8.0 cm), is driven into
the concrete by means of a precision powder charge. Depth of penetration
provides an indication of the compressive strength of the concrete.
• Although calibration charts are provided by the manufacturer, the instrument
should be calibrated for type of concrete and type and size of aggregate used.
Advantages of Penetration Test Method :-
➢ It also Provide a means of assessing strength development with
curing.
➢ The test is essentially non- destructive , since concrete and
structural members can be tested in situ, with only minor
patching of holes on exposed

Disadvantages of Penetration Test Method :-

➢ The test produces quite variable results and should not be
expected to give accurate value of concrete strength.
➢ It has, however, the potential for providing a quick means of
checking quality and maturity of in situ concrete.
2. Rebound Hammer Method
• The rebound hammer is a surface hardness tester for which an empirical
correlation has been established between strength and rebound number.
• The only known instrument to make use of the rebound principle for concrete
testing is the Schmidt hammer, which weighs about 4 lb. (1.8 kg) and is suitable
for both laboratory and field work. It consists of a spring-controlled hammer mass
that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing.
• The hammer is forced against the surface of the concrete by the spring and the
distance of rebound is measured on a scale. The test surface can be horizontal,
vertical or at any angle but the instrument must be calibrated in this position.
• Calibration can be done with cylinders (6 by 12 in., 15 by 30 cm) of the same
cement and aggregate as will be used on the job. The cylinders are capped and
firmly held in a compression machine.
• Several readings are taken, well distributed and reproducible, the average
representing the rebound number for the cylinder. This procedure is repeated
with several cylinders, after which compressive strengths are obtained.
Advantage of Rebound Hammer test:-

➢ Apparatus is easy to use

➢ Determines uniformity properties of the surface

➢ The equipment used is inexpensive

➢ Used for the rehabilitation of old monuments

Disadvantages of Rebound Hammer Test :-

➢ The results obtained is based on a local point

➢ The test results are not directly related to the strength and the
deformation property of the surface

➢ The probe and spring arrangement will require regular cleaning

and maintenance

➢ Flaws cannot be detected with accuracy

3. Pull-Out Tests on Concrete

• A pull-out test measures, with a special ram, the force required to pull from the
concrete a specially shaped steel rod whose enlarged end has been cast into the
concrete to a depth of 3 in. (7.6 cm).
• The concrete is simultaneously in tension and in shear, but the force required to
pull the concrete out can be related to its compressive strength.
• The pull-out technique can thus measure quantitatively the in-situ strength of
concrete when proper correlations have been made. It has been found, over a
wide range of strengths, that pull-out strengths have a coefficient of variation
comparable to that of compressive strength.
Limitations and Advantages
• Although pullout tests do not measure the interior strength of mass concrete,
they do give information on the maturity and development of strength of a
representative part of it. Such tests have the advantage of measuring
quantitatively the strength of concrete in place.
• Their main disadvantage is that they have to be planned in advance and pull-out
assemblies set into the formwork before the concrete is placed. The pull-out, of
course, creates some minor damage.
• The test can be non-destructive, however, if a minimum pullout force is applied
that stops short of failure but makes certain that a minimum strength has been
reached. This is information of distinct value in determining when forms can be
removed safely.
4. Dynamic Non Destructive Test
• At present the ultrasonic pulse velocity method is the only one of this type that
shows potential for testing concrete strength in situ. It measures the time of
travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete.
• The fundamental design features of all commercially available units are very
similar, consisting of a pulse generator and a pulse receiver.
• Pulses are generated by shock-exciting piezoelectric crystals, with similar crystals
used in the receiver. The time taken for the pulse to pass through the concrete is
measured by electronic measuring circuits.
• Pulse velocity tests can be carried out on both laboratory-sized specimens and
completed concrete structures, but some factors affect measurement:

1. There must be smooth contact with the surface under test; a coupling medium

such as a thin film of oil is mandatory.

2. It is desirable for path-lengths to be at least 12 in. (30 cm) in order to avoid any

errors introduced by heterogeneity.

3. It must be recognized that there is an increase in pulse velocity at below-freezing

temperature owing to freezing of water; from 5 to 30°C (41 – 86°F) pulse

velocities are not temperature dependent.

4. The presence of reinforcing steel in concrete has an appreciable effect on pulse

velocity. It is therefore desirable and often mandatory to choose pulse paths that
avoid the influence of reinforcing steel or to make corrections if steel is in the
pulse path.
Applications and Limitations
• The pulse velocity method is an ideal tool for establishing whether concrete is
uniform.
• It can be used on both existing structures and those under construction.
• Usually, if large differences in pulse velocity are found within a structure for no

apparent reason, there is strong reason to presume that defective or

deteriorated concrete is present.
• High pulse velocity readings are generally indicative of good quality concrete. A
general relation between concrete quality and pulse velocity is given in Table.
General Conditions Pulse Velocity ft/sec

Excellent Above 15,000

Good 12,000-15,000

Questionable 10,000-12,000

Poor 7,000-10,000

Very Poor below 7,000

Table: Quality of Concrete and Pulse Velocity

• Fairly good correlation can be obtained between cube compressive strength and
pulse velocity. These relations enable the strength of structural concrete to be
predicted within ±20 per cent, provided the types of aggregate and mix
proportions are constant.
• The pulse velocity method has been used to study the effects on concrete of
freezethaw action, sulphate attack, and acidic waters. Generally, the degree of
damage is related to a reduction in pulse velocity. Cracks can also be detected.
• Great care should be exercised, however, in using pulse velocity measurements
for these purposes since it is often difficult to interpret results. Sometimes the
pulse does not travel through the damaged portion of the concrete.
• The pulse velocity method can also be used to estimate the rate of hardening and
strength development of concrete in the early stages to determine when to
remove formwork. Holes have to be cut in the formwork so that transducers can
be in direct contact with the concrete surface.
• As concrete ages, the rate of increase of pulse velocity slows down much more
rapidly than the rate of development of strength, so that beyond a strength of
2,000 to 3,000 psi (13.6 to 20.4 MPa) accuracy in determining strength is less
than ±20%.
• Accuracy depends on careful calibration and use of the same concrete mix
proportions and aggregate in the test samples used for calibration as in the
structure.
• In summary, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests have a great potential for concrete
control, particularly for establishing uniformity and detecting cracks or defects.
Its use for predicting strength is much more limited, owing to the large number of
variables affecting the relation between strength and pulse velocity.
5. Radioactive Methods of NDT
• Radioactive methods of testing concrete can be used to detect the location of
reinforcement, measure density and perhaps establish whether honeycombing
has occurred in structural concrete units. Gamma radiography is increasingly
accepted in England and Europe.
• The equipment is quite simple and running costs are small, although the initial
price can be high. Concrete up to 18 in. (45 cm) thick can be examined without
difficulty.
Advantages of Radio Active Test Method Of Concrete :-
➢ Provides pictorial results
➢ Provides Documentation ability
➢ One result of inspection can be reassessed by different
professionals
➢ Detection of internal defects.
➢ Detection of internal defects
Disadvantages of Radio Active Test Method of Concrete:-
➢ Requires special skills for interpretation of Pictures
➢ Requires specifies orientations
➢ Expensive
➢ Dangerous
➢ Ineffective for Planner creaks
Purpose of Non-Destructive Tests on Concrete

• A variety of Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methods have been developed or are
under development for investigating and evaluating concrete structures.
• These methods are aimed at estimation of strength and other properties;
monitoring and assessing corrosion; measuring crack size and cover; assessing
grout quality; detecting defects and identifying relatively more vulnerable areas
in concrete structures.
• Many of NDT methods used for concrete testing have their origin to the testing of
more homogeneous, metallic system. These methods have a sound scientific
basis, but heterogeneity of concrete makes interpretation of results somewhat
difficult.
• There could be many parameters such as materials, mix, workmanship and
environment, which influence the results of measurements.
• Moreover, these tests measure some other property of concrete (e.g. hardness)
and the results are interpreted to assess a different property of concrete e.g.
strength, which is of primary interest.
• Thus, interpretation of results is very important and difficult job where
generalization is not possible. As such, operators can carry out tests but
interpretation of results must be left to experts having experience and
knowledge of application of such non-destructive tests.
BENEFITS
1.Less Waste.
Since substances are not altered by NDT, they can continue to be used. That
means less wasted samples.

2.Less Downtime.
Using some methods, the materials can be tested even while in use, which
eliminates the need to shut down operations during testing.

3.Accident Prevention.
Non-Destructive Testing can help prevent accidents, which helps reduce costs
associated with repairs, replacement, and equipment loss and business shut
down.

5.Comprehensive Testing.
Since this type of testing does not alter substances, every component or product
can be tested. There is no need for selective sampling, which tests only a portion
of the components. NDT techniques can also be applied at multiple stages of
development and construction, allowing manufacturers to identify and repair or
replace problem pieces before construction is complete, as well as after the
product has been put to use.
Increased Product Reliability.
Advanced and more comprehensive testing ensures better products. Problems
can be identified and fixed before the product goes to market, and products that
are already in use can be tested more frequently to ensure they continue to
perform as expected.
ADVANTAGES
• It is a very sensitive method, capable of finding extremely fine flaws
• It can be used on magnetic and non-magnetic metals, some plastics and
glass
• Small objects, with awkward shapes, can be inspected
• A power supply is not needed for some methods of penetrant testing
• The method requires no great skill and is easy to understand
• Lots of small articles, in batches, can be examined using automated systems

DISADVANTAGES
• Can only detect defects open to the surface.
• Preparation, before testing, can be time consuming and costly.
• The method takes time and can rarely be completed in less than 30 minutes
• The method cannot normally be applied to painted objects
• It is messy
• Interpretation of results is sometimes difficult
• There may be a problem disposing of contaminated cleaning and penetrant
fluids
• Dry, clean, conditions are essential, as is careful cleaning of the surfaces to
be examined
• The method is often abused and skimped, or not fully understood
• There can be a fume exposure problem, particularly in confined spaces
 CHAPTER-2

GENERAL
• Nondestructive techniques are useful for evaluating the condition of
structure, by performing indirect assessment of concrete properties. These
techniques have been improved in last few years and the best part is that
NDT avoids concrete damage for evaluation. Several researchers perform
NDT tests to evaluate the condition of concrete structures. Methods range
from very simple to technical depending on the purpose.

• Several mechanical and physical properties of concrete structures can be

used to assess the condition and capacity of the structures. Sanayei et al.
(2012) [6] performed static truck load test on a newly constructed bridge,
to capture the response of bridge when a truck traveled across it. Amini
and Tehrani (2011)
LITURATURE REVIEW
[1] designed experimentally four sets of exposure conditions, weight and
compressive strength of the samples had been measured before and
after the freeze thaw cycles, and the results were analyzed. Loizos and
Papavasiliou (2006)
[2] performed a comprehensive monitoring and data analysis research
study by using Falling Weight deflectometer (FWD) for in situ evaluation
of recycled pavements. Proverbio and Venturi (2005)
[3] evaluated the reliability of rebound hammer test and UPV test on
concrete of different composition and strength. Rens et al. (2005)
[4] explained application of NDE methods for bridge inspection, which is
Bridge Evaluation Using NDT (BENT). Malavar et al. (2003)
[5] used pull off tests to evaluate effects of temperature, moisture, and
chloride content on CFRP adhesion. Pascale et al. (2003)
[6] carried out an experimental program involving both destructive and
nondestructive methods applied to different concrete mixtures, with
cube strength varying from 30 to 150 MPa, to define a relation between
strength and parameters. Tests performed are pulse velocity, rebound
hammer, pull out, and probe penetration, microcoring and combined
methods. Almir and Protasio (2000)
[7] used NDT methods to determine the compressive strength of concrete
relationship between the measured mechanical or physical properties
and the strength and also presented the validity of pull off, pin
penetration, and UPV for assessing the concrete strength. Chen et al.
(1995)
[8] used nondestructive techniques of visual inspection, perusal of
drawings, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements, cover-meter surveys,
and core testing for the condition assessment; parameters required for
evaluating the durability had been identified as
(1) depth of carbonation;
(2) cover to reinforcement;
 (3) chloride content; and
(4) sulfate content.

Bruhwiler and Mivelaz (1999)

[9] highlighted the findings of two studies
(i) investigated chloride ingress under given climatic conditions and in
situ evaluation of concrete cover,
(ii) used numerical models to investigate the effects of early age cracking
and also determines preventive measures to be taken to limit the
development of cracks.
Propagation of waves or reflection of different rays such as X-ray, through
concrete structures, can be used to detect the deterioration level of
concrete structures. Impact echo method has been used by many
researchers to evaluate the condition of concrete. In this method a spring
loaded device is used to generate waves, and these waves are used to
detect condition of structures. Kamal and Boulfiza (2011)
[10] assessed penetration of alkalis using X-ray mapping of backscattered
electron images (BEI) and crosschecked by line and point energy dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Shiotani et al. (2009)

A survey of the literature shows that nondestructive tests by means of the

ultrasonic tomography technique have been the subject of [2,3,15,17–19,24].
The tests were carried out by the inventors of the ultrasonic multiheaded
measuring antenna. In [3] the theory of the propagation of low-frequency
transverse ultrasonic waves in concrete, the multiheaded measuring antenna
design and an attempt to use the antenna for concrete testing were presented.
In [15,17–19,24] a dry point contact ultrasonic multiheaded antenna and the
possibilities of using it to test concrete members were described. In [2] it is
recommended to identify defects in concrete members by means of the non -
destructive ultrasonic tomography technique. Also the way of locating a defect
situated at a small depth through a change in the imaging algorithm is presented.
Paper [25] deals with the identification of heterogeneities in concrete in
horizontally formed members, using the non-destructive ultrasonic technique and
point contact heads (but not in the multiheaded arrangement). In [12] a
comprehensive methodology for assessing concrete layer delamination in
concrete floors by means of two nondestructive techniques:
the impulse-response technique and the ultrasonic tomogra-phy technique is
proposed. On the basis of his own research experience the author has become
convinced that the ultrasonic tomography technique can be very useful for
determining the location and size of defects in unilaterally accessible concrete
members and for estimating the thickness of such members.

➢ Ultrasonic tomography technique –

description
The ultrasonic tomography technique consists in exciting
an elastic wave in the investigated member. The excitation source is a
multiheaded antenna (incorporating a few tens of integrated ultrasonic heads),
which is also used for receiving and processing ultrasonic signals. The heads
generate 50 kHz ultrasonic pulses. The maximum range, in terms of member
thickness, amounts to 2500 mm. The tomograph has been specially designed to
test concrete members in order to determine the size and location of defects in
unilaterally accessible concrete members, to detect cracks, inclusions, air voids
and other places which may be empty or filled with a liquid or a material differing
in its density or other physico mechanical properties from the surrounding
concrete and to estimate the thickness of such members [21,22].
Fig. 1 shows the latest ultrasonic tomograph with the names of the three mutually
perpendicular cross sections (scans) of the investigated object, and the coordinate
system connected with the tomograph antenna. The tomograph system includes
a multiheaded ultrasonic antenna and an integrated computer with a dedicated
software for graphic scan recording.
It should be noted that each of the heads is separately telescopically mounted in
the antenna and thanks to dry point contact no means of coupling and special
preparation of the surface for testing are required (the head adjusts itself to the
surface). The interhead distance amounts to 30 mm and 40 mm in respectively
the vertical and the horizontal. In the case of large defects, the interhead
distances are of no significance, whereas in the case of small defects they may
contribute to inaccuracies in defect size identification.
Fig. 2 shows the results of ultrasonic tomograph investigations in the form of scan
B and a 3D scan for a concrete member with a defect modelled by PVC pipes 25,
32, 45 and 50 mm in diameter, filled with air.
The results of testing by means of the ultrasonic tomograph are collected in a
three-dimensional matrix table which is then processed by the dedicated
software, yielding three scans: B, C and D in the three mutually perpendicular
directions. Also a 3D scan, as shown in Fig. 2b, can be obtained.

4. Test methodology
The methodology for the nondestructive testing of concrete members by means
of the state-of-the art acoustic ultrasonic tomography technique is shown
graphically in Fig. 3 and is described below. The methodology has been geared to
locating defects in unilaterally accessible concrete members, determining their
size and estimating the thickness of the members.
The first step in the methodology consists in marking a grid of measuring points
i= ¼ 1, …, j spaced at every 50 mm, keeping a minimum distance of 50 mm from
the edge of the investigated concrete member. If the surface of the member is
considerable, the spacing can be increased to 100 mm.
Then the tomograph is calibrated by repeatedly measuring ultrasonic wave
(signal) velocity and calculating its mean value.
Subsequently, ultrasonic wave velocity should be measured in each antenna
application in each of the measuring points. In the course of the measurement a
preliminary analysis of the ultrasonic signals is made to find out if the defect can
be identified or the thickness of the member can be determined on this basis. If
this not the case, the signals are transformed using the dedicated software. The
transformation consists in compiling the data registered for a given measuring
point.
If the results are satisfactory, they are recorded whereby flat scans B, C and D,
showing the inside of the investigated concrete member, are obtained in the
three mutually perpendicular directions. By analyzing scans B and D in detail one
can locate a defect and determine its size or estimate the thickness of the tested
member. Scan C aids the analysis by showing the depth at which the defect
occurs. Using thededicated software one can also build a three-dimensional scan
to locate a defect and determine its size or to estimate the thickness of the
member.

5. Laboratory tests
1000 ×1000 ×1000 mm concrete cubic specimens no. 1 and 2, shown in Figs. 4 and
6, were tested in a laboratory using the ultrasonic tomography technique. Fig. 4
shows a schematic of specimen no. 1 with a step-like defect modelled from
polystyrene foam, a photograph of this defect and the ready member. Fig. 6
shows a schematic of specimen no. 2 (having varying thickness) and the ready
member.
The two specimens were made of C25/30 concrete based on aggregate with 8
mm maximum grading. In scan B in Fig. 5a one can see the upper edges (about
600 mm wide) of steps 1 and 2, located at a depth of respectively 250 mm and
350 mm. In scan C (Fig. 5b) one can see the top surface (200 × 600 mm) of step 2.
The broken line in scan D (Fig. 5c) marks the outline of the step-like
defect modelled from polystyrene foam.
When examining the test results shown in Fig. 7 one can notice in scan B (Fig. 7a)
the shape (marked by the broken line) of the investigated member having a thick-
ness of 500 mm on its right side and 1000 mm on its left side. In scan C (Fig. 7b)
one can see the members bottom surface at a depth of 500 mm. In scan D (Fig.
7c) one can see changes in member thickness at a depth of 500 mm and 1000
mm. To sum up, the analysis of the results has shown that it is possible to quite
precisely determine the location and size of the step-like defect modelled from
polystyrene foam and the change in member thickness by means of the ultrasonic
tomography technique. It should be noted that the tomograph software offers
the possibility of a 3D analysis of theobtained flat scans.
 CHAPTER -3
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
NDT is called Non Destructive Testing and sometimes referred to as Non
Destructive Examination, i.e examining a material without breaking it or without
affecting its properties. The techniques are used to identify defects inside the
material and to measure them, or sometimes it is simply used to measure the
dimension of the material.

NDT has a vast scope and its application extends to almost all the manufacturing
industries. From food processing and export to aerospace missile manufacturing
industries .
NDT methods:
Radiography Testing . X RAY
Ultrasonic Testing
Eddy Current Testing
Microwave Testing
Acoustic Emission Testing
Magnetic Particle Testing
Magnetic Flux Leakage
Far Field Testing
Leak Testing
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Laser Testing
Thermography
Radar Testing
Visual Testing and much more
FEES OF NDT
NDT Course fees or Cost of NDT personal certification varies, based on which
standard we are acquiring the certification. It varies from 20,000 (INR) to 2,50,000
(INR) based on the selection of standard.

NDT certifications
To perform any NDT Method , a minimal training and certification in the particular
method is essential when it comes to industry. There are many globally
recognized certifications available. Few of which are given below
ASNT Level I, II, III NDT Certifications as SNT-TC-1A
ISO 9712 – Level 1, 2 , 3 NDT Certifications
BINDT PCN Certifications
TWI CSWIP NDT Certifications
CWB NDT Certifications Level 1 &2 and much more
Few of the most familiar applications of NDT are as below :
Foundry or Steel Plants
Automobile industry
Railways
Shipping Industry
Defense components manufacturing
Aircraft manufacturing
Aerospace components manufacturing
Lifting equipment manufacturing and maintenance
Cross country Pipelines laying and maintenance
Petroleum Refineries
Oil Extraction Plants and Rigging wells
Power plant s & Industry Constructions
Bridges and Civil Construction, Composite materials and Research .
The above mentioned are only few broad categories of field where Non Destructive Testing is
implemented. The NDT is simply a tool which can be used in almost every industry to avoid the
risk of defective product and to save a huge amount of money and good reputation to our
industry.
Scope in Future of Non- Destructive Testing of Concrete :-

➢ NDT has a vast scope and its application extends to almost all the
manufacturing industries. From food processing and export to aerospace
missile manufacturing industries .
➢ Being an NDT inspector is a good career for people who do not want to
work at a desk in an office every day. NDT inspectors often work in the field
work or an industrial warehouse, using non-destructive methods to ensure
materials and assembly parts are safe and meet safety standards.
➢ Conclusions
• Various NDT methods based on different principles, with their individual merits and
limitations, have been discussed. It has been recognized that NDT plays an important
role in condition assessment of existing structures, and there has been an urgent need
for developing standards for performing NDT methods and for interpretation of NDT
results.
• Major advantage of NDT methods has been recognized as their capability to test in situ.
Great deal of expertise is required for interpretation of NDT field observations and test
results. NDT provides useful information by revealing hidden or unknown defects, and
repair or replacement of RC structures can be planned according to NDT results.
Combination of different NDT methods available is a better way to assess the structures
 ➢ REFERENCES
Sr. No. Title of Book Author Publication

1 Concrete Technology Gambhir , M. L. Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd. New
Delhi, ISBN – 13: 978-1-
259-06255-1

2 Concrete Technology Shetty, M. S. S. Chand and Co. Pvt. Ltd.

, Ram Nagar , New Delhi –
110055 ISBN, : 98-8-121-
90003-4

3 Concrete Technology Santhakumar, A. R. Oxford University Press,

New Delhi ISBN – 13: 978-
0-19567153-7

4 Construction and Building Sardar Kahif Ur Rehman, Zainah Journal Homepage: www.
Materials Ibrahim elservier.
Com/locate/conbuidmat

5 Non-destructive Abstracts Gaydecki, P. A. ; Burdekin , F. M. : Journal Homepage: www.

Damaj, W elservier.
Com/locate/conbuidmat

6 Introduction to the Non- R Hamshaw Abington Publishing,

Destructive Testing of Cambridge, UK, 1996
Welded Joints, 2nd (ISBN 1 85573 314 5)
edition

7 Penetrant Examination. David Lovejoy A Practical Guide,

published by Chapman
and Hall,