EEE 3105 : Communication Systems

Course Instructor: Dr. Mosabber Uddin Ahmed

 Syllabus
• Overview of Communication Systems: Basic Principles, Fundamental Elements, System Limitations, Message Source,
Bandwidth Requirements, Transmission Media Types, Bandwidth and Transmission Capacity.
• Noise: Sources of Noise, Characteristics of Various Types of Noise and Signal to Noise Ratio.
• Analog Communication Systems: Continuous Wave Modulation: Transmission Types, Base-Band Transmission, Carrier
Transmission, Amplitude Modulation- Introduction, Double Side Band, Single Side Band, Vestigial Side Band, Quadrature,
Spectral Analysis of Each Type, Envelope and Synchronous Detection, Angle Modulation-Instantaneous Frequency, Frequency
Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM), Spectral Analysis, Demodulation of FM and PM, AM Broadcast Technical
Standards, AM Transmitter and Receiver, Superheterodyne Receiver, FM Transmitters and Receivers, Comparison of AM and
FM Receivers, Noise in Receiver, Noise Limiting Circuits, AGC Circuits, Receiver Sensitivity, Cross Modulation, Spurious
Response Converters, Detector and Modulation Circuits, Sampling- Sampling Theorem, Nyquist Criterion, Aliasing,
Instantaneous and Natural Sampling, Flat-Topped Sampling, Pulse Amplitude Modulation- Principle, Bandwidth Requirements,
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)- Quantization Principle, Quantization Noise, Nonuniform Quantization, Signal to Quantization
Noise Ratio, Differential PCM, Demodulation of PCM, Delta Modulation (DM)- Principle, Adaptive DM, Delta-Sigma
Modulation, Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM), Line Coding- Formats and Bandwidths.
• Digital Modulation and Demodulation: Amplitude-Shift Keying-Principle, ON-OFF Keying, Bandwidth Requirements,
Detection, Noise Performance, Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)- Principle, Bandwidth Requirements, Detection, Differential PSK,
Quadrature PSK, Noise Performance, Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)- Principle, Continuous and Discontinuous Phase FSK,
Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK), GMSK, Bandwidth Requirements, Detection of FSK, Multilevel Signalling, M-Ary Modulation
Techniques, Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques, DSSS, FHSS.
• Multiplexing: Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Principle, Receiver Synchronization, Frame Synchronization, TDM of
Multiple Bit Rate Systems, Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) Principle, Demultiplexing; Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing, Multiple-Access Network- Time-Division Multiple-Access (TDMA), Frequency-Division Multiple Access
(FDMA), Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) Spread Spectrum Multiplexing, Coding Techniques and Constraints of
CDMA.
• Communication System Design: Design Parameters, Channel Selection Criteria and Performance Simulation.
Text: Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 5th Edition,
B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, Oxford University Press.
 References:
1. Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications, Third Edition, Bernard Sklar and fred harris,
Pearson Education.
2. Communication Systems, 5th Edition, Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Wiley.
3. Principles of Electronic Communication Systems, Fourth Edition, Louis E. Frenzel Jr., McGraw-Hill
Education
4. Principles of Communication Systems, 4th Edition, Herbert Taub, Donald Schilling and Goutam Saha,
McGraw-Hill Education.
5. Communication Systems Engineering, 2nd Edition, John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Pearson.
6. Digital Communications, I. A. Glover & P.M. Grant, Prentice Hall.
7. Principles of Communications: Systems, Modulation, and Noise, 4th Edition, Rodger E. Ziemer and W. H.
Tranter, Wiley.
8. Introduction to Digital Communications, R.E. Ziemer & R.L. Peterson, MacMillan.
Overview
• Communication System
• Analog Communication System
• Digital Communication System
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Analog and Digital Communication
• Noise in Communication System
• SNR
• Communication Channels
• Channel BW (channel capacity) & Rate of Communication
Communication System
• Communication ~ To convey or transfer information from
one point to another.
~ A two-way process of imparting or
exchanging information from one
entity to other.
Communication takes place through a system that
involves a sender, message and a recipient.

Noise
 Cont..
• The main components of communication system are:
i. Transmitter
ii. Channel/Medium/Link
iii. Receiver
• The process starts with sender/communicator who has some
data/information (e.g. voice, text, audio/video) to communicate with
others.
• The input data/information sends over physical medium needs to be
converted into electromagnetic signal by an input transducer.
Cont..
Cont..
❖ Transducer ~ convertsnon-electrical quantity into electrical quantity.
~ convertsoneform of energy into another form of energy.
The transducer after converting input into input signal is then feed to
transmitter.
i. Transmitter ~ modifies the signal to make it compatible with the channel
c harac teristics. It inc ludes;
▪ Modulator
▪ ADC (Analog to digital c onverter)
▪ Encoder
ii. Channel ~ is a medium (e.g. wire, coaxial cable, waveguide, optical fiber
or radio link) that carries information from transmitter to receiver.
Channel can impart distortion in electromagnetic waves along with noise.
Channel can be:
i. Guided Medium i.e. wired
ii. Unguided Medium i.e. wireless
 Cont..
i. Guided Channel ~ When the signal is confined within the walls of medium or
channel, the signal can be guided by the channel direction. E.g. telephone
exchange have wires.
Wires used as a channel can be copper wires, twisted pair, coaxial cable,
optic al fiber etc .
ii. Unguided/wireless channel ~When the signal leaves the premises of
transmitter , then there is no control over the signal. The signal can travel in
any direction.
In wireless medium, the signal is in the form of electromagnetic waves. The
carrier of such signal is “antenna”.
❖ Antenna ~ acts as transducer for wireless signalthat transmits and receives EM waves.
Current → EM waves (At Transmission side)
EM waves → current (At Receivingside)
o Mobile phoneshave patch antenna or micro strip patch antenna,which is cheap/low cost & can be easily
fabricated & are low profile antenna i.e.it can not beseen.
Cont..
❖Signals are received in multipath propagation i.e. multiple
copies of same signal are received.
• Two main phenomenon occurs during multipath propagation;
i. Constructive interference (Signals are added up i.e. in
phase)
ii. Destructive interference (Signals cancels each other i.e. out
of phase)
Cont..
• Some signals work on line of sight e.g. TV remote
• Line of sight ~ A direct path from transmitter to receiver
❖Transmission Impairment: Signals travel through
transmission medium causes signal impairment. This means
the signal at the beginning of the medium is not the same as
the signal at the end of the medium. Three causes of
impairment are attenuation, distortion and noise.
Cont..
❖ Attenuation~reduction in amplitude of signal or loss of energy in
the signal. It depends on distance i.e. the amount of attenuation
is directly proportional to the distance the signal has to travel.
▪ When a signal, simple or composite, travels through a medium,
losses some of its energy in overcoming the resistance of the
medium. That is why wire carrying electrical signal gets warm.
▪ To compensate for this loss, amplifiers are used to amplify the
signal.
Cont..
❖ Distortion ~ means that the signal changes its shape or form.
▪ It can occur in composite signal made of different frequencies.
▪ Each signal component has its own propagation speed through a
medium and therefore its own delay in arriving at the final
destination. Difference in delay may create a difference in phase.
▪ The shape of composite signal is therefore not the same.
Cont..
❖Noise ~is another cause of impairment. Several types of
noise such as thermal noise, induced noise, cross-talk,
and impulse noise may corrupt the signal.

o Cross talk ~ when two channels are being used by two persons and they are closed enough that they
interfere with each other. To separate them, guard band is used. This interference is classified as noise.
o Loose connection also accounts to noise.
o Sunlight is also a noise (different types of waves are involved).
 Cont..
iii. Receiver ~ reprocess the received signal i.e. reverses the process done by the transmitter on the signal.
It is also called destination. It removes the distortion & noise.
It consists of:
• Demodulator
• DAC (digital to analog converter)
• Decoder
The output transducer converts the electrical signal into its original form. The destination is the unit to which
the message is communicated.
Channel capacity/Max data rate ~ The max rate (bits/sec) at which data can be transmitted over a given
communication channel.
Two criterion are used for measuring channel capacity;
i. Nyquist criterion that’s is used for noiseless channel/medium.
𝑪 = 𝟐𝑩𝒍𝒐𝒈2𝑴;
B is channel bandwidth, M =2m; m= no. of bits/symbol, M= no. of signaling values or symbols.
ii. Shannon's Criterion that is used for noisy channel/medium.
𝑪 = 𝑩𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐(𝟏 + 𝑺𝑵𝑹)
Analog Communication System
An analog communication system is a communication system
where the information signal sent from point A to point B can
only be described as an analog signal.
An analog signal is any continuous time signal that change
with time period.
The sine wave is the representation of time-varying feature
of analog signal.
Cont..
• An analog signal isone type of continuous time-varying signals, and are classified into
composite and simple signals.
❖ A simple type of analog signal isnothing but a sine wave, and that can’t be
decomposed, whereas
❖ A composite type analog signal can be decomposed into numerous sine waves.
• An analog signal can be defined by using amplitude, time period, frequency, &
phase.
Amplitude is the maximum value or peak value of the signal.
Frequency is the rate at whichan analog signalis varying.
Phase is the signal position with respect to time.
• An analog signal is not resistant toward the noise, therefore; it faces distortion as well
as reduces the transmission quality. The analog signal value range cannot be fixed.
❖ The best examples of the analog signal are video, human voice in the air, radio
transmission waves orTV transmission waves.
Digital Communication System
Digital communication is a mode of communication where the
information is encoded into digital signals and electronically transferred
to the recipients.
Digital signals are discrete or not continuous.
A digital signal carries the data in the form of binary because it
signifies in the bits.
 Cont..
• Digital signals can be decomposed into sine waves which are termed
as harmonics.
• Every digital signal has amplitude, frequency, & phase like the analog
signal.
• This signal can be defined by bit interval as well as bit rate. Here, bit
interval is the required time for transmitting a single bit, whereas the
bit rate is bit interval frequency.
• Digital signals are more resistant towards noise; therefore, it barely
faces some distortion.
• These waves are simple in transmitting as well as more dependable
while contrasted to analog waves.
• Digital signals include a limited variety of values which lies among 0-
to-1.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Analog & DigitalCommunication
The analog and Digital signal characteristics mainly include
adaptability, continuity, representation, data type, signal type,
medium of transmission, type of values, security, bandwidth,
hardware, data storage, portability, data transmission,
impedance, power consumption, recording data, use, rate of
data transmission, examples and applications.
❖ Adaptability: Analog signals are less adjustable for a range of use,
whereas digital signals are more adjustable for a range of use.
❖ Continuity: Analog signals use a continuous variety of amplitude
values whereas digital signal takes a limited set of distinct values at
consistently spaced spots in the time.
❖ Type of Data: Analog signals are continuous in nature, whereas
digital signals are discrete.
❖ Type of Waves: Analog signal wave type is sinusoidal, whereas a
digital signal is a square wave.
Cont..
❖ Medium of Transmission: Analog signal medium of transmission is wire or
wireless, whereas a digital signal is a wire.
❖ Type of Values: Analog signal value type is positive as well as negative,
whereas a digital signal is positive.
❖ Security: The security of an analog signal cannot be provided as it is not
encrypted, whereas a digital signal is enc rypted.
❖ Bandwidth: The analog signal bandwidth is low, whereas
the digital signal is high.
❖ Hardware: Analog signal hardware is not elastic, whereas digital is elastic in
execution.
❖ Data Storage: The data storage of an analog signal is in the wave signal
form, whereas digital signal stores the data in the binary bit form.
❖ Portability: Analog signals are portable similar to the thermometer and
low cost, whereas digital signals are portable similar to computers and
expensive.
Cont..
❖ Data transmission: In analog, the signal can suffer from deterioration due
to noise throughout transmission, whereas digital signal can be noise
resistant throughout transmission devoid of any deterioration.
❖ Impedance: The impedance of the analog signal is low, whereas the digital
signal is high.
❖ Power Consumption: Analog devices use more power, whereas digital
devic es use less power.
❖ Data Transmission Rate: The data transmission rate in the analog signal is
slow, whereas in the digital signal it is faster.
❖ Applications: Analog signals can be utilized in analog devices exclusively,
like thermometer, whereas digital signals are appropriate for digital
electronic devices like computers, PDA, cell phones etc.
 Cont..
• Analog Communication
Advantages:
• Less tolerance for noise.
• Flexibility with bandwidth.
• Rectification of faulty components easy.
• Easy to manipulate using mathematical formations and calculation.
• Great lifespan.
• Ambient weather dependencies are low.
• Easy to handle, not expensive over sensitive routings.
• Less sensitive in terms of electrical tolerance.
• Disadvantages:
• Not easy to implement.
• Needed perfect receiver and transmitter for specific communication scenario. If
you move into a new system and you want to change the analog signal, you need
to tune or change both receiver and transmitter.
• No security for transmission data.
• Can't be saved and transmit under urgency.
 Cont..
• Digital Communication
• Advantages:
• The digital communication systems are simpler and cheaper compared to analog
communication systems because of the advances made in the IC technologies.
• In digital communication, the speech, video and other data may be merged and
transmitted over a common channel using multiplexing.
• Using data encryption, only permitted receivers may be allowed to detect the transmitted
data. This property is most important in military applications.
• Since the transmission is digital and the channel encoding is used, therefore the noise does
not accumulate from repeater to repeater in long distance communications.
• Since the transmitted signal is digital in nature, therefore, a large amount of noise
interference may be tolerated.
• Since in digital communication, channel coding is used, therefore, the errors may be
detected and corrected in the receivers.
• Digital communication is adaptive to other advanced branches of data processing such as
digital signal processing, image processing and data compression, etc.
• Disadvantages:
• Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high. Therefore more transmission
bandwidth is required for digital communication.
• Digital communication needs synchronization in case of synchronous modulation.
Analog Signal vs Digital Signal