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Communication Systems

This document provides information about a communication systems course, including the instructor, textbooks, learning outcomes, course breakdown, and introductions to key topics like elements of communication systems, mathematical models of channels, and digital communication systems. The 16-week course covers topics such as modulation techniques, probability, noise, and their effects on different systems.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Adeel
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Communication Systems

This document provides information about a communication systems course, including the instructor, textbooks, learning outcomes, course breakdown, and introductions to key topics like elements of communication systems, mathematical models of channels, and digital communication systems. The 16-week course covers topics such as modulation techniques, probability, noise, and their effects on different systems.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Adeel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Systems

Course Information
• Instructor: Dr. Irfan Arshad

• Text Book: “Fundamentals of Communication


Systems”, by John G. Proakis & Masoud Salehi,
1st or 2nd Edition

• “Modern Digital & Analog Communication


Systems” by B. P Lathi. 3rd Edition
• Program Learning Outcomes: The course is designed for the
students to achieve
– Engineering Knowledge: PLO-1
– Problem Analysis: PLO-2

• Course Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of


the course, the student will be able to:
– Analyse different analog modulation schemes under idealconditions:CLO-1
– Demonstrate the knowledge related to the concepts of probability and randomprocesses:
CLO-2
– Analyse different analog modulation schemes in non-ideal (noisy) environment:CLO-3

• Course Pre-requisites:
– Probability Methods in Engineering (Essential)
– Signals & Systems (Essential)
– Electronic Devices and Circuits
16 Weeks Course Breakup
Elements of Electrical Communication System, Communication Channels and their Characteristics,
Week No. 1
Mathematical Models for CommunicationChannels
Introduction to Modulation and Amplitude Modulation (AM), Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier AM (DSB-
Week No. 2
SC AM), Conventional AM
Week No. 3 Introduction to Hilbert Transforms, Single-Sideband AM (SSB AM), Vestigial-Sideband AM (VSBAM)
Week No. 4 Implementations of AM Modulators andDemodulators
Week No. 5 Signal Multiplexing, AM RadioBroadcasting
Week No. 6 Introduction to Angle Modulation, Representation of Frequency Modulated and Phase Modulated Signals
Week No. 7 Spectral Characteristics of Angle-ModulatedSignals
Week No. 8 Implementation of Angle Modulators andDemodulators
Review of Probability and Random Variables (RV): Sample space, Events, and Probability, Conditional
Week No. 9
Probability, Random Variables
Week No. 10 Review of Probability and Random Variables: Functions of a RV, Multiple RVs, Sums of RVs
Statistical Averages, Wide-Sense Stationary Processes, Multiple Random Processes, Random Process and
Week No. 11
Linear Systems
Week No. 12 Power Spectral Density of a Random Process, Power Spectral Density of a SumProcess
Week No. 13 Gaussian Processes, White Processes, Filtered NoiseProcesses
Effect of Noise on a Baseband Systems, Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM, Effect of Noise on SSB AM, Effect
Week No. 14
of Noise on ConventionalAM
Week No. 15 Effect of Noise on AngleModulation
Week No. 16 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering, Comparison of Analog-ModulationSystems
Lecture 01
INTRODUCTION
What’s Communication System?
A system designed to transfer/send messages or information
between one or more destinations with the use of electronic
circuits is called Electrical Communication System
Milestones in Communications
• Telegraphy and Telephony:
– 1799, Invention of electric battery by AlessandroVolta
– 1837, Electric Telegraph by Samuel Morse, the MORSE Code
– 1875, Electric Telegraph by Emile Baudot, the BAUDOT Code
– 1870, Invention of Telephone by Alexander GrahamBell
– 1906, Invention of the triode amplifier by Lee Defrost

• Wireless Communication:
– 1820, Discovery of Electric current produces a Magnetic field by Oersted
– 1831, Faradays Law by the Michael Faraday
– 1864, EM theory formulation by James C. Maxwell
– 1887, Verification of EM theory by Hertz
– 1895, Wireless telegraphy by Guglialmo Marconi
– 1920, AM Radio broadcast by Edwin Armstrong
– 1933, FM Radio broadcast by Edwin Armstrong

• Television:
– 1929, Invention of Television system by V.K.Zworykin
– 1936, Television Broadcasting

• Satellite and Cellular Communication:


– 1947, Invention of Transistor by Brattain, Bardeen and WilliamShockley
– 1958, Invention of IC by Jack Kilby and RobertNoyce
– 1958, Invention of Laser by Townes and Schawlow
– 1962, Satellite communication
– 1988 Digital Cellular System 2000, 3G Network 2010, 4G LTE 2020, 5G
Elements of an Electrical Comm. Sys.

• Information Source: A source of information in the form of


– Audio signal: Speech, Music, Voice, etc.
– Visual signal: Picture, Video, etc.
– Textual signal: Data, Fax, Email, etc.
Output of source is non-deterministic, defined in probabilistic
terms.
• Transducer: To convert output of source into an electrical
signal suitable for transmission and vice-versa
– Microphone: Audio signal to electrical signal
– Video camera: Image signal to electricalsignal
Elements of an Electrical Comm. Sys.
• Transmitter: Converts a message signal into a form suitable
for transmission via a process called modulation. Transmitter
functions are:
– Modulation (AM, FM, PM)
– Multiplexing (FDM, TDM, etc., )
– Filtering of information-bearing signal
– Amplification of modulated signal
– Radiation of signal via transmittingantennas

• Channel: The physical medium used to send information signal


from transmitter to the receiver. Channel introduces
– Distortion (amplitude and phase distortion, signal attenuation,unequal
amplification, multipath distortion, etc.)
– Noise (Thermal noise, man-made noise, atmospheric noise,etc.)
– Interference from other users of the channel

• Receiver: Reconstructs and recovers message signal contained


in received signal via a process called demodulation. Receiver
functions are:
– Signal demodulation
– Signal filtering
– Noise suppression
Communication Channels & their Characteristics
Amount of data transmitted realizably
through any communication channel is
limited by the channel bandwidth and
power in the transmitted signal

1. Wire-line Channels:
– Guided electromagnetic channels with modest
bandwidths
– Twisted pair wire-lines BW  1MHz
– Coaxial cable BW  100MHz
– Extensive utilization in telephone network

2. Fiber Optic Channels:


– Information is transmitted by varying
(modulating) intensity of light source with
message
– Transmitter is a light source: LED or Laser
– Optical fiber BW  THz
– Utilization in short and long distance telephone
networks and telecommunication services
including voice, data and video.
Communication Channels & their Characteristics
3. Wireless Electromagnetic Channels:
– EM energy is radiated through antenna. For
efficient EM radiation, antenna must be longer
than 1/10 of the .

Ground-wave propagation
– Uses area btw surface of the earth and
ionosphere for transmission
– For MF band (0.3-3 MHz)
– Atmospheric noise, man-made noise and
thermal noise

Sky-wave propagation
– Due to the total internal reflection of the EM
waves by the ionosphere
– For HF band (3-30 MHz)
– Signal multipath and signal fading

Line-of-Sight propagation
– EM waves pass through ionosphere, so LOS
propagation is possible.
– For VHF band and higher
– Thermal noise and cosmic noise
Communication Channels & their Characteristics
4. Underwater Acoustic Channels:
– Acoustic signals are used to communicate data from the under water to surface
of the ocean. Used in ocean exploration
– EM waves do not propagate under water (except at very low frequencies) due
to signal attenuation
– The attenuation of EM waves in water is expressed in terms of skindepth,
which is the distance signal is attenuated by1/e
– Ambient ocean and man made acoustic noises.

4. Storage Channels:
– Magnetic tapes (Audio and Video tapes)
– Magnetic disks (Hard drive)
– Solid State Disks (Hard drive, USB, etc.)
– Optical Disks (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray, etc.)
Mathematical Models for Comm. Channels
• The Additive Noise Channel: Additive Gaussian Noise
channel, the most commonly used model for analysis and
design of CS taking into account the thermal noise.

• The Linear Filter Channel: For physical channels like wire-


line telephone channels which employ filters to meet the
bandwidth limitations.
Mathematical Models for Comm. Channels
• The Linear Time-Variant Filter Channel: For physical
channels like underwater acoustic channels which involve time-
variant multipath propagation of the transmitted signal
Digital Comm. Sys.

• Analog source information can be converted to digital form and


then transmitted through digital communication system
• Benefits of digital transmission over analog transmission
– Signal fidelity is better controlled
– Channel bandwidth is preserved through redundancyremoval
– Digital communication systems are cheaper to implement
Elements of Digital Comm. Sys.
• Source Encoder: To generate binary information sequence,
i.e., convert output of analog or digital source into an efficient
sequence of binary digits with little or no redundancy.
• Channel Encoder: Introduces error protection by adding some
redundancy in a controlled fashion to overcome the effect of
noise and interference.
• Digital Modulator: To map binary information sequence into
signal waveforms to enable transmission.

• Digital Demodulator
• Channel Decoder
• Source Decoder

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