Communication Systems 1
Communication Systems 1
Communication Systems 1
Systems
Introduction to Communication Systems
• Analogue communications
– AM, FM
• Digital communications
– Transfer of information in digits
– Dominant technology today
– Broadband, 3G, DAB/DVB
“The fundamental problem of
communication is that of
reproducing at one point
either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point.”
Shannon, Claude.
A Mathematical Theory Of
Communication. (1948)
What’s Communications?
• Communication involves the transfer of information from
one point to another.
• Three basic elements
– Transmitter: converts message into a form suitable for
transmission
– Channel: the physical medium, introduces distortion, noise,
interference
– Receiver:
R i reconstruct
t t a recognizable
i bl fform off the
th message
Speech
Music
Pictures
Data
…
Communication Channel
• The channel is central to operation of a communication
y
system
– Linear (e.g., mobile radio) or nonlinear (e.g., satellite)
– Time invariant (e.g., fiber) or time varying (e.g., mobile radio)
• The information-carrying capacity of a communication
system is proportional to the channel bandwidth
• Pursuit for wider bandwidth
– Copper wire: 1 MHz
– Coaxial cable: 100 MHz
– Microwave: GHz
– Optical fiber: THz
• Uses light as the signal carrier
• Highest capacity among all practical signals
Noise in Communications
• Unavoidable presence of noise in the channel
– Noise refers to unwanted waves that disturb communications
– Signal is contaminated by noise along the path.
• External noise: interference from nearby channels, human-
made noise, natural noise...
• Internal noise: thermal noise, random emission... in
electronic devices
• Noise is one of the basic factors that set limits on
communications.
i ti
• A widely used metric is the signal-to-noise (power) ratio
(SNR)
signal power
SNR= noise power
p
Transmitter and Receiver
• The transmitter modifies the message signal into a form
suitable for transmission over the channel
• This modification often involves modulation
– Moving the signal to a high-frequency carrier (up-conversion) and
varying some parameter of the carrier wave
– Analog: AM, FM, PM
– Digital: ASK
ASK, FSK,
FSK PSK (SK: shift keying)
• The receiver recreates the original message by
demodulation
– Recovery is not exact due to noise/distortion
– The resulting degradation is influenced by the type of modulation
• Design of analog communication is conceptually simple
g
• Digital communication is more efficient and reliable; design
g
is more sophisticated
Objectives of System Design
• Two primary resources in communications
– Transmitted p
power ((should be g
green))
– Channel bandwidth (very expensive in the commercial market)
• In certain scenarios, one resource may be more important
than the other
– Power limited (e.g. deep-space communication)
– Bandwidth limited (e.g.
( telephone circuit))
• Objectives of a communication system design
– The message is delivered both efficiently and reliably
reliably, subject to
certain design constraints: power, bandwidth, and cost.
– Efficiency is usually measured by the amount of messages sent in
unit power, unit time and unit bandwidth.
– Reliability is expressed in terms of SNR or probability of error.
Analog and Digital Communications
Simplex Communication
- one way communication, in one direction only
A Channel B
A B
Forms of Communications
A B
Information Theory
• In digital communications, is it possible to operate at
zero error rate even though the channel is noisy?
• Poineers: Shannon, Kolmogorov…
– The maximum rate of reliable transmission is
calculated.
– The famous Shannon capacity formula for a channel
with bandwidth W (Hz)
C = W log(1+SNR) bps (bits per second)
Shannon
– Zero error rate is possible as long as actual signaling
rate is less than C.
• Many concepts
M t were fundamental
f d t l and
d paved
d th
the
way for future developments in communication
theory.
– Provides a basis for tradeoff between SNR and
bandwidth, and for comparing different communication
schemes.
Kolmogorov
C. E. Shannon (1916-2001)
1938 MIT master's thesis: A Symbolic
Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
Insight: The binary nature of Boolean
logic was analogous to the ones and
zeros used by digital circuits.
The thesis became the foundation of
practical digital circuit design.
The first known use of the term bit to
refer to a “binary digit.”
Possibly the most important, and also the
most famous, master’s thesis of the
century.
It was simple, elegant, and important.
C. E. Shannon (Con’t)
1948: A Mathematical
Theory of Communication
Bell System Technical Journal,
vol. 27, pp. 379-423, July-
October, 1948.
September 1949: Book
published. Include a new
section by Warren Weaver that
applied Shannon's theory to Invent Information Theory:
human communication. Simultaneously founded the
subject, introduced all of the
Create the architecture and major concepts, and stated and
concepts governing digital proved all the fundamental
communication. theorems.
Milestones in Communications
• 1837, Morse code used in telegraph
• 1864 Maxwell formulated the eletromagnetic (EM) theory
1864,
• 1887, Hertz demonstrated physical evidence of EM waves
• 1890’s-1900’s
1890 s-1900 s, Marconi & Popov,
Popov long-distance radio
telegraph
– Across Atlantic Ocean
– From Cornwall to Canada
• 802.11a
– Standard for 5GHz band
– 20-70 Mbps, variable range
– Similar to HiperLAN in Europe
• 802.11g
– Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
– Speeds up to 54 Mbps, based on orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM)
• 802.11n
– Data rates up
p to 600 Mbpsp
– Use multi-input multi-output (MIMO)
Satellite/Space Communication
• Satellite communication
– Cover very large areas
– Optimized for one-way transmission
• Radio (DAB) and movie (SatTV)
broadcasting
– Two-way systems
• The only choice for remote-area and
maritime communications
• Propagation delay (0.25 s) is
uncomfortable in voice
communications
• Space communication
– Missions to Moon, Mars, …
– Long distance, weak signals
– High-gain antennas
– Powerful error-control coding
Future Wireless Networks
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
Wireless
Wi l IInternet
t t access
Nth generation Cellular
Ad Hoc Networks
Sensor Networks
Wireless Entertainment
Smart Homes/Grids
Automated Highways
All this and more…
•Hard Delay Constraints
•Hard Energy Constraints
Communication Networks
• Today’s communications networks are complicated
systems
– A large n
number
mber of users
sers sharing the medi
medium
m
– Hosts: devices that communicate with each other
– Routers: route date through the network
Concept of Layering
• Partitioned into layers, each doing a relatively simple task
• Protocol stack
Network
Application
Transport
Network
Link
Ph i l
Physical
Physical
TCP/IP protocol
stack (Internet)
OSI Model 2-layer model
Fourier
transform
oscilloscope
Signal analysis
frequency domain
spectrum analyzer
Ex.: frequency-domain view of radio signals
(http://njit2.mrooms.net/mod/page/view.php?id=32810)
Signal Representation
s(t) = A sin(2π fo t +φo ) or A sin(ωo t +φo )
Time-domain: waveform
A: Amplitude
Time (seconds) f : Frequency (Hz) (ω=2πf)
φ : Phase (radian or degrees)
Period (seconds)
S(f)
Frequency-domain: spectrum
fo Frequency (Hz)
Signal Classification
For first part of this course
Example
f (t ) = A cos( ω 0 t + θ )
1
rectangular waveform
b)
sinc waveform
Examples
c for 0
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
• Power of a signal
1
lim
→
• Note that:
– An energy signal is not a power signal:
∞ 0
0 ∞
Examples
a cos 2 , ∞ ∞
1
1 2
(See example 2.4)
cosine (period)
Examples
b) Periodic pulse train
period
• Period:
• Fundamental frequency:
1
Example
cos 2 , ∞ ∞
1
period
with n integer
fundamental frequency
Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals
• For any periodic signal:
• Complex signal
cartesian representation
polar representation
phase
magnitude arg( )
or amplitude
| |
cos 2
one full
sin 2 circle
every
1
1
1
2
Real vs. Complex Signals
• Complex conjugate
∗
continuous-time
ex: radio, light,…
1
0
2 ⋯
discrete-time
ex: sampled signal
0 1 2 3 4 ⋯
Continuous vs. Discrete-time Signals
• A discrete-time signal is often obtained by sampling a
continuous-time signal
continuous-time
signal
Continuous vs. Discrete-time Signals
• A discrete-time signal is often obtained by sampling a
continuous-time signal
Sampling
0 2 = sampling
period
Continuous vs. Discrete-time Signals
• A discrete-time signal is often obtained by sampling a
continuous-time signal
0 0
1 discrete-time
2 2
signal
0 1 2 3