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Lecture 1

Communication transmission and Engineer ing notes

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Matovu Herbert
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8 views

Lecture 1

Communication transmission and Engineer ing notes

Uploaded by

Matovu Herbert
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Module Name: Communication Engineering

By: Mr. SSEMUJU MARK


semarc2000@gmail.com
Module Code: BBE 3105
Modular Credits: 4

Objectives of the Module:

This Course introduces the learner to communication techniques that


are needed in telemedicine. The learner will be introduced to signal
generation, amplitude and frequency, pulse modulation, microwave
communication, satellite communication system, and the cellular
concept.
History of Communications
History of Communications
Communication System

A communication system conveys information from its source to a destination.

Traditional items Modern items


Drums Computer
Horns Mobile phones and Tabs
TV and Radio
Satellite
PDA

• Main objective of a communication system  Information transfer


• This involves numerous components such as electronic circuits, signal
processors, electromagnetic waves, micro processors, communication
networks etc…
Communication System

Information, Message and Signal


Definition of the term information  quite complex and requires a lot of
philosophy and semantics

We shall use the term message to avoid difficulties  defined as the


physical manifestation of the information produced by the source

The goal of a communication system is to reproduce information produced


by the source at the destination.

The information can be produced by Machines or man

No matter the source information we can classify information as either


Analogue or Digital
Communication System

Analogue signal: a signal in a continuous form but varies with time


Example a voice signal
A communication system should deliver the wave form with Fidelity

Digital signal: a signal in discrete form


Example: 110101
A communication system should deliver the signal with Accuracy

Note : whether digital or analogue a communication system requires input


and output transducers to covert information to the desired form such as
electrical, light, electromagnetic etc.
Example: in a voice communication the input transducer could be a
microphone and the output transducer is a loud speaker.
Communication System

A communication system is composed of the following:


Spectrum Frequency
Spectrum Frequency
Elements of a communication system

A communication system is subdivided into 3 main parts:


• Transmitter  produces the signal
• Transmission channel  delivers information from the original to a destination
• Receiver  reception and treatment of the received signal
Transmitter : signal processing operation such as:
 Modulation
 Coding
 encryption
Transmission channel: Examples of the transmission media
 Twisted copper wires
 Coaxial cable
 Air
 Fiber optic cables

Receiver: Signal processing operations include


 Demodulation
 Amplification
 Filtering
 Decrypting
 decoding
Elements of a communication system

• It is important to note that as signals traverse from the origin to the destination
suffer a number of phenomena; the end result is signal degradation observed
in the low energy levels of the signal received at the destination.
This is called signal attenuation or Power loss

Signal attenuation causes:


 Loss in the signal strength
 Alteration in the signal shape

Note that the figure above shows a simplex transmission, a full duplex
transmission requires both a transmitter and a receiver at both ends of the
communication
Signal Attenuations

• As the signal moves from the original to the destination, it suffers a number of
effects caused by distance, transmission media, connections and the
environment.
• Ideally signal loss is entirely blamed on the transmission channel

Effect that crop in include:


Distortion: signal perturbation caused by imperfect response of the
communication system to the desired signal if the desired signal is turned off.
It can be corrected by used of special filters called equalizer

Interference: Perturbation caused by electrical or electromagnetic radiations


from other sources like machines, power lines, other transmission systems
etc. these can also be corrected by use of appropriate filters

Noise: perturbations caused by unexpected or unpredicted electrical signals


super-imposed on the message carrying signal. These may partially corrupt
the desired signal or may full obliterated the signal. Filtering may reduce the
impact of the noise but obviously not all the noise will be eliminated;
Fundamental Limitations

• Technological constrains such as availability of equipment, skilled man power,


regulations for governing bodies and economic factors such problems can be
solved in theory.

• Fundamental physical limitations: laws of nature as they pertain to the task.


They dictate which communication system can or cannot be accomplished.
These include:
 Bandwidth
 Noise

Bandwidth is a measure of speed, when a system changes rapidly with time, its
frequency content or spectrum extends over a wide  large bandwidth.
The ability of a system to follow signal variations is reflected in its usable frequency
response or transmission bandwidth
All communication systems have a finite bandwidth B that limits the rate of
frequency variations.

The time required to transmit information is inversely proportional to the available


bandwidth
Real time communications require sufficient bandwidth
Fundamental Limitations

Noise
Why is thermal noise unavoidable ?!!!
• Because from the kinetic theory any temperature above absolute zero causes
microscope particles to exhibit random motion. These particles such electrons
produce voltages or currents as they are displaced from one place to another.
Hence the noise

The measure of noise relative to the information is Signal-to-Noise ratio S/N

If the noise is small, the ratio is high and the impact can be ignored but at longer
distances the ratio is low and amplifying the signal amplifies the noise as well
Decibel

• The decibel is a relative unit of measurement that enables the comparison of


input and output power levels. On its own, a decibel value does not indicate
any absolute power level or measurement.
• A decibel is defined as a ratio of power entering and leaving a circuit

• When the input and output power are identical, a level of 0 dB is achieved.
• Negative decibel levels indicate attenuation of power through the circuit.
• Positive decibel levels indicate amplification

Reference Values
• 0 dB
• 0 dBm
• -3 dB
20
Modulation and Coding

Modulation : Involves 2 signals:


• The message
• The carrier
Super impose a message onto a message carrier

Why Modulate ?
 Adapt the message to be transmitted to the characteristics of the transmission
channel. A modulation process should be reversible so as to retrieve the initial
modulated signal

Modulation Methods
 Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Frequency modulation (FM)
 Phase modulation (PM)
Modulation and Coding
Benefits and applications of
Modulation
Benefits
• Efficient transmission of signals
Example line of sight transmission requires an antenna of length 1/10 of the
wavelength. Human voice < 100Hz requires an antenna of 300 KM
But a modulated signal of 100MHz requires an antenna of about 1M

• Modulation to Overcome hardware limitations.


Electronic components that treat signals of low frequency are too costly bulky and
unavailable.
Also according to Shannon, information rate is proportional to bandwidth meaning
producing at large bandwidth to carry more information, transmission should done
at high frequencies example compare Digital televisions and analogue

• Modulation to reduce noise and interference


Example FM modulation

• Frequency Assignment : Enables us select the desired channel by filtering

• Multiplexing: Enables carrying various messages or communication on a


simultaneous transmission or channel
RF Communication Systems

Simplex RF System: → Operation mode of a radio communication system in which allows


only one-way communication from a transmitter to a receiver
Examples: FM radio, Pagers, TV, One-way AMR systems

Half-duplex RF Systems:→ Operation mode of a radio communication system in which


each end can transmit and receive, but not simultaneously.
Note: The communication is bidirectional over the same frequency, but unidirectional
for the duration of a message. The devices need to be transceivers. Applies to most TDD
and TDMA systems.
Examples: Walkie-talkie, wireless keyboard mouse

Full-duplex RF Systems:→Radio systems in which each end can transmit and receive
simultaneously
Note: Typically two frequencies are used to set up the communication channel.
Each frequency is used solely for either transmitting or receiving. Applies
to Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems.
Example: Cellular phones, satellite communication

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