GOVERNMENT

POLYTECHNIC, NANDED
MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2019-2020

TITLE OF THE PROJECT

EXECUTED SYSTEM OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

WITH REFERENCE TO ITS NECESSITY, BROAD
DESIGN PARAMETERS.

Program: CIVIL ENGG Program code:CE5I(SS)

Course: WRE Course code: 22501

Name of Guide:- MD MUDASSIR SIR

 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. . ………………………………………………………………………….

Roll No ........... of FIFTH Semester of Diploma in CIVIL ENGINEERING

of Institute, GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC NANDED has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in Subject -WRE (22501) for the academic year 2019- 2020 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: …………………….

Date: ……………………… Exam. Seat No: ………………...........

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 GROUP DETAILS

SR NO NAME ROLL
NO
1 WAGHMARE MADHUKAR S 2535
2 PRADIP GAIKWAD B 2519
3 MALGE KIRAN 2523
4 KOTWALE ROHIT 2522
 INDEX
Sr no. content Page no.

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2
ABSTRACT

3 INTRODUCTION

4 PUBLIC RECOMMENDATION

5
DESIGN PAREMETERS
6 NEED AND ADVANTAGES
7 METHODS OF ROOF TOP
HARVESTING
8 CONCLUSION

9 REFERENCE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are extremely grateful to MD MUDASSIR SIR
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC NANDED for his
invaluable suggestions, comments, and enthusiasm that gave
us direction for the success and completion of this project.
We would like to thank the CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT and head of department for giving support
to our project in WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
SUBJECT.
 METHODS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING
1. Surface runoff harvesting
2. Roof top rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of
rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run off.
These stored waters are used for various purposes such as
gardening, irrigation etc. Various methods of rainwater
harvesting are described in this section.

1. Surface runoff harvesting

In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This
runoff could be caught and used for recharging aquifers by
adopting appropriate methods.

2. Rooftop rainwater harvesting

It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In
rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the
rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It
can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge
system. This method is less expensive and very effective and
if implemented properly helps in augmenting the groundwater
level of the area.
 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System
 Components of the Rooftop Rainwater
Harvesting

The illustrative design of the basic components of roof top

rainwater harvesting system is given in the typical schematic
diagram shown in Fig 1.

The system mainly constitutes of following sub components:

o Catchments
o Transportation
o First flush
o Filter
Types, area and location of catchment

Sloping and flat roofs

Different types of catchments are to be marked on the site plan. The

collection efficiency of a particular catchment will be determined by the
fact whether the catchment will be paved, unpaved or roof.
 Area of the catchments
The amount of rainfall that will be collected will depend directly on the area
of the catchment-the larger the area, the more the water. The area from
where water would be collected will be arrived at by multiplying the length
by the breadth of this space under the roof.
Location of the catchments

Paved areas (driveways/roads)

The quality of water that will be collected from the catchment will depend
on the location of the catchment. Roof catchment provides the best quality
of water. In areas where the catchments are open to contamination or are
chemically treated then the water must be treated before being used for any
purpose. Care must be taken when harvesting water from industrial areas.
Type of catchments Possible contamination

Toxic materials such as oil, grease, heavy

Industrial areas
metals

Roads, highways, parking

Oil, grease, dust
areas

Agricultural areas, lawns,

Pesticides, fertilisers, silt
gardens

B. Rainfall
There are four types of rainfall information that you need:
 The annual average rainfall: Will give an overall picture of the total
amount of water that can be collected.
 The pattern of rainfall over different months: Will tell you when the
rainfall is available – is it available most of the year or only during a
certain part of the year.
 Number of rainy days: Will give an indication to decide whether to
store the rainwater or to recharge it. If most of the rainfall comes only
in a short span of time, then it is better to recharge the aquifer.
 The peak rainfall intensity: Will give an indication to design the size
of the storage or recharge structure. The sizing will be based on how
much water will need to be stored or recharged during the most
intense spell of rain.
 Step 1: Determine Rainwater Harvesting Potential
In simple terms harvesting potential is the surface area you have available
to collect from (typically a roof) multiplied by your annual precipitation.
100 m2 roof in an area that receives 1 000 mm of rain per year ==> 100
m3 of harvesting potential.

For this project about 300 m2 of tiled roof and 100 m2 of paved area that
is available to collect rainwater. The mean annual rainfall where we live is
1200 mm per year. Thus my collection potential is 520 m3 per year. This
is the theoretical maximum water that we can harvest and use per year.
Storage size determination
This system allows to capture 20 mm of run-off (23mm rain event) if
the tanks are empty. And can yield up to 220 m3 per year. For those
keeping track we are now at a theoretical efficiency of (220/530) 41.5%.

To get this system effcience close to 79% (limited due to run-off) we

would need to install 40 m3.
The Tank Stand. More Accurately a Tank Sump

2 More Images

The tanks I ended up buying are 1.8m high. Although I allowed for a some
digging in the option evaluations it turned out I didn't really have to to
make the system work. I decided to do it anyway for two reasons:

1) Hides the tanks better

2) I would have more diving head to get the water into the tanks which
means that I am less likely to be piping capacity constrained in heavy
rainfall events. Although with 110 mm pipes I didn't foresee a problem.
Mostly the hiding thing then.

Geotech

To keep the sand slopes from falling into the tank stand area a small
retaining wall was constructed. We left access for piping and built in
provision for drainage.

Tank site drainage:

Given the sunken tank design drainage would be crucial for:

1) Rainwater falling directly in the tank stand

2) Tank overflows when the design overflow is overloaded

3) Any water emanating from draining small portions of a tanks or pipes

for maintenance

This is something I overlooked initially. Luckily not too expensive in the

end. I decided to install two subsoil drains.

I used special fabric to wrap building rubble in and had 50mm pvc pipes
leading from the site into the subsoil drainage channel. Also included a
large overflow sump for those really big problems. I did no calcs on the
size requirements. These we just eyeballed. Hope it works OK otherwise
my pump motor and controller will be gonners next time we get 100mm of
rain! They are probably undersized.
CALCULATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

There is some loss of water due to evaporation or absorption by

catchment surfaces and other kinds of losses. The runoff coefficent of a
catchment gives you the proportion of the rainwater that can be harvested
from the total rainfall.

Total volume of water = Area x runoff coefficient x rainfall

DESIDE NUMBER, TYPE CAPACITY OF
STRUCTURE

Storage, recharge or both: The decision about whether to make

storage or recharge structures depends on a number of factors as
explained in table below:
Parameter Type/condition Recommended structure
Nature of aquifer Impermeable, non-porous, non- Storage
homogeneous, hard rock area
Depth of groundwater More than 8 metres Recharge and storage
table
Nature of terrain Hilly, rocky or undulating Storage
Uniform or flat, alluvial and Recharge and storage
sedimentary
Nature of soil Alluvial, sandy, loamy soils, Recharge and storage
gravel, silty, with boulders or small
stones (kankar)
Clayey soil Storage
Nature of geological Massive rocks (such as the Deccan Storage
formation trap)

Fractured, faulted or folded rocks, Recharge and storage

or comprises of weathered, jointed
or fissured rocks
Nature of rainfall and Number of rainy days are more, Storage
monsoon bimodal monsoon, not intensive,
uniformly distributed
Unimodal monsoon, rainfall Recharge and storage
available only for a few months
 Number of structures:
The number of tanks will depend on the site conditions, which
includes the position and location of the down pipes, the layout of
the building, the size of the storage tank, the slope of the roof, the
budget and the space available.

Capacity of storage tanks:

Those will depend on the type of monsoon, bi-modal or uni-modal,
number of rainy days, total demand and the rainfall intensity. If the
rainy days are more, a smaller tank is sufficient as the tank can get
frequently filled. The size will also depend on the demand and the
total rainfall. Where the rainfall intensity is greater, the size will
increase.

Location of structures:
The location of structures will depend on the layout, the slope, the
presence of other services and pipes and proximity to point of use.

Filtration and treatment:

The type of filtration method used will depend on the use of the
rainwater. If the harvested rainwater is going to be used for toilet or
irrigation, then minimal filtration (with sand, gravel) is required to
ensure that the water does not contain solid and toxic contaminants.
On the other hand, when the water is to be used for drinking, then the
level of treatment or filtration should be of high level.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Sizing of rainwater pipe for roof drainage
mm/ h - millimeters per hour; m - meters

Diameter Of pipe
Average rate of rainfall in mm/h
(mm)

50 75 100 125 150 200

50 13.4 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3

65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0

75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2

100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3

125 - - 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0

150 - - - - 83.6 62.7

  Economical Importance of Rainwater
Harvesting
1. Rainwater harvesting or the collection of rainwater in a
proper way, can be a permanent solution to the problem
of water crisis in different parts of the world. This simple
method can put forward a solution which will be workable in
areas where there is sufficient rain but the groundwater supply
is not sufficient on the one hand and on the other
surface water resource is insufficient.

This is particularly applicable in hilly areas where it can be

utilized for human consumption, by animals and also for
farming. In remote areas, where surface pollution is
comparatively low, rainwater harvesting is ideal.

2. Although the earth is three-fourths water; very little of it is

suitable for human consumption or agriculture. Rainfall is
unpredictable and there is a constant shortage of water in
countries which are agriculture dependent or generally
drought prone.
3. A bad monsoon means low crop yield and shortage of
food. Even animals suffer from scarcity of water. Africa and
the Indian subcontinent face acute water crisis during the
summer months. The farmers are the most affected because
they do not get sufficient water for their fields. Rainwater
harvesting therefore is an ideal solution for farmers who
depend on monsoon for consistent water supply.

4. Unavailability of clean water compels the consumption

of polluted water, giving rise to water-borne diseases and
high rate of infant mortality. In recent studies it has been
observed that in Lima (Peru) nearly 2 million people do not
have access to any water supply and those who do have
access get water supply which has a high possibility of being
contaminated.

5. If rain water, which comes for free, can be collected and

stored, instead of letting it run off, it could be an alternative
to back up the main water supply especially during dry
spells. Its importance will not be limited to an individual
family but can be used by a community as well.
  Need of rain water harvesting
i. To overcome the inadequacy of surface water to meet our
demands.
ii. To arrest decline in ground water levels.
iii. To enhance availability of ground water at specific place
and time and utilize rain water for sustainable development.
iv. To increase infiltration of rain water in the subsoil this has
decreased drastically in urban areas due to paving of open
area.
v. To improve ground water quality by dilution.
vi. To increase agriculture production.
vii. To improve ecology of the area by increase in vegetation
cover etc.

 Advantages:
i. The cost of recharge to sub-surface reservoir is lower than
surface reservoirs.
ii. The aquifer serves as a distribution system also.
iii. No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population
displacement is involved.
iv. Ground water is not directly exposed to evaporation and
pollution.
v. Storing water under ground is environment friendly.
vi. It increases the productivity of aquifer.
vii. It reduces flood hazards.
viii. Effects rise in ground water levels.
ix. Mitigates effects of drought.
x. Reduces soil erosion.
CONCLUSION
Rainwater harvesting is a viable option to
supplement city water for non-potable human uses, such
as irrigation. The overall efficiency of a rainwater
harvesting system to supplement city water increases as
area increases. The system would be highly effective in
high commercial regions where there are warehouses and
large buildings. These areas also contain less lawn area, so
that the water can be used for uses beyond irrigation. In
order to display the potential of the rainwater harvesting
project for a heavy commercial area, Ontario, CA was
chosen as a sample site. Ontario is an area with many
commercial facilities, when all of the roof area is
considered with the average annual rainfall at 16 inches, a
total of 2,200 acre-feet per year of water can be collected,
this can meet the demands of 10,000 people. When taking
into consideration the average rainfall, this building has
the ability to collect 3 million gallons of water.
 REFERENCE

1]WWW.GOOGLE.COM
2]WWW.YAHOO.COM
3]TECHMAX PUBLICATION
4]FROM WIKIPEDIA
5]FROM REFERENCE BOOK
6] FROM NEWS PAPER