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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING

AND DESIGN OF PIPED
IRRIGATION NETWORK
PART-I & II

JULY 2017

MINSITRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER

DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION
CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING

AND DESIGN OF PIPED
IRRIGATION NETWORK
PART-I & II

CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION

MINSITRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NEW DELHI
 CONTENTS
MESSAGE........................................................................................................................................... I
FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................... II
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ III

PART-I SOURCE TO OUTLET

1. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Piped Irrigation Network (PIN) .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Advantages of Piped Irrigation Network over Canal Distribution Network (CDN) ...................................... 2
1.3 Disadvantages of Piped Irrigation Network .......................................................................................................3
1.4 Application of Piped Irrigation Network ............................................................................................................3

2. CHAPTER-2 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING ........................................ 5

2.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Piped Irrigation Network Planning .................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Data Required for Piped Irrigation Network Planning..................................................................................... 6
2.4 Route Selection of Pipe Network ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.5 Guiding Principle for deciding Carrying Capacity of Pipe/Canal .................................................................... 7
2.6 Design of a Network for Irrigation by Rotation ............................................................................................... 10
2.7 Preliminary Carrying Capacity of Distributary / Minor .................................................................................. 10
2.8 Procedure for Deciding the Carrying Capacity of Main / Branch Line ........................................................... 11
2.9 Water Losses and Irrigation Efficiencies ............................................................................................................ 11
2.10 Capacity Factor: ................................................................................................................................................... 12

3. CHAPTER-3 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW .................................................................. 13

3.1 Free Surface Flow ................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Pipe Flow or Pressurized Flow. .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Steady Flow .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Friction Loss (Major Loss) .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.5 Minor Losses ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.6 Total Minor Losses .............................................................................................................................................. 19
3.7 Total Loss of Head .............................................................................................................................................. 20

4. CHAPTER-4 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK ........................ 21

4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Permissible Velocity ............................................................................................................................................ 21
4.3 Permissible head ................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.4 Exit Pressure at Irrigation Outlet for flow irrigation ....................................................................................... 21
4.5 Exit pressures at Irrigation Outlet for Micro Irrigation .................................................................................. 21
4.6 Determination of pipe diameter ........................................................................................................................ 21
4.7 Overburden for buried pipes.............................................................................................................................. 21
4.8 Land Acquisition .................................................................................................................................................22
4.9 Inspection Path ....................................................................................................................................................22
4.10 Cross drainage works ..........................................................................................................................................22
4.11 Pump Stand..........................................................................................................................................................22
4.12 Air vent .................................................................................................................................................................22
4.13 Vacuum Relief Valves .........................................................................................................................................22
4.14 Drain Valves .........................................................................................................................................................22
4.15 Scour Valves .........................................................................................................................................................22
4.16 Working Space and Trench size ........................................................................................................................22
4.17 Bedding for Pipes ................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.18 Maximum size of ICA for single point pumping for Micro Irrigation ........................................................... 23
4.19 Size of silt to be removed ................................................................................................................................... 23

5. CHAPTER-5 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN ..................................................... 25

5.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................25
5.2 Classification of Piped Irrigation Network (PIN) .............................................................................................25
5.3 Economic Size of Pipe ........................................................................................................................................ 26
5.4 Life Cycle Cost Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 26
5.5 Pipe Materials ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
5.6 Structure and Layout of Piped Irrigation Networks ....................................................................................... 44
5.7 Optimization of the Layout of Branching Networks ...................................................................................... 44
5.8 Piped Irrigation Network Design ...................................................................................................................... 49
5.9 Software Programmes ......................................................................................................................................... 51
5.10 Water Hammer.................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.11 Some examples of Pipe Network analysis .........................................................................................................52
5.12 Structural Design of Buried Pipelines ...............................................................................................................57

6. CHAPTER-6 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS .............................................. 63

6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 63
6.2 Desilting Arrangements ..................................................................................................................................... 68
6.3 Diggy .....................................................................................................................................................................72

7. CHAPTER-7 DESIGN OF PUMPS ................................................................................ 75

7.1 General .................................................................................................................................................................75
7.2 Types of Pumps ...................................................................................................................................................75
7.3 Consideration in Pump Selection ......................................................................................................................75
7.4 Terminology and Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 76
7.5 Dimensioning of Pump House .......................................................................................................................... 78
7.6 Power Supply Arrangements ............................................................................................................................. 78

8. CHAPTER-8 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................ 79

8.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 79
8.2 Operation Check list for Pumps ....................................................................................................................... 79
8.3 Check list for Operation during the irrigation season.................................................................................... 79
8.4 Maintenance Check List .................................................................................................................................... 80
8.5 Choking of Pipes by excess silt.......................................................................................................................... 80
8.6 Maintenance of Pumps ...................................................................................................................................... 80
8.7 Maintenance of Valves ........................................................................................................................................ 81

9. CHAPTER-9 FIELD AUTOMATION AND CONTROL....................................................... 83

9.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 83
9.2 Need for SCADA ................................................................................................................................................. 83
9.3 Features of SCADA ............................................................................................................................................. 83
9.4 Cost ...................................................................................................................................................................... 84

10. CHAPTER-10 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE ............................................... 85

10.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 85
10.2 Network Layout .................................................................................................................................................. 85
10.3 Chak boundaries, Outlet Location ................................................................................................................... 85
10.4 Capacity Statement ............................................................................................................................................ 87
10.5 Canal Option ...................................................................................................................................................... 87
10.6 Pipe Option ......................................................................................................................................................... 87
10.7 Cost Comparison - Canal Vs Pipe ..................................................................................................................... 87
10.8 Computer Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 91

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................ 92

PART-II OUTLET TO FIELD

11. CHAPTER-11....OUTLET TO FIELD........................................................................................................112
11.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 112
11.2 Formulation of Guidelines for Pressurised Piped Network ........................................................................... 112
11.3 Major Components: ........................................................................................................................................... 112
11.4 Water storage tank ............................................................................................................................................. 113
11.5 Pumping unit ...................................................................................................................................................... 113
11.6 Filtration unit ..................................................................................................................................................... 113
11.7 Piped line distribution network ........................................................................................................................ 114
11.8 Hydrant/Outlet assembly .................................................................................................................................. 114
11.9 Estimation of horse power of pumping unit.................................................................................................... 114
11.10 Model Computations for 5000 Ha Command Area ........................................................................................ 115
11.11 Estimation of Peak Crop Water Requirement ................................................................................................. 115
11.12 Size of Storage Tank ........................................................................................................................................... 115
11.13 Capacity of Pump ............................................................................................................................................... 115
11.14 Micro-Irrigation system ..................................................................................................................................... 116
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................................ 117

COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITEE ...................................................................................................................... 123

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 124

 LIST OF FIGURES
PART-I
Figure 2.1 Canal Distribution Network (CDN) ...............................................................................................................5
Figure 2.2 Pipe Irrigation Network (PIN) .........................................................................................................................6
Figure 2.3 Scheme of Main Steps of Piped Irrigation Network Project ....................................................................9
Figure 3.1 Free Surface Flow .........................................................................................................................................13
Figure 3.2 Pipe or Pressured Flow .................................................................................................................................13
Figure 3.3 Law of Conservation of Mass .....................................................................................................................14
Figure 3.4 Law of Conservation of Energy ..................................................................................................................14
Figure 3.5 Shape of Inlet and Loss Coefficient ..........................................................................................................17
Figure 3.6 Contraction Loss Coefficient (by Gardel) ................................................................................................18
Figure 3.7 Enlargement loss, fe (Experimental Values by Gibson) .........................................................................18
Figure 3.8 Valve Loss Coefficient fv, Valve Openings ..............................................................................................19
Figure 3.9 Bend Loss Coefficient, fbe ............................................................................................................................19
Figure 3.10 Curve Loss Coefficient, fb ...........................................................................................................................19
Figure 4.1 Pump Stand ...................................................................................................................................................22
Figure 4.2 Trenching for Pipes .......................................................................................................................................23
Figure 5.1 Tree Piped Irrigation Network .....................................................................................................................25
Figure 5.2 Looped Piped Irrigation Network ...............................................................................................................26
Figure 5.3 Optimization of Pump/Pipeline System.....................................................................................................26
Figure 5.4 Flow diagram with flat rate of annual charges ......................................................................................28
Figure 5.5 Flow diagram in case of inflation ..............................................................................................................28
Figure 5.6 Flow diagram for replacement cost .........................................................................................................28
Figure 5.7 Proximity layout –(a) application of kruksal’s algorithm (b) application of Sollin's algorithm……..45
Figure 5.8 1200 Layout - Case of 3 Hydrants……………………………………………………………………………….45
Figure 5.9 1200 Layout – Case of 4 hydrants……………………………………………………………………………....47
Figure 5.10 1200 Layout – Case of 4 hydrants (different Configuration)………………………………………….….47
Figure 5.11 Least Count Layout……………………………………………………………………………………………...48
Figure 5.12 Piped Irrigation Network Optimisation……………………………………………………………………..48
Figure 5.13 Pipes in Series……………………………………………………………………………………………………49
Figure 5.14 Pipes in Parallel………………………………………………………………………………………………….50
Figure 5.15 Network modelled in WHAMO……………………………………………………………………………….53
Figure 5.16 Output of WHAMO simulations……………………………………………………………………………….54
Figure 5.17 Pipe network with two loops…………………………………………………………………………………55
Figure 5.18 Schematic diagram of the model of the pipe network with two loops………………………….…55
Figure 5.19 Output of WHAMO simulations………………………………………………………………………………..56
Figure 6.1 Valve tower situated within an earthen dam .........................................................................................63
Figure 6.2 Simple Concrete block-Submerged Intake .............................................................................................64
Figure 6.3 Wet Intake tower standing in the river or reservoir .................................................................................64
Figure 6.4 Dry Intake tower standing in the river or reservoir ..................................................................................64
Figure 6.5 Section of a typical twin well type of river intake ...................................................................................65
Figure 6.6 Typical Installation in an Earth dam-sloping Intake (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985) ..........................................65
Figure 6.7 Approach Geometry- Semicircular Type Intake Structure (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985) ..............................66
Figure 6.8 Typical Installation in an Earth dam-Tower Type Intake (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985) ...................................66
Figure 6.9 Typical Installation in an Earth dam-Tower Type Intake (Type II) (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985) ....................67
Figure 6.10 Typical Installation in a Concrete/Masonry dams (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985) ..........................................67
Figure 6.11 Water is drawn from Canal Intake through Syphonic action in Balh Valley Medium Irrigation
Project in HP .............................................................................................................................................................69
Figure 6.12 Tube Settler ..................................................................................................................................................69
Figure 6.13 Lamella clarifier ...........................................................................................................................................70
Figure 6.14 Flow distribution from a conventional inlet in a tube settler ...............................................................70
Figure 6.15 Tube settler type desilting arrangement in Nadaun Medium Irrigation Project, HP. ......................71
Figure 6.16 Aerial View of Tube settler type desilting arrangement provided in Balh Valley Medium
Irrigation Project, HP ...............................................................................................................................................72
Figure 7.1 Head terms used in Pumping .....................................................................................................................76
Figure 7.2 Typical Pump performance curve ............................................................................................................77
Figure 9.1 Open Control SCADA Network Architecture ..................................... ……………………………………84
Figure 10.1 Canal Network of Kholra Distributary and Location of Arangi Minor ……………………………….85
Figure 10.2 Contour Map, Chak Boundaries and outlet area………………………………………………….… 86
Figure 10.3 Alignment of Arangi Minor with RD and curves…………………………………………………….….. 86
Figure 10.4 Tree diagram of Arangi Minor………………………………………………………………………….….. 87
Figure 10.5 Canal Cross-sections………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
Figure 10.6 Canal L-Section of Arangi Minor Line…………………………………………………………………….. 89
Figure 10.7 Computer Analyses for Arangi Line (UGPL) ………………………………………………………………..91
PART-II
Figure. 11.1 Systematic layout of the components ..................................................................................................112
Figure 11.2 Water storage tank ....................................................................................................................................113
Figure 11.3 Pumping unit with solar system ................................................................................................................113
Figure 11.4 Filtration unit.................................................................................................................................................114
Figure 11.5 Piped line distribution network .................................................................................................................114
Figure 11.6 Hydrant / Outlet assembly ........................................................................................................................114
Table No: LIST OF TABLES Page
PART-I

Table 2.1 Comparison of Irrigation efficiency of CDN & PIN .....................................................................................12

Table 3.1 Manning’s Coefficients of roughness ..........................................................................................................15
Table 3.2 Friction Factors In Darcy-Weisbach Formula .............................................................................................16
Table 3.3 Values of Roughness Projection ...................................................................................................................16
Table 3.4 Recommended CR Values in Modified Hazen-Williams Formula (At 20o C) ........................................17
Table 3.5 Loss Coefficient for Sluice Valves ................................................................................................................18
Table 3.6 Loss Coefficient for Butterfly Valves ............................................................................................................18
Table 5.1 Illustration of computations for LCC Analysis based on assumed parameters ..................................28
Table 5.2 Comparison of various Pipe Materials .......................................................................................................32
Table 5.3 Various Pipe material & Dia. Available ......................................................................................................43
Table 5.4 Details of methods applied .........................................................................................................................49
Table 5.5 Values of Impact factor ................................................................................................................................58
Table 5.6 Values of deflection coefficient .................................................................................................................58
Table 5.7 MS Pipe Deflection for Specified Burial Depth .........................................................................................59
Table 6.1 Design of Tube Settlers ..................................................................................................................................73
Table 10.1 Cost Comparison – Canal vs Pipe ............................................................................................................90
Table 10.2 Details of off taking pipes...........................................................................................................................90

PART-II
Table- 11.1 Cropping pattern for Rabi & Kharif ........................................................................................................115
Table-11.2 Parameters to compute capacity of pump .........................................................................................116
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I. Co-ordination and Consultation Team – Project Appraisal

Organisation(PAO), CWC

1. Shri Pradeep Kumar, Member(RM), CWC (Then Chief Engineer, PAO)

2. Shri Piyush Ranjan, Director, PA(N)
3. Shri Anil Kumar Singh, Dy Director, PA(N)
4. Shri Sharad Kumar K, Asst Director, PA(N)
5. Shri Durgendra Singh, Asst Director, PA(N)
6. Smt Manju Rani, PA to Director, PA(N)

II. Design aspects, Drafting & Compilation Team – Design(N&W)

Organisation, CWC (Part-I)

1. Shri T K Sivarajan, Chief Engineer, Designs(N&W), CWC

2. Shri P Devender Rao, Director, BCD(N&W)
3. Shri Panneer Selvam L , Deputy Director, HCD(N&W)
4. Shri Rakesh Gaurana, Deputy Director, BCD(N&W)
5. Shri Praveen Annepu, Assistant Director, BCD(N&W)
6. Smt Harsitha, Assistant Director, HCD(N&W)

III. Irrigation Management Team-Irrigation Management Organisation(IMO),

CWC (Part-II)

1. Shri Navin Kumar, Chief Engineer, IMO, CWC

2. Shri G L Bansal, Director, CWC
3. Shri B. C. Vishwakarma, Director, IP(S)
4. Shri.Ashish Kumar, Assistant Director, IP(S)
PART-I

SOURCE TO OUTLET

This part covers various aspects with

regard to Planning, Design,
Operation and Maintenance of Pipe
Irrigation Network from the source of
water to the outlet from where water
actually ready for delivery to the
individual chak.
 CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

Historically Irrigation development in the country capita water availability has reduced drastically
has been undertaken as Canal Distribution from 5177 cum in the year 1951 to 1567 cum in
Network emanating from rivers, dams and the year 2011. As per international standards, now
reservoirs for the purpose of carrying water mostly India is already in water stress zone (if water
through gravity up to outlets and from outlets to availability is between 1000 to 1700 cum per year)
agricultural field through water courses or field with threats of climate change may further
channels. In earlier times canals were unlined; aggravate the problem. By the year 2050, with
later on these unlined canals have been improved projected population of the order of 1.6 Billion, the
by lining to increase their water carrying efficiency water availability will further reduce to 1140 cum
which led to extend water deliveries to additional nearing to water scarce situation. India as a
fields which had not been irrigated previously. country has to adopt itself to this changed scenario.
Canals are designed hydraulically to provide the Efficiency has to be brought in each water use
most efficient cross section for the transportation activity including irrigation for sustaining the food,
of irrigation water. There is no further scope in water, shelter and employment requirement of the
improving the efficiency of the hydraulically most human and animal population.
efficient canals section with most efficient lining.
Therefore the overall efficiency that can be Piped Irrigation System provides one of such
achieved by canal conveyance and distribution has options which if implemented properly can curtail
reached the upper limit which is about 35-60%. irrigation water demand without compromising
with net irrigation requirement (NIR) but by
With the increasingly greater demand on limited improving the water use efficiency. The estimated
water supplies in many parts of country, there is an overall efficiency with piped irrigation network is
urgent need for its efficient utilization by reducing of the order of 70-80%. Experience gained from
losses at various reaches in the irrigation system. several States and many Countries in arid and
Replacement of existing canals with pipe lines or semi-arid zones has shown that Piped Irrigation
new schemes with pipe lines wherever feasible in Network (PIN) techniques are replacing
order to improve irrigation efficiency or to further successfully the traditional open canal methods.
extend the area of irrigated agriculture is the need However, some of the projects already constructed
of the hour. Field application of water through with PIN are not showing expected performance
micro irrigation methods improves overall due to various reasons including improper
efficiency of the project to a great extent. Piped planning and lack of maintenance.
irrigation can be accomplished many a times
through gravity and/or use of pumps to lift the For proper planning, design and implementation
water into the distribution network. of Piped Irrigation Network in the country, the
need for suitable guidelines is felt necessary by the
With rising population, demand for commodities Ministry of Water Resources, River Development
and change in life style, more and more demand and Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR, RD&GR) and
for water resources from other sectors is projected, Central Water Commission (CWC). Accordingly,
leaving less water for irrigation as the availability this guideline on PIN has been prepared.
is finite in nature. With rising population, per
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 INTRODUCTION 2

This Guideline consists of two Parts. Part- I ii. Cross Drainage and Cross Masonry
covers Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation (Communication) structures can be omitted or
Network (PIN) from the Source of water to minimized.
Outlet. iii. Irrigation works become obstacles in the way
The Portion below the Outlet to Field / Micro of free drainage of water during rainy season
Irrigation is dealt in the Part-II of the Guidelines and thus results in submerging standing crops
(Below Minor Up To Micro Irrigation System in and even villages.
the Field) iv. No damage due to heavy rainfall or flood
during monsoon.
1.1 Piped Irrigation Network (PIN)
v. More Suitable option for flood prone area.
A Piped Irrigation Network (PIN) is a network of vi. No hindrance in movement to the farmers and
installation consisting of pipes, fittings such as farm equipments.
valves, pumps (if necessary) and other devices vii. Increase in CCA as compared to canals, as the
properly designed and installed to supply water water losses are negligible and acquired land
under pressure from the source of the water to the for canal network can also be used for
irrigable area. cultivation as Piped Irrigation Network is under
For surface irrigation method, where large heads ground.
are not required, the underground pipe line system viii. Better option for undulating fields.
is used which is essentially a low pressure system, ix. Because of shorter transit times for water from
also known as ‗open or semi closed’ system. This source to field, lower conveyance losses and
system is open to atmosphere and where the the smaller volumes of water in the conveyance
operating pressure seldom exceeds 5m to 6m. The system, pipe systems can deliver a supply
available level differences of falling topography which is more flexible in both duration and
provide the operating head for the system under timing, in a way not possible CDN, so enabling
gravity for the low pressure flows. intensification and diversification into higher
value crops.
Where large heads are required, underground pipe x. Less execution time for PIN as compared to
line system is used which is essentially a high CDN.
pressure system, also known as ‗closed‘ system. xi. The important targets of the modernization of
This system is not open to atmosphere and where irrigation schemes and digital management will
the operating pressure exceeds 10m for drip and be achieved when water is delivered through
20m for sprinklers. Usually gravity head is not Piped Irrigation Network.
sufficient to create such a high pressure; therefore, xii. In case of canals, the marshes and the ponds
pumps are used for this kind of system. caused by excessive seepage, in course of time
1.2 Advantages of Piped Irrigation become the colonies of the mosquito, which
Network over Canal Distribution gives rise to vector borne diseases and this can
Network (CDN) be minimized by adopting Piped Irrigation
Network. Further salinity and water logging
The following are the advantages of PIN over can be reduced.
Canal Distribution Network (CDN): xiii. Increase in project efficiency of the Piped
i. As most of a piped distribution system Irrigation Network is about 20% as compared
underground, right of way problems are to CDN.
significantly reduced, allowing more direct and xiv. Fertilizers/chemical can also be mixed with the
rational layouts to be chosen. Because outlet water.
location is not limited by topography, pipe xv. Quantity of water supplied by Piped Irrigation
systems are better able to accommodate Network is easily measureable; hence water
existing patterns of land ownership with the auditing can be accurately measured.
minimum of disruption compared with new
irrigation development using CDN.
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 INTRODUCTION 3

1.3 Disadvantages of Piped Irrigation

Network
i. Initial cost is generally higher as compared to
CDN.
ii. Piped Irrigation Network may not be suitable if
the irrigation water contains large amount of
sediments. Desilting arrangement would be
necessary in such cases.

1.4 Application of Piped Irrigation

Network
The Pipe Irrigation Network systems especially are
to be preferred over CDN alternatives in the
following situations:
i. Where water is valuable both, in terms of the
crops which can be grown and limited
availability as evidenced by low reservoir
capacity or restrictive controls on water
abstraction from river or groundwater sources,
ii. Where poorly cohesive soils would result in
high seepage losses from open canals,
iii. Where irrigable land cannot be reached by an
open canal system due to high ground levels.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 INTRODUCTION 4

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 2
2. PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING

2.1 General
A Piped irrigation network is a network most direct routes from the water source to fields,
installation consisting of pipes, fittings and other and minimizes the loss of productive land (since
devices properly designed and installed to supply crops can be planted on the fields above the
water under pressure from the source of the water pipelines).
to the irrigable area.
An analogy between the Canal Distribution
Pipelines also permit the conveyance of water
Network (CDN) and Pipe Irrigation Network
uphill against the normal slope of the land and,
(PIN) is pictorially depicted in Fig 2.1 & Fig 2.2
unlike open channels, can be installed on non-
below.
uniform grades. The use of buried pipe allows the

Figure 2.1 Canal Distribution Network (CDN)

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 6

Figure 2.2 Pipe Irrigation Network (PIN)

2.2 Piped Irrigation Network Planning with the department of agriculture and the
agriculturist of the area proposed to be served
The planning and layout of Piped Irrigation
allowing for the anticipated change in crop pattern
Network unlike CDN is not controlled by the
due to introduction of wet farming in the area.
command area to be irrigated and the source of
Knowing thus the duty for various crops, the area
supply. The layout of main lines and branches is
under cultivation under different crops, the
generally fixed on the consideration of economy.
intensity of irrigation, the culturable area to be
For the layout of minors and distributaries, points
commanded shall be worked out and marked on
of off take may be suitably selected but their
the map. Areas that are higher and may not be
layout is more or less governed by the blocks of
supplied with the flow/gravity irrigation should be
areas to be irrigated taking into consideration
marked on the map with separate colour and the
watersheds and drainages. The main lines and
pumping requirements for that area need to be
branches are feeder lines for distributaries and
worked out separately. Main steps in planning of
generally no irrigation is done directly from them.
Piped Irrigation Network Scheme as per FAO
Irrigation outlets are provided on distributaries or
shown in fig 2.3.
minors off taking from distributaries.
2.3 Data Required for Piped Irrigation
The stage for general planning and layout of Piped Network Planning
Irrigation Network arises after the general
The following data is required for planning and
feasibility of the project has been established. The
layout of a Pipe system:
area to be irrigated by pipe line system shall be
i. Topographical map of the area
planned by preparing land use maps, preferably on
ii. Subsurface data
a scale of 1:50,000, showing on them the area
iii. Texture and salt component of the soil
already under cultivation, soil types, habitation
iv. Soil characteristics including mechanical
roads, drainage and contours of the area. The
properties and shear parameters
intensity of irrigation to be provided in the project
v. Permeability of the soil in relation to seepage
shall be decided after taking into account the
losses
factors like socio economic factor, area and
vi. Rainfall data
intensity of the irrigation being achieved on the
vii. Water availability Subsoil water level in the
other projects in the neighborhood etc.
area and quality of the underground water
viii. Possibility of water logging and salination
The important crops of the area and their water
ix. Availability of suitable construction material
requirements shall be determined in consultation
x. Existing drainage and drainage facilities
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 7

xi. Existing crop pattern OR

xii. Existing communication and transportation c) The carrying capacity calculated on basis of the
facilities operation schedule of the pipe/canal or
xiii. Socio economic study and agro economic distributary. The operation on the basis of 12
survey of the project area days on and 2 days off in a fortnight is
xiv. Adequate investigation should be carried out preferable or as per the requirement.
to collect the data given by digging trial pits
and bore holes, where necessary, to ascertain The procedure to work out carrying capacity of
the nature of soil encountered along different canal for above alternatives is as given below:
alternative alignments.
2.5.1 Carrying capacity of Pipe on the basis
2.4 Route Selection of Pipe Network of crop water requirement:
i. Length of pipelines in the network is The fortnightly crop water requirement of the
minimal, as much as possible. planned ICA of the canal/pipe shall be calculated
ii. Pumping is avoided if possible or least by Modified Penman Method. For this, the
pumping effort is needed. cropping pattern approved by concerned Authority
iii. High water pressure is avoided. shall be considered. The ICA of the Pipe line shall
iv. Numbers of appurtenances (gate valve, check be decided after completion of detailed command
valve, drain, air release valve, pressure break area survey of project. Once the design cropping
valve) are minimized. pattern and ICA of the Pipe is finalized the
v. Very low or high velocities are avoided fortnightly crop water requirements / Net Irrigation
because low velocities cause sedimentation in requirement (NIR) is worked out by Modified
pipes and high velocities cause corrosion of Penman Method. The gross Irrigation requirement
pipe. (GIR) of canal/pipe shall be calculated by adding
vi. This results into most economical system. the conveyance losses up to crop root zone as
vii. If horizontal pipe sections are used, release of indicated in Table 2.1 of Para 2.7.
air and drain the dirt will not be possible. So,
in case of horizontal ground surface, artificial For estimating Crop Water Requirement ―A Guide
slopes are given to pipes to be laid. for Estimating Irrigation Water Requirements‖
(Published by MoWR RD & GR, Yr-1984) may
2.5 Guiding Principle for deciding be referred. It can also be estimated by using
Carrying Capacity of Pipe/Canal software like CROPWAT by FAO.
The carrying capacity of the Piped Irrigation
2.5.2 Design discharge of Pipe on the basis
Network/CDN shall be maximum of; of due water entitlement as per
provisions Acts of State Authorities:
a) The carrying capacity calculated on the basis of
As per the provisions in Acts of Water Resources
the fortnightly crop water requirement as per
Regulating Authority of States, the irrigation water
the design cropping pattern and planned
is to be supplied to the WUAs on volumetric basis
Irrigated Cropped Area (ICA) of the project as
as per their due water entitlement. The outlet
per Administratively Approved project report
capacity in m3/s or l/s authorized per hundred
but considering 12 days flow period in a
hectares of Culturable Commanded Area (CCA) is
Fortnight.
called Basic Discharge Coefficient (BDC). The
OR
BDC not only defines the size of outlet for each
b) The carrying capacity calculated on basis of
outlet area but also form the basis for the design of
due water entitlement of the Culturable
the distribution pipes/canals in successive stages.
Command Area (CCA) of the Pipe line or
The BDC depends on the agro climatic zones and
distributary as per the provisions Acts of State
defined at chak head.
Level Authorities.
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 8

It is essential to decide the master plan of WUA & line. By adding canal/pipe line loses
their water entitlement at design stage. The (efficiencies) the gross water requirement
canal/pipe carrying capacity shall be decided such (GIR) is calculated. The season wise and
that due water entitlement will be supplied to all fortnightly gross water entitlement and net
the WUAs in command area of all lines of project. water entitlement for canal/pipe shall be
worked out. On the basis of fortnightly water
To calculate the canal/pipe carrying capacity on requirement, the canal/pipe design carrying
basis of water entitlement, following guidelines capacity shall be decided.
shall be followed;
Efficiencies & design rotation period of canal to be
a) The master plan of all the probable WUAs in considered shall be as given in Table 2.1 below.
command area of project is to be prepared,
2.5.3 Design discharge of Pipe/canal on
once command area survey and tentative
basis of the operation schedule:
alignment of all the canals/Pipe line is
finalized. The ultimate aim of pipe/canal conveyance system
b) The locations where water is to be supplied to is to provide the irrigation water to the planned
the WUA is to be identified.(entry point in ICA of the project. In flow irrigation system the
jurisdiction of WUA) rotational water system is followed and water is
c) The water entitlement of the individual WUA supplied by rotations of 14 days as per the
and all the WUA on individual canal/Pipe line requirement. To supply the water in 14 days for
shall be worked out. The water entitlement of entire planned ICA in command, it is very
WUA and entire canal/pipe line shall be essential to prepare the operation schedule of all
decided on basis of the CCA of WUA and the minor, distributary, and branch Lines off taking
CCA of canal/pipe line. The total due water from main Line/Canal at design stage.
entitlement thus worked out shall be considered
as Net water requirement (NIR) of canal/pipe

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 9

PRELIMINARY
STUDIES
M ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION
A PARAMETERS PARAMETERS
SOURCE OF
P SUPPLY

NETWORK
C LAYOUT
CLIMATE CHOICE OF
0
POSITIONING OF CONDITIONS CROPPING
L HYDRANTS PATTERN
PEDOLOGIC
L
CONDITIONS COMPUTATION OF
F. PUMPING STATION THE CROP WATER
C WATER REQUIREMENTS
RESERVOIR
RESOURCES
T
CHOICE OF THE
I VERIFICATION IN FARMERS
ONFARM METHOD
FIELD CONDITIONS
O
N DECISION ON THE
NO TOTAL OR
OK PARTIAL
SATISFACTION OF
TIIF CROP WATER
C
REQUIREMENTS
O COMPUTATION OF
THE DISCHARGES MODULE OF THE
M HYDRANT
COMPUTATION OF
P THE PIPE
NUMBER OF
U DIAMETERS FARMERS
PER HYDRANT
T CALCULATION OF
THE RESERVOIR,
A AREA SERVED BY
PUMPING
EACH HYDRANT
STATION.
T REGULATION,
I PROTECTION, ETC DELIVERY
SCHEDULE
O
SIMULATION
S
N MODELS
I
S ANALYSIS OF
M
SYSTEM
U
L
NO
A OK
T
I
O
CONSTRUCTION
N MONITORING &
DATA
COLLECTION
O
ANAYSIS OF THE
M SYSTEM IN
ACTUAL
& CONDITIONS
M DIAGNOSIS &
IMPROVEMENT

Figure 2.3 Scheme of Main Steps of Piped Irrigation Network Project

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 10

In case of Pipe irrigation system, it shall be 2.6.1 Rotation at hydrant level

designed in such a way that entire outlets in the Each outlet of the network is supplied with the
command is run at the same time and rotation of duty of water corresponding to the total area
turn on the basis of holding of CCA, among the served by the outlet. This discharge or stream size
beneficiaries in the command of an outlet. The is then rotated through the hydrant provided at
operation schedule of every individual off taking individual plots in turn and for a period of time
line shall be planned such that the flow period of proportional to their size.
the outlet is limited to 12 days in a fortnight 14
days. Accordingly the design carrying capacity is 2.6.2 Rotation at branch level
provided to each minor, distributary and branch
In the case of small estates, the stream size
line. The operation schedule of all off individuals
equivalent to the duty of the area served by one
grouped in the command of an outlet shall be
hydrant might prove to be insufficient. This
tabulated in a statement, where off off-take and
situation can be overcome by grouping several
their rotation period shall be written from tail to
hydrants on a given branch. It is the duty
head. On basis of above guidelines, the carrying
corresponding to the area serviced by the branch
capacity of canal shall be worked out.
which is then rotated to each hydrant in turn. A
flow regulator corresponding to the stream size is
Canal efficiencies& design rotation period of canal
placed at the head of the branch. Organized in this
to be considered shall be as given in Table 2.1.
way, the branch has the same function as the sub-
2.6 Design of a Network for Irrigation minors of an open-channel irrigation system.
by Rotation
The general structure of the network must be
When pipe irrigation system is designed to run designed to allow for a division of the sector into
entire outlets in the command at the same time. blocks each of which is serviced by a specific
Due consideration must be given to strictly branch. No hydrant may be connected directly to
maintain the water level in the source. Abusive use the network upstream of the branches which
of water is immediately detected at once by the supply the blocks. The layout of the upstream
rightful user whose supply vanishes in so far as the components of the network can be optimized.
area of the chak/block is comparatively very small.
2.7 Preliminary Carrying Capacity of
Distributary / Minor
With Piped Irrigation Network, it can be easily
designed to kept the discharge of pipe outlet Detailed layout planning of Piped Irrigation
proportionate to it culturable area, and entire Network (PIN) should be done after completion of
outlets to run at a time, hence there is no head, detailed command survey. The procedure for
middle and tail reach differentiation of the deciding carrying capacity of Distributaries /
command. It is essential to form user group before Minor is given below:
execution of the Piped Irrigation Network and
i. It shall be presumed that the fortnightly peak
hand over the network immediately to the user
water requirement at the outlet head with Piped
group for further supervision and protection.
Irrigation Network is to fulfill with a flow
period of 12 days, in a fortnight. The discharge
With Piped Irrigation Network, a hydrant is
at the chak head is kept proportionate to the
provided to an individual having farm holding
chak areas. Thus the time of period of entire
more than 2 hectare in a command of an outlet.
outlets is constant and delivering (equitable
Rotation only among the hydrant is necessary and
distribution) same amount of total volume of
it can be performed in following way.
water per ha.
ii. Plan Chaks (5-8 ha) size to receive 5 to 7 lps
discharge at outlet head, suitable for surface
water application methods.
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 11

iii. Estimate maximum running days of PIN b) Field Canal/Pipe line efficiency, Eb : Ratio
(Entire outlets) in the respective fortnight for between water received at the field inlet and
water requirement by using appropriate that received at the inlet of the block of fields.
efficiency from root zone to outlet head having
c) Field application Efficiency, Ea : Ratio
proportionate discharge.
between water directly available to the crop
iv. Determine carrying capacity of minor /
and that received at the field inlet.
distributary in different reaches considering
appropriate conveyance efficiency as given in d) Project Efficiency, Ep : Ratio between water
Table 2.1. made directly available to the crop and that
released at the head works, or Ep = Ea Eb Ec
2.8 Procedure for Deciding the
Carrying Capacity of Main / Branch e) Distribution Efficiency, Ed : Eb Ec
Line f) Farm Efficiency, Ef : Ea Eb

i. Prepare a statement of fortnightly net Conveyance losses in canals consist of two

irrigation requirement (NIR) at root zone in components i) Evaporation losses and ii) Seepage
mm and cum as per methods given in Para 2.4 losses. The evaporation losses depend on the
for approved crop pattern for unit irrigation climatic zone and temperature variation whereas
command area (ICA) Say 100 ha or 1000 ha. the seepage losses depend on the type of sub-soil,
ii. Select the fortnight having maximum Ground water levels and type of lining and wetted
irrigation requirement i.e. peak water area of the canal. With most effective lining and
requirement and use this peak water most efficient canal section the adopted
requirement for designing the system. efficiency for canals are 0.90 for Main/Branch
iii. Convert the peak water requirement of root Canal, 0.90 for distributary, 0.87 for minor/sub-
zone to the requirement at Main Canal/Pipe minor and 0.90 for field channels. With the above
or Branch head using appropriate efficiencies. the canal conveyance efficiency from source to
iv. Workout the total volume of water required at minor works out to be 0.90X0.9X0.87 X100 =
canal head for complete ICA of the system. 70.5% and Source to Field Channel (Distribution
Convert it to CCA. Efficiency) is about 63% (70.5% X 0.9).
v. Workout Canal/Pipe capacity for delivering As the piped net works are a closed system, there
the peak volume in a given flow period (if will be neither evaporation losses nor
rotation is adopted for distributaries use 12 absorption/seepage losses except some leakages at
days flow period for the peak rotation). fittings. Therefore, Design conveyance efficiency
vi. Increase the capacity by using capacity factor. from Source to Minor should not be lower than
In a similar manner workout the capacity of canal 0.95 and with Field Canal/Line Efficiency of 0.95,
in different reaches considering respective I.C.A. the project efficiency works out to be about 90%
2.9 Water Losses and Irrigation (.95X95%).
Efficiencies
2.9.1 Field Application Efficiency
To account for losses of water incurred during For the purpose of working out the water
conveyance and application to the field, and requirement at the head of the pipe line the field
efficiency factor should be included while application efficiency for micro irrigation as
calculating the project irrigation requirements. The specified in part-II of the guidelines shall be
project efficiency is normally divided into three adopted as not less than 90% in case of drip and
stages each of which is affected by a different set not less than 75% in case of sprinkler irrigation. In
of conditions. case of surface irrigation methods, the field
a) Conveyance Efficiency, Ec : Ratio between application efficiency of not less than 60 % for
water received at inlet to a block of fields and non- ponded/ponded crops.
that released at project head.
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 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) PLANNING 12

2.9.2 Project efficiency iv. The increased water demand due to the rich
Over all irrigation efficiency for micro irrigation cropping pattern (Water intensive) adopted by
with sprinkler shall not be less than 68% farmers in comparison with the cropping
(95%X.95%X0.75) against the present canal based pattern provided in Administrative Approved
conveyance system of 47.25% (70%X90%X0.75). Project Report.
Similarly for drip irrigation, it shall not be less v. The demand for letting the water in storage
than 81.23% (95% X 95% X 0.9) against the tanks in command area and recharging of the
present canal based conveyance system of 56.7% command area during monsoon period.
(70%X90%X0.90). vi. Increase in ICA of project with aging (ICA of
project becomes equal to CCA due to
2.9.3 Comparison of project efficiency conjunctive water use)
based on Canal Vs Pipes
The above are the unanticipated water demands
Table 2.1 gives a comparison of indicative project
which could not be avoided. However it becomes
Irrigation efficiency of Canal Distribution Network
very difficult to full fill the above demands
(CDN) and Piped Irrigation Network (PIN).
simultaneously with regular irrigation water
2.10 Capacity Factor: demands. Ultimately the rotation period of
canal/pipe line gets prolonged which badly affects
It is experienced that after construction of the
the irrigation management and resulting in
conveyance system, the various unanticipated
reduction in yield of the crops. In order to take
water demands as mentioned below arises due to
care of the unanticipated demands in future, some
various reasons which affects the carrying capacity
provision is to be made in the carrying capacity of
of system assumed at the time of design.
main and branch lines by adding capacity factor.
i. The drinking and industrial water requirement For the design purpose, a capacity factor of 1.10
demands.
shall be considered for Main line and Branch lines
ii. The letting out of water in rivers, nala during while deciding carrying capacity. No allowance is
scarcity period. made for distributaries and minors as the capacity
iii. The demands for lift irrigation schemes on of these can be increased by increasing velocity
uncommand side of the Canals/Lines. without much loss in head
Table 2.1 Comparison of Irrigation efficiency of CDN & PIN
Method of Micro Irrigation
Surface Irrigation
conveyance/ irrigation Sprinkler Drip
Conveyance Efficiency (%) 70 70 70
Canal based Field Canal Efficiency 90 90 90
Field Application efficiency (%) 75 90 60
Conveyance
Overall efficiency (%) 47.25 56.7 37.8

Conveyance Efficiency (%) 95 95 95

Field Pipe Efficiency 95 95 95
Pipe based
Field Application efficiency (%) 75 90 60
Conveyance
Overall efficiency (%) 67.68 81.23 54.15

Increase of overall efficiency (%)

(Pipe against Canal ) 20.43 24.53 16.35

Source:
a) FAO,Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Scheduling
b) Guidelines for Estimating Irrigation Water Requirement (Technical Series-2),Ministry of Irrigation,GoI,May 1984
Average increase in overall efficiency is about 20%. By adopting Piped Irrigation Network system the most
important goal of National Water Mission of improving irrigation efficiency by 20% can be achieved.
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 3
3. HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW

3.3 Steady Flow

3.1 Free Surface Flow
The flow in an open channel or in a closed conduit 3.3.1 Law of conservation of Mass
having a free surface is referred to as free-surface If it is assumed that water is incompressible, from
flow or open-channel flow (Figure 3.1). Free the law of conservation of mass the Continuity
surface is usually subjected to atmospheric equation of flow can be established as follows (Fig
pressure. 3.3).
3.2 Pipe Flow or Pressurized Flow. Q = A1V1 = A2V2 =A3V3 = Constant

A conduit flowing full will have no free surface, Where,

then the flow is called pipe flow, or pressurized Q = Discharge
flow (Figure 3.2). Ai = Cross-sectional area
Vi = Velocity of flow

Open Channel Flow

Free surface flow in closed conduit

Figure 3.1 Free Surface Flow

Figure 3.2 Pipe or Pressured Flow

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 14

𝑝1 2 𝑝2 2
𝑍1 + 𝑤 + 𝑉1 2𝑔 + ∆𝐸 = 𝑍2 + 𝑤 + 𝑉2 2𝑔 + ∆𝐻
3.3.2 Law of Conservation of Energy Where,
The total energy of pipe flow consists of elevation ∆E is energy addition to the system by pump,
head, pressure bead and velocity head. Between ∆H is the total head loss between points (1) and
Point (1) and (2), total energy may be conserved in (2)
prefect fluid (Figure 3.4). However, if the water It is very important to estimate the head losses for
begins to move, head loss generated by friction hydraulic engineering in steady condition.
will occur. So, actually the energy equation will
be as follows.

Figure 3.3 Law of Conservation of Mass

Figure 3.4 Law of Conservation of Energy

3.4 Friction Loss (Major Loss) Where,

Q = discharge in cubic metre per hour
There are a various formulae available for
D = diameter of pipe in mm
calculating the head loss in pipes. However,
V = velocity in m/s
Hazen-Williams formula for pressure conduits and
r = hydraulic radius in m
Manning‘s formula for free flow conduits have
S = slope of hydraulic grade-line
been popularly used.
(Head loss/ Length of conduit) and
a) Hazen William Formula
C = Hazen Williams coefficient
𝑉 = 0.849C. r0.63 S 0.54
b) Manning’s formula
𝑉 = 4.567𝑋10−3 C . d0.63 S 0.54 1 2 1
𝑄 = 1.292𝑋10−5 C . d2.63 S0.54 𝑉 = 𝑟3 𝑆2
𝑛
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 15

where taken as 0.013 for plastic pipes and 0.0015 for

V = velocity in m/s other pipes.
r = hydraulic radius in m c) Darcy-Weisbach’s Formula
S = slope of hydraulic grade-line 𝐻 𝑓𝑉 2
𝑆= =
N = Manning‘s coefficient of roughness 𝐿 2𝑔𝐷
(Table 3.2) where,
H = head loss due to friction over length L (m)
The coefficient of roughness for use in Manning‘s f = dimensionless friction factor (Table 3.2)
formula for different materials as given in Table g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
3.1. may be adopted generally for design purposes
V = velocity in mps
unless local experimental results or other
L = length in meters
considerations warrant the adoption of any other
D = diameter in meters
lower value for the coefficient. For general design
purposes, however, the value for all sizes may be
Table 3.1 Manning‘s Coefficients of roughness
Type of lining Condition n

Glazed coating of Enamel Timber In perfect order 0.01

a) Plane boards carefully laid 0.014
b) Plane boards inferior workmanship or aged 0.016
c) Non-Plane boards carefully laid 0.016
d) Non- plane boards inferior workmanship or aged 0.018
Masonry a) Neat Cement plaster 0.013
b) Sand and cement plaster 0.015
c) Concrete, Steel trowled 0.014
d) Concrete, wood troweled 0.015
e) Brick in good condition 0.015
f) Brick in rough condition 0.017
g) Masonry in bad condition 0.02
Stone Work a) Smooth, dressed ashlar 0.015
b) Rubble set in cement 0.017
c) Fine, well packed gravel 0.02
Earth a) Regular surface in good condition 0.02
b) In ordinary condition 0.025
c) With stones and weeds 0.03
d) In poor condition 0.035
e) Partially obstructed with debris or weeds 0.05
Steel/BSWC a) Welded 0.013
b) Riveted 0.017
c) Slightly tuberculated 0.02
d) Cement mortar lined 0.011
Cast Iron & Ductile Iron a) Unlined 0.013
b) Cement mortar lined 0.011
Asbestos Cement 0.012

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 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 16

Plastic(smooth) 0.011
Note: Values of n may be taken as 0.015 for unlined metallic pipes and 0.011 for plastic and other
smooth pipes.
d) Colebrook-white formula m2
For circular conduits, 𝜈20℃ for water =10−6 and
1 𝑘 2.51 m
s
= −2 log10 [ + ] g= 9.81 s 2
𝑓 3.7𝑑 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
where
The Modified Hazen William‘s formula derived as
f = Darcy‘s friction coefficient
𝑉 = 143.534𝐶𝑅 𝑟 0.6575 𝑆 0.5525
Re = Reynold‘s number
[𝐿(𝑄/𝐶𝑅 )1.81 ]
= velocity x Diameter/viscosity 𝑕=
994.62𝐷 4.81
d = diameter of pipe
where
k = roughness projection (Table 3.3)
V = velocity of flow in m/s
CR = pipe roughness coefficient
e) Modified Hazen William’s formula (1 for smooth; <1 for rough pipes; Table
The Modified Hazen William‘s formula has been 5.5)
derived from Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook- r = hydraulic radius in m
White equations and obviates the limitations of s = friction slope
Hazen-Williams formula. D = internal diameter of pipe in m
(3.83 × 𝐶𝑅 × 𝑑 0.6575 × (𝑔 × 𝑆)0.5525 ) h = friction head loss in m
𝑉= L = length of pipe in m
𝜈 0.105
where Q = flow in pipe in m3 /𝑠
CR = coefficient of roughness ( Table 5.5)
The recommended 𝐶𝑅 Values in Modified Hazen-
D = pipe diameter in m
Williams Formula (at 200C) are given in table 3.4.
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
S = friction slope
v = viscosity of liquid (m2/s)
Table 3.2 Friction Factors In Darcy-Weisbach Formula
Sl. No. Pipe Material Diameter(mm) Friction Factor

From To New For Design Period of 30

Years
1 Concrete (RCC,PSC&PCCP) 100 2500 0.01 to 0.02 0.01 to 0.02
2 AC 100 600 0.01 to 0.02 0.01 to 0.02
3 HDPE/PVC 20 100 0.01 to 0.02 0.01 to 0.02
4 SGSW 100 600 0.01 to 0.02 0.01 to 0.02
5 CI (for non-corrosive waters) 100 1000 0.01 to 0.02 0.053 to 0.03

6 CI (for corrosive waters) 100 1000 0.01 to 0.02 0.034 to 0.07

7 Cement Mortar or Epoxy 100 2000 0.01 to 0.02 0.01 to 0.02
Lined mettalic pipes (Cast
Iron, Ductile Iron,
Steel,BSWC)
8 GI 15 100 0.014 to 0.03 0.0315 to 0.06
Note : Reference may be made to IS 2951 for calculation of Head loss due to friction according to Darcy-
Weisbach formula
Table 3.3 Values of Roughness Projection

Sl.No Pipe Material Value of ‘k’ mm

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 17

New Design
1 Metallic pipes-Cast iron and Ductile Iron 0.15 *
2 Metallic Pipes-Mild Steel 0.06 *
3 Asbestos Cement, Cement Concrete, Cement Mortar or 0.035 0.035
epoxy lined steel, CI and DI pipes
4 PVC,GRP and other plastic pipes 0.003 0.003
Note : Reference may be made to IS: 2951 for roughness values of aged metallic pipes

Table 3.4 Recommended CR Values in Modified Hazen-Williams Formula (At 20o C)

Sl. Diameter Velocity 𝑪𝑹 Value For
Pipe Material 𝑪𝑹 Value
No. (mm) (m/s) Design Period of
when New
From To From To 30 years
1 Concrete (RCC,PSC&PCCP) 100 2500 0.3 1.8 1 1
2 AC 100 600 0.3 2 1 1
3 HDPE and PVC 20 100 0.3 1.8 1 1
4 CI/DI (for water with positive 100 1000 0.3 1.8 1 0.85
Langelier's index)
5 CI/DI (for water with negative 100 1000 0.3 1.8 1 0.53
Langelier's index)
6 Metallic pipes lined with cement 100 2000 0.3 2.2 1 1
mortar or epoxy (for water with
negative Langelier's index)
(CI,DI,Steel,BSWC)
7 SGSW 100 600 0.3 2.1 1 1
8 GI (for water with positive 15 100 0.3 1.5 0.87 0.74
Langelier's index)
Note : These average 𝐶𝑅 Values that result in maximum error of ±5 % in the estimation of surface resistance

3.5 Minor Losses

ii) Contraction Loss
3.5.1 Contraction Losses 𝑕𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑉 2 2𝑔
Loss of head, hc, due to contraction of cross-section. or
The loss is caused by a reduction in the cross- 1.83 1−∅ 0.4
𝑕𝑐 1 𝛿
sectional area of the stream and resulting increase 𝑓𝑐 = = 1−∅
𝑉2 2 900
in velocity. The loss of head at the entrance to a 2𝑔
pipe from a reservoir is a special case of loss due (as given by Gardel equation)
to contraction
Where,
i) Entrance Loss 𝐴
𝑕𝑐𝑒 = 𝑓𝑐𝑒 𝑉 2 2𝑔 ∅ = 𝐴2 = 𝐹2 /𝐹1 , Ratio of areas of the pipe
1
𝜉𝑣 = 𝑓𝑐

Figure 3.5 Shape of Inlet and Loss Coefficient

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 18

It is noted that the contraction loss coefficient is ii) Enlargement Losses

always smaller than the corresponding expansion 𝑕𝑒 = 𝑓𝑒 (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2 2𝑔
loss coefficient. Also, ξv increases substantially
with the contraction angle δ; and the above
equation yields moderate losses for contraction
angles below δ < 30◦. For δ = 90◦, ξv = (1−φ)/2,
i.e., the loss increases linearly with the decrease in
the contraction ratio.

Figure 3.7 Enlargement loss, fe (Experimental Values by

Gibson)
Figure 3.6 Contraction Loss Coefficient (by Gardel)
3.5.3 Loss of head caused by obstruction of
3.5.2 Loss of head due to enlargement of Valves
section
Loss of head, hg, caused by obstructions such as
Loss of head, he, due enlargement of cross section
gates or valves which produce a change in cross-
is caused by increase cross-sectional area of the
sectional area in the pipe or in the direction of
stream with resulting decrease in velocity. The
flow. The result is usually a sudden increase or
enlargement may be either sudden or gradual. The
decrease in velocity followed by a more gradual
loss of head at the outlet end of a pipe into a
return to the original velocity.
reservoir is a special case of loss due to sudden
expansion.
𝑕𝑔 = 𝑓𝑔 𝑉 2 2𝑔
i) Exit or Outlet Loss
𝑕𝑐𝑜 = 𝑓𝑐𝑜 𝑉 2 2𝑔
Usually, fco is regarded as 1.0
Table 3.5 Loss Coefficient for Sluice Valves
(a) Sluice Valve (in case of D =610mm and 762mm

S/D = 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
a/A = 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.36 0.48 0.6 0.71 0.81 0.89
fg (D =610 mm) 235 100 28 11 5.6 3.2 1.7 0.95 -
fg (D=762mm) 333 111 23 9.4 5.2 3.1 1.9 1.13 0.6

S : Opening of Valve, D : Diameter, a : area of Open, A : area of full open

Table 3.6 Loss Coefficient for Butterfly Valves

(b) Butterfly Valve (Full open ᶱ = 00 , complete close ᶱ = 900

ϴ= 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 90

a/A = 0.91 0.83 0.7 0.66 0.58 0.5 0.43 0.36 0.29 0.23 0.13 0.06 0
fg = 0.24 0.52 0.9 1.54 2.51 3.91 6.22 10.8 18.7 32.6 118 751 ∞

a: Area of open A: area of Full open ϴ= degrees of Closing

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 19

Figure 3.8 Valve Loss Coefficient fv, Valve Openings

Figure 3.10 Curve Loss Coefficient, fb

Figure 3.9 Bend Loss Coefficient, fbe

3.5.4 Loss of Head due to Bends or Curves 3.5.5 Measuring devices

in Pipe
Head Loss at measuring devices such as Orifice
A loss of head, hb, caused by bends or curves in meter, Venturimeter will be dealt as in case of loss
pipes, in addition to the loss which occurs in an due to contraction or expansion. Loss due to
equal length of straight pipe. Such bends may be pressure measuring devices such as piezometers,
of any total deflection angle as well as any radius ultra-sonic discharge meters or electro-magnetic
of curvature. Occasionally, as in a reducing elbow, discharge meters is negligible.
the loss due to the bend is superimposed on a loss
due to change in velocity. 3.6 Total Minor Losses
For preliminary estimation purpose, total minor
i. Losses due to bend 𝑕𝑏𝑒 = 𝑓𝑏𝑒 𝑉 2 2𝑔 losses may be taken as 10% of the major loss.
ii. Losses due to curve 𝑕𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏 𝑉 2 2𝑔
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 HYDRAULICS OF PIPE FLOW 20

3.7 Total Loss of Head ∆ H = h f + h c + he + hg + hb

The total loss of head, ∆H designates all losses of

head in a pipeline which there is steady and
continuous flow.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 4

4. DESIGN STANDARDS FOR PIPED IRRIGATION

NETWORK

4.1 General 4.3 Permissible head

This chapter deals with the design standards of Minimum driving head at intake should be 1.2 m.
velocity, operating pressures, determination of
4.4 Exit Pressure at Irrigation Outlet for
Diameter of pipe, land acquisition, inspection path
flow irrigation
(if required) for Main and Branch lines etc.
A minimum effective head (i.e. H.G.L. – G.L.) of
4.2 Permissible Velocity
0.6 m in normal cases and can take a minimum
4.2.1 Maximum velocity
value not less than 0.3 m in exceptional cases
should be provided at the most favorable location
The higher the velocity, the greater the risk of
of the Chak. If micro is provided in part of the
damage through surges and water hammer. This
Major & Medium Irrigation Projects, water will be
risk particularly applies to pipes subject to
delivered into Diggy or Ponds from which it is
uncontrolled starting and stopping. Using larger
pressurized with pumps to suit micro irrigation
pipe results in a smaller water velocity for a given
pressures given below.
flow rate, but smaller pipe is often preferred for
To ensure equitable distribution, all outlets should
cost reasons. It is suggested to carry out water
have same residual head. In low lying areas if HG
hammer analysis under such situations where
is more, it should be reduced by using lesser
higher velocities are provided.
diameter pipes or valve.

When the water is silt rich, design velocity of 4.5 Exit pressures at Irrigation Outlet
Piped Irrigation Network should not lower be than for Micro Irrigation
non-silting velocity. Non silting velocity should be
Outlet pressure for micro irrigation systems with
determined by experiments. The maximum
design working pressure between 0.2 MPa and 0.4
velocity may be limited to 3.0 m/s.
MPa shall be used.
4.2.2 Minimum velocity 4.6 Determination of pipe diameter
Designers must specify pipe diameters and flow The diameter of the pipe can be preliminarily
rates that allow for a minimum operational water determined based on the design discharge and
velocity, especially for irrigation systems that permissible velocity in a particular section.
utilize emitters with small apertures such as drip
and micro sprinklers. This will ensure that any 4.7 Overburden for buried pipes
sediment or solids are flushed through the lines. A minimum overburden of 1.2 m shall be provided
Minimum velocity should not be below 0.6 m/s. for Main and Branch lines and 0.6m for
distributaries and minors to avoid land acquisition
problem.
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 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK 22

4.8 Land Acquisition Figure 4.1 Pump Stand

Pipeline layout should be parallel with ditch,

A vertical pipe extending above the ground and
trench and road, and avoid fill section segments
connected to the underground pipeline system is
and areas with possible landslide or flood. The
known as stand. Pump stand are located at the inlet
land acquisition should be minimum to nil when
of an underground pipeline system (fig 4.1).
laid parallel to existing communications lines. The
Pipe network below the distributor off take should 4.12 Air vent
be entirely underground which results in Little or
Air vents are provided to release the entrapped air
No loss of farm land.
from the system. The dia. of riser pipe should be
4.9 Inspection Path minimum of 10% of the diameter of buried pipe
Generally the existing facilities such as roads, farm and should extend a minimum of 60 cm above
roads and crossing shall be used for access for HGL. Provide at all points of change of direction
of flow. Provide at every 500-1000 m on the
inspection. Only for main line, inspection path of 4
straight line. For field irrigation pipes the spacing
m wide shall be provided if desired.
may be reduced to 150 m based on the
4.10 Cross drainage works requirement.
There are only two possibilities for crossing the 4.13 Vacuum Relief Valves
streams or nallahs. They are as follows :
Vacuum Relief valves shall be provided at all
a) If the Nallah is very wide compared to its summits.
bank heights, pipe can be crossed by
siphoning of pipe under Nallah bed. 4.14 Drain Valves
b) In case of deep gorges, pipe can be carried Drain Valves shall be provided at the lowest points
over bank piers to cross the Nallah. At minor near Nalla.
Nallah the pipe may be taken at the same
4.15 Scour Valves
grade with supports at the banks.
If the velocity in the pipes is less than 0.6 m/s,
Enough Anchor Blocks and Anchorages shall be
scour valves shall be provided as per the site
provided wherever neccessary.
conditions at deep nalla locations.
4.11 Pump Stand
4.16 Working Space and Trench size
a) The minimum trench size at the base shall be
1.5 times the diameter of pipe for pipes
diameter up to 1200 mm. However, the
minimum space of 200 mm on either side of
the pipe shall be ensured.
b) A minimum space of 300 mm at the base on
either side of pipe shall be provided for pipe
diameter exceeding 1200mm.
c) At the joints all-round space of 600 mm shall
be provided for easy maneuver of equipments
for jointing.
d) Leveling course at bottom with 450 to 600
mm in case of black cotton soil shall be
provided to avoid differential settlement or
swelling. No cushion shall be provided for
sandy or Murrum soils.

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 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK 23

4.17 Bedding for Pipes to give the curved seating, as shown in Fig. 1B and
Fig. 1C ( Fig.4.2).
The bottom of the trench shall be properly
trimmed to permit even bedding of the pipe-line. 4.18 Maximum size of ICA for single
For pipes larger than 1200 mm diameter in earth point pumping for Micro Irrigation
and murum the curvature of the bottom of the
The Maximum size of ICA for single point
trench should match the curvature of the pipe as
pumping for Micro Irrigation should not exceed
far as possible, subtending an angle of about 120‖
2000 ha or 1.5 cumec.
at the centre of the pipe as shown in Fig. 1A.
Where rock or boulders are encountered, the 4.19 Size of silt to be removed
trench shall be trimmed to a depth of at least 100
Silt particle of size greater than 150 microns shall
mm below the level at which the bottom of the
be removed to prevent clogging of nozzle of drip
barrel of the pipe is to be laid and filled to a like
points in micro-irrigation.
depth with lean cement concrete or with non-
compressible material like sand of adequate depth

Figure 4.2 Trenching for Pipes

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 DESIGN STANDARDS FOR PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK 24

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 5

5. PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN

5.1 General 5.2.2 Based on distribution network

Once the source, water availability, proposed i. Tree Piped Irrigation Network: In the Tree
command area, location of outlets and discharge Piped Irrigation Network, each outlet gets its
cut-off schedule have been finalized, the next step supply from one and only one route.
is the fixation of layout of conveyance network ii. Loop Piped Irrigation Network: In the Loop
(i.e. pipes layout) and optimization of diameters Piped Irrigation Network, each outlet gets its
within the available head loss. supply from more than one route.

5.2 Classification of Piped Irrigations 5.2.3 Based on Operating pressure

Network (PIN)
i. Low Pressure Piped Irrigation Network: In
5.2.1 Based on driving force this type of Piped Irrigation Network, the
i. Gravity Piped Irrigation Network: The Piped operating pressures will be in the range 0.1
Irrigation Network in which the driving force is MPa to 0.4 MPa.
completely provided by falling topographical ii. Medium Pressure Piped Irrigation Network:
levels, is called Gravity Piped Irrigation The operating pressures are between 0.4 MPa
Network. to 1.0 MPa.
ii. Pumped Piped Irrigation Network: The Piped iii. High Pressure Piped Irrigation Network: In
Irrigation Network in which the gravitational this type of Piped Irrigation Network, the
force is supplemented by external energy such operating pressures will be minimum of 1.0
as pumps is called Pumped Piped Irrigation MPa.
Network.

Figure 5.1 Tree Piped Irrigation Network

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 26

Figure 5.2 Looped Piped Irrigation Network

Where the pipe size is not limited or controlled by
5.2.4 Based on Pressure Control:
pressure variation or velocity requirements, pipe
i. Open Piped Irrigation Network: In this type of sizes corresponding to a frictional loss range of
Piped Irrigation Network, the pressure is 0.4–1.5 m per 1000 m length of pipe will generally
controlled by pressure regulating tanks/stand be economical. While arriving at the most
pipes open to atmosphere. economical pipe size, current cost of pipe, pipe
ii. Closed Piped Irrigation Network: In this type life, hours of pumping, pipe friction and energy
of Piped Irrigation Network, the pressure is cost have to be considered.
controlled by pressure regulating valves.
Possible effects of water quality on pipe material
iii. Semi-Closed Piped Irrigation Network: In a and the deterioration of pipes with age has to be
closed Piped Irrigation Network, if pressure in considered at design stage by the designer. Pipe
part of the system is controlled by regulating deterioration often results in increased friction
tanks and part by pressure regulating valves, losses and the designer should prefer for low
then it is called a Semi Closed Piped Irrigation friction valued valves and fittings, where ever
Network. appropriate.
5.3 Economic Size of Pipe The cost of pipe (A) increases with diameter but
Selection of an optimal pipe size and suitable the cost of pump (B) shows an inverse relationship
material is an important endeavour in preparing the with the latter (Fig 5.3). This is because larger
Detailed Project Report. Selection of pipe is done sized pipe offers less resistance to flow than a
taking into account the life span, life cycle smaller one and the efforts of a smaller pump will
analysis, annual operational cost and other techno- suffice. The total cost (C) obtained by adding both
economic considerations. the cost of pipe and pump will be high at extremes
and optimum at the turning point wherein the
‗best‘ pump and pipe size is arrived at.
5.4 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

5.4.1 Life Cycle Cost

Water is supplied through pipes over centuries.
With various technologies invented over the period
of time, various types of pipe materials are
developed and are in use in different parts of the
world. With so many years of practice, the
authorities have experienced the direct and indirect
cost implications that are necessary to be
considered while design of piped irrigation
systems. It is very essential that we shall account
Figure 5.3 Optimization of Pump/Pipeline System for life cycle cost of the pipe supply system while

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 27

arriving at the most suitable and economical pipe construction cost and then capitalized over the
diameters and proper selection of pipe material. project period.

Life Cycle Cost shall be expressed as 5.4.7 Replacement costs

CLCC = CC + CO + CRL + CM + CR + CD Consideration of replacement cost (CR) is essential
Where, for pipes having a shorter life in comparison with
CLCC is Life Cycle Cost, the project life.
CC is Construction Cost,
CO is Operation Cost, 5.4.8 Disposal Cost
CRL is Revenue loss due to leakages, Disposal cost (CD) account for the total cost
CM is Maintenances and repairs cost, incurred in removal of pipeline, waste disposal and
CR is Pipe replacement costs for short lived pipe salvage value, in case the pipe material is
material, recyclable.
CD is Disposal Cost.
5.4.9 Present Worth Estimation with
5.4.2 Rate of Interest and inflation Escalation
For irrigation project with a life of many years (say Capitalization of Annual Cost Expenditure: The
50 to 100 yrs), consideration of inflation is financial flow diagram which considers a flat rate
inevitable. Hence calculation of present worth with of annual charges like leakage loss or maintenance
appropriate values of inflation and rate of interest cost is as given in Fig 5.3.:
is necessary. The present worth in this case is calculated as
𝟏 + 𝐢𝐫 𝐧 − 𝟏
5.4.3 Construction Cost 𝐏=𝐀
𝐢𝐫 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐫 𝐧
Construction cost (CC) includes the cost of pipe Where P = Present Worth
material and associated laying costs A = Annual Cost
CC = CP + CL ir = Rate of Interest
Where, n = no of years
CP is the Cost of Pipe material Where if = the rate of Inflation
CL is Cost of Laying
The present worth, in case of inflation whose flow
5.4.4 Operation Cost
diagram is given in Fig 5.4, is calculated as
Operation costs (CO) are calculated considering the 𝟏+𝐰 𝐧−𝟏
electric power usages that are required for pump 𝐏𝐢𝐧𝐟 =
𝐰(𝟏 + 𝐰)𝐦
operations over the project period. 𝟏+𝐢𝐫
Where, w, is calculated as 𝐰 = 𝟏+𝐢𝐟
−𝟏
5.4.5 Revenue Loss due to Water Leakages
Loss of revenue due to leakages (CRL) should be Capitalization of replacement costs: The
considered in Life Cycle Cost Analysis. replacement costs are worked out with respect to
Appropriate Water tariff shall be considered for above formulation and individually present worth
computation of the revenue losses due to water are calculated with respect to prevailing interest
leakages. rate, ir, as follows,
𝐂(𝟏 + 𝐢𝐟 )𝐧𝟏
5.4.6 Maintenances and Repair costs
𝐏𝐧𝟏 =
(𝟏 + 𝐢𝐫 )𝐧𝟏
The Maintenance and Repair costs (CM) can be The financial flow diagram for replacements cost
worked out on per meter basis as a fraction of is as given in Fig 5.5

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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 28

Figure 5.4 Flow diagram with flat rate of annual charges

Figure 5.5 Flow diagram in case of inflation

Figure 5.6 Flow diagram for replacement cost

Table 5.1 Illustration of computations for LCC Analysis based on assumed parameters

INPUT DATA :

Sl. Description Quantity Units Remarks

No
1 Project Life, N 50 years
2 Rate Of Interest On Capital Investment, Ir 10% per
annum
3 Rate Of Inflation For Replacement Cost, If 6% per
annum
4 Diameter Of Pipe, D 150 mm
5 Design Discharge, Q 0.0212 cumec
6 Length Of Pipe, L 10 km
7 Average Velocity, V 1.2 m/s
8 Pipe Material, M1 Material-1
9 Life Of Pipe Material (Or Replacement Interval) 15 years Refer Cl.
5.5
10 Leakage Losses As A Percentage Of Quantity Supplied, Ql 5% per cum
11 Repairs & Maintenance Cost As A Percentage Of 5% per
Construction Cost annum
12 Unit Rate Of Power 3.5 Rs/Unit
13 Salvage Value Of Pipe Material As A Percentage Of 10%
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 29

Original Cost
14 No Of Days The Pipe Runs In A Year Considering Two 240 days
Crops
15 Water Charges, Rs (Assumed) 7 per cum
16 Combined Efficiency Of Pump - Motor Unit 75 %

CALCULATIONS :

a) Construction Cost (CC)

Construction Cost includes Cost of Pipe Material(CP) at site and Cost of Laying(CL) ie CC = CP + CL. These
costs can be obtained from Standard Schedule of Rates for the material w.r.t. the locality. For the present
case, for dia of 150mm of Material(M1), values are taken as follows :
Construction of Pipe material, CP (assumed) = 481 Rs/RMT
Construction of laying, CL (assumed) = 264 Rs/RMT
Construction cost, CC = 745 Rs/RMT
b) Operation Cost or Cost of Operation(CO)
The Cost of Operation for Gravity Schemes is NIL. In present case it is assumed that external energy equivalent
to head loss has to be provided.
Modified Hazen-William Coefficient(CR) from Table 3.5 for
Material(M1) = 1
From Modified Hazen William Formula(Clause 3.5), Head 1.81
L × (Q CR )
Loss (h) = 994.62 × D4.81
1.81
10000×(0.0212 1) = 86.3 m
Head loss, h =
994.62×0.15 4.81
Add 10% for Minor Losses, h = 94.9 m

Power Required for Pumping (kW), P = 𝑄𝑔𝑕

𝑒
Annual Power Requirement, for 240 days working = 26.32 kW
= 151625 Units
Cost of Operation @ Rs 3.5/unit = 530687 Rs/annum
Cost of Operation per RMT = 53.07 Rs/RMT/annum
Project Life, n = 50 years
1 + Ir = 0.0377
w= − 1
1 + If
1+w = 1.0377
1+f = 1.06
Capitalization Factor(CF) = 21.08
Cost of operation including capitalisation factor = 21.08 x 53.07
i.e, Cost of Operation, Co = 1118.54 Rs/RMT
c) Revenue Loss due to Leakage (CRL)
Volume of water Supply @ 0.0212 cumec for 240 days,Ɐ = 439603 Cum
Loss of Water @ 5% = 21980 Cum
Revenue Loss by Leakages @ Rs 7/ Cum = 1,53,861 Rs/annum

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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 30

Capitalized of annual CRL over 50 Years = 15.39 Rs/RMT/annum

Including Capitalization factor (21.08 * 15.39),
Revenue loss due to Leakage, CRL = 324.30 Rs/RMT
d) Repair and Maintenance Cost(CM)
Annual R&M cost is assumed as 5% of Construction Cost(CC)
= 37.25 Rs/RMT/annum
Capitalized of annual CM over 50 Years(including
capitalisation factor) = 785.12 Rs/RMT
Revenue Loss by Leakages @ Rs 7/ Cum = 1,53,861 Rs/annum
Capitalized of annual CRL over 50 Years = 15.39 Rs/RMT/annum
Including Capitalization factor (21.08 * 15.39)
Repair and Maintenance Cost, CM = 324.30 Rs/RMT
e) Replacement Cost(CR)
Assuming the material (M1) has a life period of 15 year. Different Pipe Material have different life period. It
has to be replaced three times over the project period of 50 years i.e. First replacement at the end of 15th
Year, 2nd replacement at the end of 30th year and the third replacement at the end of 45th year.
As Laid Cost Rs/RMT from (a) = 745 Rs/RMT
Replacement cost at the end of 15th Year(CR1) = CC 1 + If /100 15
= 1785 Rs/RMT
Replacement cost at the end of 30th Year (CR2) = CC 1 + If /100 30
= 4279 Rs/RMT
Replacement cost at the end of 45th Year (CR3) = CC 1 + If /100 45
= 10255 Rs/RMT
Present worth of replacement cost, CR
CR1 1 + If /100 15 + CR2 1 + If /100 30 = 813 Rs/RMT
+ CR3 1 + If /100 45
f) Disposal Cost(CD)
Disposal Cost is taken as 10% of Replacement Cost with
Salvage, CD = -81.33 Rs/RMT
f) Life Cycle Cost
Life cycle cost for the complete Pipe System, CLCC = CC + CO + CRL + CM + CR + CD
= 3704.95 Rs/RMT
i.e, Life Cycle Cost, CLCC = Rs. 3,70,49,491.42

The above calculation is for computing the Life undertakings and therefore are of particular
Cycle Cost for one particular pipe material and importance. Pipe materials shall have to be
similar calculation shall be carried out for different judiciously selected not only from the point of
pipe materials with appropriate input parameters. view of durability, life and overall cost but also
The final decision may be taken based on the Life their suitability in performing the required function
Cycle Cost Analysis. throughout the design life of the pipe network.
5.5 Pipe Materials 5.5.1 Selection of Pipe Materials
Pipelines are major investments in water supply Selection of Pipe Material must be based on the
projects and as such constitute a major part of the following considerations.
assets of water authorities. Pipes represent a large
proportion of the capital invested in water supply
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 31

i. The initial carrying capacity of the pipe and its pipes available in the market is exhaustive and due
reduction with use, defined, for example, by the to space constraints, comparisons of typical pipe
Modified Hazen Williams coefficient materials only has been given.
(C).Values of C vary for different conduit
materials and their relative deterioration in
service. They vary with size and shape to some
extent.
ii. The strength of the pipe as measured by its
ability to resist internal pressure and external
loads.
iii. The life and durability of pipe as determined by
the resistance of cast iron and steel pipe to
corrosion; of concrete and A.C. pipe to erosion
and disintegration and plastic pipe to cracking
and disintegration. Normally, the design period
of pipelines is considered as 50 years.
iv. The ease of transportation, handling and laying
and jointing under different conditions of
topography, geology and other prevailing local
conditions.
v. The safety, economy and availability of
manufactured sizes of pipes and specials.
vi. The availability of skilled personnel for
construction of pipelines.
vii. The ease of difficulty of operations and
maintenance.
viii. Nominal pressure of chosen pipe material
should not be less than the sum of design
working pressure and water hammer pressure.
ix. Connection between pipe and pipes, fittings
and accessories should be simple and reliable.
x. Nominal pressure of fittings and accessories
should not be less than that of pipe; dimension
and deviation should meet sealing
requirements.
xi. When the sulphate concentration in soil
exceeds 1%, concrete pipes and metal pipes
should not be used
The cost of pipe material and its durability or
design life are the two major governing factors of
selection of pipe material. The pipeline may have
very long life but may also be relatively expensive
in terms of capital recurring costs and, therefore, it
is very necessary to carry out a detailed economic
analysis before selecting pipe materials.

Table 5.2 provides the comparison of various types

of typical Pipe Materials. However, the list of
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 32

Table 5.2 Comparison of various Pipe Materials

Specific Issue MSP (Mild DIP (Ductile Iron GRP (Glass Fibre PVC Pipe (IS HDPE Pipe (IS RCC Pipe (IS PCCP (Prestressed PSC BWSC (Bar
Steel Pipe) Pipe) (IS Reinforced Plastic 4985-2000) 4984-1995) 458-2003) Concrete Cylinder (Prestressed Wrapped Steel
(IS 8329:2000) Pipe) (IS 12709:1994) Pipe (IS 784-1985) Concrete non Cylinder Pipe)
3589:2001) cylinder Pipe) (IS 15155-2002)
(IS 784-1985)

Design Flexible Semi Flexible Flexible Structure Flexible Flexible Structure Rigid Structure Rigid Structure Rigid Structure Based on semi
Concept Structure Structure Structure rigid pipe theory
Bedding The bottom of Where pipes are to The pipe should be The trench Polyethylene pipe Types of Bedding Bedding Bedding
Requirement the trench be bedded directly uniformly and bottom shall be requires no special bedding requirements are requirements are requirements are
shall be on the bottom of the continuously supported constructed to bed preparation suggested as minimal due to minimal due to minimal due to
properly trench, it should be through its whole provide a firm, for laying the pipe per IS 783 Rigid nature. rigid nature. semi rigid nature.
trimmed to trimmed and levelled length with firm stable stable and underground, Smaller diameter
permit even to permit even bedding material. Pipe uniform support except that there 1) Type A Types of pipes upto 600
bedding of the bedding of the bedding material for the full shall be no sharp Bedding – Types of bedding bedding mm are rigid in
pipeline. For pipeline and should should be sand or length of the objects around the concrete suggested as per suggested as nature.
pipes larger be free from all gravel as per the pipeline. There pipe. However, cradle support IS 783 per IS 783
to the pipe
than 1200 mm extraneous matter requirements on the should be no while laying in
(continuous 1) Type A 1) Type A
diameter in which may damage backfill material. sharp objects rocky areas
concrete Bedding – Bedding –
earth and the pipe or the pipe that may cause suitable sand cradle of concrete cradle concrete cradle
murum the coating. Additional The bedding should be point loading. bedding should be monolithic support to the pipe support to the
curvature of excavation should be placed so as to give Any large provided around cross section (continuous pipe
the bottom of made at the joints of complete contact rocks, hard pan, the pipe and if concrete cradle of (continuous
the trench the pipes so that the between the bottom of or stones larger compacted. (Refer unreinforced) monolithic cross concrete cradle
should match water main is the trench and the pipe than 20 mm Cl. No. 6.3 of IS section if of monolithic
the curvature supported along its and should be should be 7634 Part 2 : 2) Type B unreinforced) cross section if
of the pipe as entire length. Where compacted to provide a removed to 2012) Bedding – unreinforced)
far as excavation is minimum compaction permit a Sand or other 2) Type B
possible, through rocks or corresponding to 90% minimum granular Bedding – Sand 2) Type B
subtending an boulders, the maximum dry density. bedding material or other granular Bedding –
angle of about pipeline should be thickness of shaped to fit material shaped to Sand or other
1200 at the bedded on concrete If the pipe is supported 100-150 mm lower curved fit lower curved granular
centre of the bedding or on at on grade elevation with under the pipe. shape of the shape of the pipe. material shaped
pipe. Where least 150 mm of fine use of timber or of For pipes of pipe. 3) Type C to fit lower
rock or grained material, or tapered wedges, they diameters 100 Bedding – curved shape of
boulders are other means are used must be removed and mm or greater, 3) Type C Ordinary Type of the pipe.
encountered, to protect the pipe not left in place. They bell holes in the Bedding – Bedding with 3) Type C
the trench and its coating. can usually be pulled bedding, under Ordinary Type normal care Bedding –
shall be Material harmful to out after the bedding each socket of Bedding Ordinary Type
trimmed to a the pipeline should has been compacted to joint, shall be with normal 4) In rocky portion, of Bedding
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 33

depth of at not be used.(Refer the specified minimum provided by care where excavation is with normal
least 100 mm Cl. No. 4.2.5 and compaction. The voids removing some 4) In rocky through rock, the care
below the 4.2.6 of IS 12288: from which the timber of the bedding portion, where trench should be
level at which 1987) has been removed must material, to excavation is excavated 150mm 4) In rocky
the bottom of be properly filled and accommodate through rock, more and filled with portion, where
the barrel of compacted. (Refer Cl. the larger the trench fine granular excavation is
the pipe is to No. 7.1 of IS diameter of the should be material. through rock, the
be laid and 13916:1994) joint and to excavated 150 trench should be
filled to a like permit the joint mm more and excavated
depth with to be made filled with fine 150mm more
lean cement properly. granular and filled with
concrete or Prepare the material fine granular
with non- bedding by material.
compressible laying on soft
material like soil and
sand of alternatively
adequate compacting and
depth to give watering
the curved sparingly until
seating. an effective
(Refer Cl. thickness of
No. 4.2.1 of 100 to 150 mm
IS 5822 : is achieved.
1994) (Refer Cl. No.
6.2.3 & 6.2.7 of
IS 7634 Part 3
: 2003)
Backfill Backfilling For the purpose of Back filling should be Excavated Only soft earth For Type A,B For Type A,B and Backfill Backfill
Materials / should closely backfilling, the depth placed in layers not material should and gravel of good and C , C ,Bedding – compaction is compaction is
Compaction follow the of the trench shall be exceeding a depth per be deposited at quality free from Bedding – minimally minimally
Required welding of considered as layer which can be a sufficient boulders, roots selected fill selected fill important due to important due to
joints of the divided into the compacted to a distance away vegetable matter, material material compacted rigid nature as semi rigid nature
pipe so that following three minimum of 85% from the trench etc, shall be used compacted in in layers not the pipe does not as the pipe does
the protective zones from maximum dry density. to prevent first. If sufficient layers not exceeding 150 mm rely upon side not rely upon side
coating should the bottom of the Lift should normally damage to the quantity of exceeding 150 to a height of 300 support. support.
not be trench to its top: not be greater than 30 pipeline suitable (sharp mm to a height mm above top of
subsequently Zone - A: From the cm in height and the through falling edge stone free) of 300 mm the pipe in case of
damaged. bottom of the trench height differential on stones or excavated earth is above top of the earth foundation
Material to the level of the each side of the pipe debris. not available, the pipe in case of and 150 mm in case
harmful to the centre line of the should be limited to trench shall be earth of rock foundation.
foundation and (Refer IS 783 :
pipeline shall pipe, this amount so as to The first side- filled by borrowed
150 mm in case
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 34

not be used Zone - B: From the prevent lateral fill or gravel or material of rock 1985)
for level of the centre movement of the pipe. haunching layer up to 300 mm foundation.
backfilling. line of the pipe to a should be above top of the (Refer IS 783 :
Refilling shall level 300 mm, above Most coarse grained placed by hand pipe. 1985)
be done in the top of the pipe, soil are acceptable. and compacted
layers not and This may comprise of in layers under Care shall be
exceeding 300 Zone - C: From a gravel or sand. the lower taken during back
mm. Each level 300 mm above However, silty sand, quadrants of the filling for not to
layer shall be the top of the pipe to clayey sand, silty and pipe upto the damage the pipe
consolidated the top of the trench. clayey gravel shall not spring level or joints. Filling
by watering Back-fill material be used unless (half the has to be carried
and ramming, shall be free from proposed to be used in vertical out simultaneously
care being cinders, ashes, slag, conjunction with gravel diameter) of the on the both sides
taken to refuse, rubbish, or clean sand. pipe. of the pipes so that
prevent vegetable or organic Compaction unequal pressure
damage to the material, lumpy or It is very important that can be done by does not occur.
pipeline. The frozen material, the pipe zone backfill careful Load on the buried
filling on the boulders, rocks or material dose not wash trampling with pipeline shall not
two sides of stone or other away or migrate into the feet or with be permitted
the pipeline material, which in the native soil. tamping tools. unless the trench
should be the opinion of the Likewise, potential Successive has been filled to
carried out authority, is migration of the native layers of the height of at
simultaneousl unsuitable or soil into the pipe zone backfill of 75 least 300 mm over
y. deleterious. backfill must also be mm thickness the top of the pipe.
However, material prevented. may then be Filling shall be
The spiders containing stones up placed over and done in layers of
provided to 200 mm as their Heavy earth moving compacted to a 150 mm, with the
during greatest dimension equipment used for height above first layer watered
assembly and may be used in Zone backfilling should not the crown of and compacted by
welding shall C, unless specified be brought until the not less than stamping or by
be retained otherwise herein. minimum cover over 150 mm. Light mechanical
until the the pipe is 90 cm in the vibrating means.
trench is The excavated case of wide tracked machinery may
refilled and material may be used bulldozers or 120 mm be used, but not The initial back
consolidated. for backfill in the in the case of wheeled directly above fill up to 150 mm
Where following cases: roaders or roller the pipe. above the crown
timbers are compactors. of the pipe should
placed under In Zone C, in cases On completion be compacted with
the pipeline to where settlement is Vibratory methods are of the surround screened
aid alignment, unimportant and preferably for to the pipe, excavated material
these shall be when shown on the compaction. suitable free of sharp

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 35

removed drawings or Compaction within excavated stones or objects

before specified, the back- distances of 15 cm to material may be or with fine sand
backfilling. fill shall be neatly 45 cm from the pipe is then replaced as where no such
For further rounded over the usually done with hand backfill in 250 material is
precautions trench to a sufficient tempers. (Refer Cl. mm compacted available.
and use of height to allow for No. 7.2 & 7.3 of IS : layers upto the Wherever road
material in settlement to the 13916:1994) top of the crossing with
backfilling, required level. trench. No heavy traffic is
reference heavy likely to be
should be In any zone, when compaction encountered — a
made to IS the type of back-fill equipment may concrete pipe
3114 :1994. material is not be employed encasing is
(Refer Cl. indicated or until there is at recommended.
No. 8.2 of IS specified, provided least 300 mm of (Refer Cl. No.
5822 : 1994) that such material fill above the 8.1.1 and 6.4.1 of
consists of loam, crown of the IS 7634 Part 2 :
clay, sand, fine pipe. 2012)
gravel or other (Refer Cl. No.
materials which are 6.2.4 & 6.5 of
suitable for IS 7634 Part 3
backfilling in the : 2003)
opinion of the
authority. (Refer Cl.
No. 4.11 of IS 12288
: 1987)
External Spiral wall Metallic Zinc with Not required Not required Not required Not required Portland cement Portland cement Portland cement
Corrosion reinforcement finishing layer mortar coating mortar coating mortar coating
Protection cement mortar Bituminous Paint or applied during applied during applied during
with seal coat synthetic resin manufacture manufacture. manufacture.
paint or liquid compatible with the
epoxy or zinc coating.
fusion bonded (Refer Cl. No. 16.2,
epoxy or tape A-8 of Annex - A of
coating. IS 8329 : 2000)
(Refer Annex
A-D, IS 3589:
2001)
Internal Cement Portland cement GRP pipe and fittings Not required Not required Not required High-strength High-strength High-strength
Lining Mortar with mortar or Blast shall be composite concrete core concrete core cement mortar
seal coat paint furnace slag cement laminate consisting of centrifugally centrifugally lining
or liquid mortar, or High a placed. placed. centrifugally

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 36

epoxy or Alumina cement corrosion resistant placed.

fusion bonded mortar or Cement inner liner.
epoxy. (Refer mortar with seal
Annex A to coat,
D, of IS 3589 (Refer Cl. No. 16.3
: 2001) of IS 8329 : 2000)
Properties Young's Minimum Tensile Length: 6 m, 9 m and Length: 4 m, 5 Young's Modulus Tensile Young's Modulus High crushing Wider diameter
Modulus of Strength 420 Mpa 12 m (Refer Cl. No. m or 6m (Refer of Elasticity (E): Strength of Elasticity and beam range and higher
Elasticity (Minimum)Minimu 7.2 of IS 12709 : 1994) Cl. No. 7.1.4.1 900 MPa (Table (Minimum): 2.5 (E): 35,000 MPa strengths, More working pressure,
(E): 210,000 m Elongation at Tensile Strength: of IS 4985 : 6.7, Chapter 6 of MPa, (Table 6.7, resistance to improved version
MPa (Table Break 7-10% Composite Pipe, 2000) CPHEEO Elongation at Chapter 6 of majority of of steel pipes,
6.7, Chapter Hardness is 230 HB Impact Resistance: Young's manual), Length: Break: 0% CPHEEO common customised pipe
6 of (maximum) Brittle pipe at the point Modulus of 5-20 m(Refer Cl. Pipe Length: manual),Length: chemicals, good design can be
CPHEEO Pipe Length: 5.5 m of impact Forms star Elasticity (E): No. 6.4of IS 4984 2.5 m each pipe up to and including abrasion done with
manual), or 6 m each pipe crack which initiates 3,000 MPa : 1995),Tensile (Refer Clause 300 mm diameter – resistance, Can economical
Tensile (Refer Cl No. 10.1.6 crack propagation, (Table 6.7, Strength: 265-280 no. 5.5.2 &8.1 not more than 3 m, be stored in the advantages,
Strength 410 &13.1 of IS 8329 : Structural strength Chapter 6 of kg/cm2 (decreases of IS 458 : for above 300 mm open for long Highly corrosion
Mpa 2000). (Crushing strength): CPHEEO with temp),Impact 2003) dia – 2, 2.5, 4, 5 & periods, Simple resistance,
(Fe-410 Young's Modulus of 250-300 Kg/cm2 manual), Resistance: Good, Young's 6 m (Refer Clause to make flexible Excellent and
Grade), Elasticity (E): (Approx.) Tensile Structural strength Modulus of no. 5.2 of IS 784 : joints, able to permanent
Length: 4-7 m 170,000 MPa (Table Compaction of Backfill Strength: 600- (Crushing Elasticity (E): 2001), withstand hydraulic
or 7-14 6.7, Chapter 6 of essential 800 kg/cm2 strength): 200-250 31,000 MPa Tensile Strength: fluctuating coefficient, C
m(Refer Cl CPHEEO manual), (decreases with Kg/cm2 (Approx.) (Table 6.7, Composite Pipe, internal value above
No. 5.1, Poisson's Ratio : temp), Compaction of Chapter 6 of Impact Resistance: pressures and 140,No
12.4.1 of IS 0.28 Impact Backfill essential CPHEEO Negligible, surge conditions tuberculation, lap
3589 : 2001) Impact Resistance: Resistance: manual) Elongation at welded rigid
Elongation at <0.713 Negligible, Poisson's Ratio: Break: 0% joints, Easy to
Break – over Structural strength Structural 0.20 Structural strength assemble to pipe
18%, Impact (Crushing strength): strength Impact (Crushing strength): joint, Highly
Resistance: 5000 Kg/cm² (Crushing Resistance: 300 Kg/cm² durable
1.5, (Approximate) strength): 150- Negligible (Approximate)
Structural Normal Backfill. 200 Kg/cm2 Structural Normal Backfill
strength (Approx.) strength
(Crushing Compaction of (Crushing
strength):4000 Backfill strength): 300
Kg/cm2 essential Kg/cm²
(Approx.) (Approximate)
stiffness Normal
needed for Backfill
longitudinal
welded pipes.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 37

Compaction
of Backfill
essential
Supplementa Cathodic Polyethylene Sleeve Not required. Not required. Not required. In aggressive, In aggressive, In aggressive, In aggressive,
l External Protection. (Refer Cl. No. 16.2, buried buried buried buried
Protection Annex - D of IS environments, environments, coal environments, environments,
8329 : 2000) coal tar epoxy tar epoxy paint is coal tar epoxy coal tar epoxy
paint is generally used paint is generally paint is generally
generally used used used
Jointing Plain ends or Push-on Flexible Unrestrained - Solvent a) Fusion welding: Socket & Spigot and socket Easy to assemble Steel socket and
beveled ends Joint, Mechanical Coupling or Socket or Cementing joint 1) Butt fusion Spigot – roll on type with rubber , Reliable Spigot joints rings
for butt Flexible Joint, Spigot Gasket Joint Elastomeric welding; joints or ring or with steel confined joint made of profile
welding Restrained Joint and Restrained - Coupling sealing ring 2) Socket fusion confined gasket joint rings system made steel & formed to
unless Flanged Joint. or Socket or Spigot joint welding; and joint, flush embeddedat ends with gasket, accurate
otherwise (Refer Cl. No. 3.9 to Gasket Joint with (Refer Cl. No. 3) Electro fusion jointed and for site welding. In Flexible joint dimensions
agreed, 3.14 of IS 8329 : supplemental 7.2 of IS welding; collar jointed case of pipes for beyond Elastic
beveled ends 2000) restraining elements 4985:2000) (Refer Cl. No. culverts, joints may Limit, Sliding
shall be Butt Joint b) Insert type 6.3 of IS be spigot and overlap welded
beveled to an Socket and Spigot with joints; 458:2003) socket, roll on rigid joints which
angle of 300 laminated overlay c) Compression gasket joint, ensure 100%
(+5/-0)
Socket and Spigot with fittings/push fit confined gasket water tightness,
measured adhesive bonded joints; joint or flush joint Option for
from a line Flanged d) Flanged joints; (Refer Cl. No. confined rubber
drawn Mechanical and 11.1, Amendment ring joints
perpendicular (Refer Cl. No. 8 of IS e) Spigot and 2 of IS 784:2001)
to the axis of 12709 : 1994) socket joints
the pipe. The (Refer Cl. No.
root face shall 3.1.1 of IS 7634
be 1.6±0.8 Part 2:2012)
mm.

Joints with
sleeves joint
or swelled and
plain ends for
welding.
(Refer Cl.
No. 17.1, of
IS 3589 :
2001)

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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 38

Handling The pipes and Ductile iron pipes Steel cables or ropes As UPVC pipes It is softer than Concrete pipes Concrete pipes Concrete pipes Pipes are easy
specials shall are less susceptible shall not be used for are durable and metals, it is prone have to be have to be have to be for handling and
be handled in to cracking or lifting and light, they are to damage by properly properly handled, properly installation
such a manner breaking on impact transportation of pipes. more 1ikcly to abrasion and by handled, bedded and back- handled,
as not to but the precautions Ropes shall not be pass be mishandled. objects with a bedded and filled, bedded and
distort their set out should be through the section of Care should be cutting edge. Such back-fined, if to carry safely the back-filled,
circularity or taken to prevent pipes end to end. taken to ensure practices as they have to full design to carry safely
cause any damage to the Straight continuous that pipes are dragging pipes carry safely the loads. the full design
damage to protective coating length of pipe may be not damaged over rough ground full design loads.
their and brushing or lifted at one point. during should therefore loads. Even the (Refer Cl. No. 0.3,
outcoating. damage of the However, owing to its handling, be avoided. If highest quality Foreword (Refer Cl. No.
Pipes shall not jointing surfaces. very smooth surface it storage and handling of concrete of IS 783 : 1985) 0.3, Foreword
be thrown (Refer Cl. No. 7.1 of is usually safer for the transport. equipment is not pipes of IS 783 :
down from the IS 12288 : 1987) pipe to be lifted at two UPVC pipes used, techniques, manufactured 1985)
trucks nor points. should be which are not in accordance
shall they be handled likely to damage with the
dragged or Pipes shall not be keeping in the pipe are to be specifications
rolled along dropped to avoid mind that they chosen. (Refer Cl. may be
hard surfaces. impact or bump. If any are made of No. 12.3 of IS destroyed by
Slings of time during handling or plastic and are 7634 Part 2 : improper
canvas on during installation, any also susceptible 2012) handling,
equally non- damage such as gouge, to damage if bedding and
abrasive crack or fracture mishandled. back filling.
material of occurs, the pipe shall They should (Refer Cl. No.
suitable width be repaired if so not be thrown, 0.3, Foreword
or special permitted by the dropped or of IS 783 :
attachment competent authority dragged. (Refer 1985)
shaped to fit before Cl. No. 4 &
the pipe ends installation.(Refer Cl. 4.2.1 of IS
shall be used No. 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.4 7634 Part 3 :
to lift and of IS 13916 : 1994) 2003)
lowercoated
pipes so as to
eliminate the
risk of
damage to the
coating.
(Refer Cl.
No. 5.2.4 of
IS 5822 :
1994)

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 39

Transportati Delivery of Pipes should be All pipes section and When When transporting Pipes should be Pipes should be
on the pipes and loaded in such a way fittings shall be transporting straight loaded at the loaded at the works
specials and that they are secured supported on timber pipes, flat bed polyethylene works for for transportation,
appurtenances and that no saddles spaced at 4 m vehicles should pipes, use flat transportation, in such a way that
shall be taken movement should centers with a be used. The bedded vehicles. in such a way they are secure and
from the take place on the maximum overhang of bed should be The bed shall be that they are that no movement
stockyard of vehicle during 2 m. Stock height free from nails free from nails and secure and that can take place on
the authority transit. should not generally and other other projections. no movement the vehicle during
and The pipes should be exceed 2 m. Pipes shall projections. The polyethylene can take place transit. The same
transported to loaded on vehicles in be strapped to the When practical, pipes shall rest on the vehicle care is needed if
the site of pyramid or straight vehicle over the pipes should uniformly in the during transit. pipes are to be
laying and sided formation. In support points using rest uniformly vehicle over their The same care transferred from
stacked along case of pyramid non-metallic pliable on the vehicle long length. All is needed if one vehicle to
the route on loading, the pipes in straps or ropes only. over the whole support posts shall pipes are to be another.
timber skids. the bottom layer length. All be flat with no transferred
Padding shall should be restrained Pipes and fittings with support posts sharp edges. from one Pipes may be
be provided by the use of broad diameter of less than 1 should be flat Polyethylene pipes vehicle to placed directly on
between wooden wedges m may be stored with no sharp shall not be another. the ground provided
coated pipes secured to the directly on sandy soil, edges. (Refer transported with it is reasonably
and vehicle being loaded. the ground should be Cl. No. 4.1 of other metallic Pipes may be level and free from
timberskids to The pyramid is to be flat and free from sharp IS 7634 Part 3 items in the same placed directly rocks and other
avoid damage formed by resting projection stones/rocks : 2003) vehicle. (Refer on the ground projections.
to the coating. pipes between the bigger than 40 mm in Cl. No. 12.4 of IS provided it is Stacking in tiers is
Suitable gaps pairs of pieces in the diameter or other 7634 Part 2 : reasonably permissible
in the pipes preceding layer with potentially damaging 2012) level and free provided timber
stacked the sockets in layers debris. from rocks and bearer are placed
should be left reversed. Straight Pipes with diameter other between succeeding
at intervals to sided loading may be greater than 1 m may projections. tiers. If pipes arc to
permit access used with supports be stored on their Stacking in be stacked more
from one side along the sides of the delivery cradles at a tiers is than two tiers high,
to the other. vehicles. The use of maximum distance of 6 permissible reference should be
(Refer Cl. straight sided m c/c. If the surface is provided timber made to
No. 5.2.2 of loading is not flat or sloping , bearer are manufacture for
IS 5822 : advantageous for then all the pipes shall placed between advice before
1994) utilizing full be checked to prevent succeeding exceeding the two
capacity of the rolling. All rubber tiers. If pipes tiers specified. Cl.
vehicle. (Refer Cl. rings, gasket and other arc to be No. 15.1.1 and
No. 7.2 of IS 12288 items shall be stored in stacked more 15.1.3 of IS 783 :
: 1987) a cold, dry and dark than two tiers 1985)
place to avoid damage high, reference
of any kind. (Refer Cl. should be made

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 40

No. 4.1 and 4.2 of IS to manufacture

13916 : 1994) for advice
before
exceeding the
two tiers
specified. Cl.
No. 15.1.1 and
15.1.3 of IS
783 : 1985)
Risk against Pipes are Pipes are heavier. Cannot be used in In case there is In case there is a Pipes are Pipes are heavier. Pipes are Pipes are heavier.
Flotation heavier. Hence, floatation water logged areas. a chance of chance of heavier. Hence, Hence, floatation heavier. Hence, Hence, floatation
Hence, risk is nil. floatation floatation because floatation risk risk is nil. floatation risk is risk is nil.
floatation risk because of of likely flood, the is nil. nil.
is nil. likely flood, the pipe shall be
pipe shall be encased with
encased with concrete weights
concrete as per the
weights as per buoyancy
the buoyancy calculations.
calculations. (Refer Cl. No. 6.5
(Refer Cl. No. of IS 7634 Part 2
6.5 of IS 7634 : 2012)
Part 2 : 2012)
Design Useful IS 4984-1995
Service Life 50 Years
ISO/FDIS ISO/FDIS 24516- ISO/FDIS ISO/FDIS 24516-
24516- 1:2016(E) (annexure 24516- 1:2016(E)
1:2016(E) B) 1:2016(E) (annexure B)
(annexure B) : a) DI with PE, ZN (annexure B) : a) PE63/PE80-
80-120 yrs or cement 50-90 yrs 40-70 yrs
coating 90-120 b) PE80
yrs Gen/PE100-
b) DI without 60-100 yrs
coating 40-80
yrs
IMPORTANT NOTE :
The life of various pipe materials indicated above are taken from various sources like IS,ISO & NEERI and shows wide variation. While adopting these values for design of Piped Irrigation
Network (PIN) including Life Cycle Analysis, cautions may be exercised based on the past performance, actual experience, manufacturer’s specifications etc..

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 41

Limitation Never to be DI pipes are not to Not in area where Not in location Not in location Not in In contaminated In contaminated In contaminated
used near be used near buried future works may subjected to subjected to aggressive soils ground or possibly ground or ground or possibly
electricity electricity affect the pipes side vehicular load vehicular load and / ground water contaminated possibly contaminated
transmission transmission high support. and has has insufficient or tidal zone ground by certain contaminated ground by certain
cables. tension cables. Not in ground insufficient cover. chemicals in ground by chemicals in
contaminated or cover. (Refer RCC-2 concentrations certain concentrations
Never to be Wherever used possibly contaminated Not in areas Not in areas of Appendix A where it can affect chemicals in where it can affect
used below above ground by certain chemicals in subjected to subjected to third 3-10, Part A of the life of concrete , concentrations the life of concrete
ground unless supports at each pipe concentrations third party party interference, CPHEEO additional barrier where it can , additional
proper length shall be deleterious to the resin interference, e.g. excavations Manual). coating of coal tar affect the life of barrier coating of
protection ensured without any of the pipe. e.g. excavations within 2m of epoxy paint is to be concrete , coal tar epoxy
against subsidence. Do not use within 2m of pipeline by other provided and additional barrier paint is to be
corrosion pipes/couplings with pipeline by parties. Sulphate resisting coating of coal provided and
from soil and Pipes with external chips, cracks, crazing, other parties. Not in ground cement to be used tar epoxy paint is Sulphate resisting
soil water is synthetic coatings layer delamination or Not in ground offering low side for manufacturing to be provided cement to be used
ensured. not to be used in exposed fibres or ends offering low support strength to pipes . and Sulphate for manufacturing
marine coastal of pipes not sealed with side support the pipe. resisting cement pipes .
Choice of environments to resin. strength to the to be used for
spiral welded prevent leaching of Do not use pipe and pipe. Not in ground manufacturing
Vsor constituent couplings, stored which allows pipes .
horizontal chemicals into the unprotected from Not in ground migration of pipe
welded pipes environment. sunlight for more than which allows embedment In Black Cotton
shall be (Refer CIDI-1, 9 months. migration of material into it. Soil (Expansive
evaluated with CIDI-2 and CIDI-3 Do not use in ground pipe Soil) care has to
respect to of Appendix A 3- conditions having low embedment Not in ground be taken for
overburden. 10, Part A of stiffness, e.g. tidal material into it. contaminated with bedding and
(Refer MS-1, CPHEEO Manual). zone. deleterious back filling.
MS-2 & MS- Not in location Not in ground chemicals.
4 of subjected to vehicular contaminated
Appendix A load and has with deleterious Not suitable for
3-10, Part A insufficient cover. chemicals. above ground
of CPHEEO Not in areas subject to installation.
Manual). excavations by other Not suitable for
service providers above ground (Refer SP-1 to
within 2m radial installation. SP-6 of Appendix
distance of pipeline. A 3-10, Part A of
Not in ground subject (Refer SP-1 to CPHEEO
to differential SP-6 of Manual).
settlement of extreme Appendix A 3-
movement. 10, Part A of
Not in ground offering CPHEEO

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 42

low side support Manual).

strength to the pipe.
Do not use when
control of construction
practices is not
adequate to ensure
quality of embedment
for flexible pipes.
Not suitable for
uncertainties in
geotechnical analysis
to determine if flexible
pipe structurally
suitable.
Uplift precaution in
locations where high
groundwater table and
empty pipe may be
encountered.
(Refer GRP-1 to
GRP-12 of Appendix
A 3-10, Part A of
CPHEEO Manual).

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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 43

Table 5.3 Various Pipe material & Dia. Available

Sl. Pipe IS No. Usual Diameter Class Test Pressure Maximum Working
No. (mm) at Works Pressure at Field
(kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
1 DI pipe 80, 100, 125, 150, 200, K-7 12 – 32 17.5 – 40
IS: 8329-2000 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, K-8 18 – 40 20 – 96
500, 600, 700, 750, 800, K-9 25 – 50 36 – 96
900, 1000, 1100, 1200 K-10 25 – 50 40 – 96

2 Cast (Spun) Iron 80 - 1050 LA 15 - 35 15 – 16

Pipes A 20 - 35 20
IS: 1536-2001 B 25 - 35 25
3 RCC Pipes 90 – 2000 NP3 0.7 Non Pressure Pipes
IS:458-2003 NP4
4 Prestressed 350 – 2500 Upto 20 1.5 times Upto 12 Kg/cm2
Concrete Non Kg/cm2 design pressure Working Pressure
Cylinder Pipes Factory (WP)
RC pipes Test
IS:784-2001 Pressure
(FTP)
5 Steel Pipes 168.3 -2540 Fe330
IS: 3589-2001 Fe410
Fe450
6 i. PVC 50-630 PN 2.5/ 3.6 X PN
Pipes IS: 4985- 4/6/ /10
2000, /12.5

ii. HDPE 50-2500 PN 2.5/ 0.25 MPa (2.5 kg/cm2)

Pipes IS:4984- 4/6/ /10 0.4 MPa (4.0 kg/cm2)
1995 /12.5 0.6 MPa (6.0 kg/cm2)
1.0 MPa (10.0 kg/cm2)
1.25 MPa (12.5
iii. Spirally 300-3000 PN 2.5 should not be kg/cm2)
Wound Profiled /4/6 less than design 1.6 MPa (16.0 kg/cm2)
PE/PP Pipes (IS pressure at
code: 16098 part 27oC for 2.5
2:2013) duration of 1 4
hr.(ISO 1167 6
Part-1)
7 GRP (Glass 200-2000 3 4.5 6
Fibre Reinforced 6 9 12
Pipes) 9 13.5 16
IS: 12709 12 18 24
15 22.5 30
8 BWSC ( Bar 250 - 1900 Upto 28 1.5 times Upto 17 Kg/cm2
Wrapped Steel Kg/cm2 design pressure Working Pressure
Cylinder Pipes) Factory (WP)
IS 15155 Test
Pressure
(FTP)
9 PCCP 350 - 2500 Upto 25 1.5 times Upto 15 Kg/cm2
(Prestressed Kg/cm2 design pressure Working Pressure
Concrete Factory (WP)
Cylinder Pipes) Test
IS 784 Pressure
(FTP)

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5.6 Structure and Layout of Piped on a network serving 1000 ha showed that there
Irrigation Networks could be nine percent cost reduction in comparison
to initial layout when optimized. This cost reduction
A Piped Irrigation Network/ Pressure pipe irrigation was obtained essentially in the range of pipes
network system consists mainly of buried pipes and is having diameters of 400 mm or more.
therefore relatively free from topographic constraints.
The aim of the network is to connect all the hydrants In general it may be said that the field of application
to the source by the most economic and hydraulically of network layout optimization mainly concerns the
efficient layout. The source can be a pumping station principal elements of the network (pipe diameters of
on a river, a canal or well delivering water through an 400 mm and upwards). Elsewhere land tenure and
elevated reservoir or directly into the network. ease of maintenance (accessibility of junctions, etc.)
generally outweigh considerations of reduction of
Generally tree networks are adopted or considered pipe costs.
since they cost less than looped networks. Loops are b) Case of a rectangular pattern of plots
only introduced where it becomes necessary to
reinforce existing networks or to guarantee the security In the case of schemes where the land tenure has
of supply. been totally redistributed to form a regular check-
work pattern of plots, the pipe network can follow
5.6.1 Layout of branching networks the same general layout with the average plot
representing the basic module or unit. The layout
Principles of the pipe network is designed so as to be
integrated with the other utilities, such as the roads
On-demand distribution imposes no specific and the drainage system.
constraints upon the layout of the network: where the
land-ownership structure is heterogeneous, the plan of 5.7 Optimization of the Layout of
the hydrants represents an irregular pattern of points, Branching Networks
each of which is to be connected to the source of The method commonly used (FAO-Clement
water. and Galland 1979) involves three distinct
A method of arriving at the optimal network layout stages:
involves the following three step iterative process: a) Proximity layout
i. Proximity Layout: the source or the shortest b) 120o layout
connection of hydrants to source. c) Least-cost layout
ii. 120o Layout: where the proximity layout is
shortened by introducing junctions (nodes) other 5.7.1 Proximity layout:
than the hydrants. The aim is to connect all hydrants to the source by
iii. Least Cost Layout: where the cost is again the shortest path without introducing intermediate
reduced, this time by shortening the larger junctions here denominated as nodes. This may be
diameter pipes which convey the higher flows done by using a suitable adaptation of Kruskal's
and lengthening the smaller ones. classic algorithm from the theory of graphs.

The last step presupposes the knowledge of If a straight line drawn between hydrants is called
the pipe diameters. a Section and any closed circuit a loop, then the
algorithm proposed here is the following:
5.6.2 Fields of application of pipe network
optimization Proceeding in successive steps a section is drawn
at each step by selecting a new section of
a) Case of a dispersed land tenure pattern
minimum length which does not form a loop with
A search for the optimal network layout can lead to the sections already drawn. The procedure is
substantial returns. An in depth study (ICID 1971)

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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 45

illustrated in Figure 5.7 (a) for a small network 5.8). A node M is introduced whose position is such
consisting of six hydrants only. that the sum of the lengths MA + MB + MC is
minimal.
In the case of an extensive network, the application
For three hydrants, it follows therefore that the
of this algorithm becomes impractical since the
angle AMB BMC and CMA are each equal to 120o.
number of sections which have to be determined
and compared increases as the square of the The optimal position of the node M can readily be
number of hydrants: (n2 -n)/2 for ‗n‘ hydrants. For determined by construction with the help of a piece
this reason it is usual to use the following of tracing paper on which are drawn three
adaptation of Sollin's algorithm. converging lines subtending angles of 120o. By
displacing the tracing paper over the drawing on
Selecting any hydrant as starting point, a section is which the hydrants A, B, C have been disposed, the
drawn to the nearest hydrant thus creating a 2- position of the three convergent lines is adjusted
hydrant sub network. without difficulty and the position of the node
determined,
This sub-network is transformed into a 3-hydrant A new node can only exist if the angle ABC is less
sub-network by again drawing a section to the than 120o.When the angle is greater than 120°, the
nearest hydrant. This in fact is an application of a initial layout ABC cannot be improved by
simple law of proximity, by which a sub-network introducing a node and it represents the shortest
of n-1 hydrants becomes a network of n hydrants path. Conversely, it can be seen that the smaller is
by addition to the initial network. This procedure, the angle ABC, the greater will be the benefit
which considerably reduces the number of sections obtained by optimizing.
which have to be compared at each step, is
illustrated in Figure 5.7(b).

a) b)

Figure 5.8 1200 Layout - Case of 3 Hydrants

Figure 5.7 Proximity layout –(a) application of Case of 4 Hydrants:
kruksal‘s algorithm (b) application of Sollin's
algorithm The 120° rule is applied to the case of a four-
hydrant network ABCD (Fig. 5.9 & 5.10).
5.7.2 120o Layout
The layout ABC can be shortened by introducing a
By introducing nodes other than the hydrants node M1, such that links M1A, M1B and M1C are at
themselves, the proximity network defined above 120o to each other. Similarly the layout M1CD is
can be shortened other than the hydrants. shortened by the introduction of a node M1' such
Case of 3 Hydrants: that M1'M1, M1'C and M1'D subtend angles of 120'.
The angle AM1M1' is smaller than 120o and the
Consider a sub-network of three hydrants A, B, C
linked in that order by the proximity layout (Fig
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node M1 is moved to M, by the 120o rule, involving 5.7.3 Least-cost layout

a consequent adjustment of M1' to M2'. Although the layout which results from applying
The procedure is repeated with the result that M the 120° rule represents the shortest path
and M' converge until all adjacent links subtend connecting the hydrants, it is not the solution of
angles of 1200. least cost since no account is taken of pipe sizes.
The total cost of the network can further be
In practice, the positions of M and M' can readily reduced by shortening the larger diameter pipes
be determined manually with the assistance of two which convey higher flows whilst increasing the
pieces of tracing paper on which lines converging length of the smaller diameter pipes which convey
at 1200 have been drawn. smaller flows. This will result in a modification of
the angles between sections at the nodes. The
A different configuration of the four hydrants such least-cost layout resembles the 120° layout but the
as the one shown in Figure 5.10, can lead to a angles joining the pipes are adjusted to take into
layout involving the creation of only one node account the cost of the pipes.
since the angle ABM is greater than 120°.
The step which leads from the 120° layout to the
Case of n Hydrants: least-cost layout can only be taken once the pipe
sizes have been optimized. But this condition
The above reasoning can be extended to an initial induces to a loop. In fact, for calculating the pipe
layout consisting of n hydrants. It can be shown sizes of the network, the layout should be already
that the resulting optimal layout has the following known. A method for the simultaneous
properties: computation of optimal pipe size and layout has
 the number of nodes is equal to or less been developed for particular distribution systems
than n-2; with parallel branches (Ait Kadi, 1986). Two
 there are not more than three concurrent different approaches have been adopted: the linear
sections at any node; programming formulation and a special purpose
 the angles between sections are equal to algorithm. Both these two approaches have been
120° at nodes having three sections and applied to a simple example and their reliability
greater than 120° when there are only two and usefulness was demonstrated. Unfortunately,
sections. at this time, no commercial software packages are
available for applying such method to actual
In practice it is impractical to deal manually with networks.
the construction of a network consisting of four or
five hydrants, involving the introduction of two or Going back to the three hydrant sub-network A, B,
three adjacent nodes, even with the help of tracing C in Figure 5.8.
paper. Several geometric construction procedures
have been devised to facilitate such layouts, but If a, b and c are the unit price of the pipes
these are rather cumbersome and the problem can connecting the node to the hydrants A, B and C.
only be resolved satisfactorily with the assistance Then the angles of the pipes converging at the new
of a computer. node M’, can therefore be determined by
constructing a triangle the length of whose sides
In actual fact it rarely happens that it is necessary are proportional to a, b and c. The position of M'
to create more than two or three consecutive can be adjusted as before with the help of tracing
nodes. It should also be noted that the benefit to be paper on which suitably orientated converging
gained by optimizing decreases as the number of lines have been drawn as depicted in figure 5.11.
adjacent links to be examined increases.
The least-cost layout resembles the 120o layout but
the angles joining the pipes are adjusted to take
into account the cost of the pipes.
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It should be noted moreover that the step which initial layouts of the network can be tested. The
leads from the 120o layout to the least-cost layout first of these should be the proximity layout. The
requires knowledge of the pipe sizes and it can others can be defined empirically by the designer,
therefore only be taken once the pipe sizes have on the basis of the information available -
been optimized. elevation of the hydrants and distance from the
source - which enables potentially problematic
The 120o layout is an improvement on the initial hydrants to be identified.
proximity layout and that the least-cost layout is a
further refinement of the 1200 layout. It is not By a series of iterations it is possible to define a
certain however that the complete process "good" solution, if not the theoretical optimum.
produces the best result in all cases.
Example of layout of a small network designed to
The optimum attained is relative to a given initial supply irrigation water to 240 ha (net) is shown on
layout of which the proximity layout is only the Figures 5.12. The successive design phases
shortest path variant. It could be that a more produced the following results as given in Table
economic solution might be found by starting with 5.4.
a different intuit layout, differing from that which
Estimates as given in Table 5.4 are based on the
results from proximity considerations, but which
cost of engineering works only. They do not
takes into account hydraulic constraints.
include the purchase of land, right-of-way or
In practice, by programming the methods compensation for damage to crops which might
described above for computer treatment, several occur during construction, all of which would
increase the cost of the optimum network.

Figure 5.9 1200 Layout – Case of 4 hydrants

Figure 5.10 1200 Layout – Case of 4 hydrants (different Configuration)

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Figure 5.11 Least Count Layout

Figure 5.12 Piped Irrigation Network Optimisation

A) Proximity Layout B) 120o layout C) Least Cost Layout D) Layout best suited to field conditions
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Table 5.4 Details of methods applied optimum. Furthermore, it should be noted that the
Length Cost Method Figure above estimates are based on the cost of
(Rmt) (k$) No engineering works only. They do not include the
105.9 - Proximity 5.12(A) purchase of land, right-of-way and/or
Layout compensation for damage to crops which might
100 108.2 120 0 layout 5.12(B) occur during construction, all of which would
104.6 100 Least Cost 5.12(C) affect and increase the cost of the network and
Layout might induce to modify the optimal layout.
126.9 107.6 Empirical 5.12(D) 5.8 Piped Irrigation Network Design
layout,
connecting the 5.8.1 Simple Piped Irrigation Network
same hydrants In a Water Distribution Network (WDN), the sub-
by following networks are represented by an equivalent pipe.
roads, tracks and The network is categorized as pipes in series or
plot boundaries parallel as explained below:
a) Pipes in series: A network and a pipe are
5.7.4 Applicability of the layout equivalent when both carry the same discharge
optimization methods for the same head-loss.
There is no doubt that the 120° layout is an
improvement on the initial proximity layout and
that
the least-cost layout is a further refinement of the
120° layout. It is not certain however that the
complete process produces the best result in all
cases. Figure 5.13 Pipes in Series
𝑕𝐿𝑒 = 𝑛𝑖=1 𝑕𝐿𝑖
Usually, ―rules of thumb‖ are applied by designers 𝐾𝑒 = 𝑛𝑖=1 𝐾𝑖
in selecting the best suitable layout and, later, 𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = ….𝑄𝑛
optimization algorithms are applied for computing Pipes in parallel: When pipes are connected in
the pipe sizes. The optimum attained is relative to parallel, the head loss in each pipe between the
a given initial layout of which the proximity layout junctions will be the same.
is only the shortest path variant. It could be that a 𝑕𝐿 1 = 𝑕𝐿 2 = 𝑕𝐿 3 = ⋯
more economic solution is possible by starting 𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
with a different initial layout, differing from that and
which results from proximity considerations, but 𝑕𝐿 𝑕𝐿 𝑕𝐿
which takes into account hydraulic constraints. ( )1/𝑛 = ( )1/𝑛 + ( )1/𝑛
𝐾𝑒 𝐾1 𝐾2
or
In practice, by programming the methods 1 1 1
described above for computer treatment, several ( )1/𝑛 = ( )1/𝑛 + ( )1/𝑛
𝐾𝑒 𝐾1 𝐾2
initial layouts of the network can be tested. The or
first of these should be the proximity layout. The
others can be defined empirically by the designer, 𝑉1 𝑓2 𝐿2 𝐷2
=
on the basis of the information available (elevation 𝑉2 𝑓1 𝐿1 𝐷1
of the hydrants and distance from the source)
which enables potentially problematic hydrants to
be identified. By a series of iterations it is possible
to define a "good" solution, if not the theoretical
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the head loss 𝑕 (m) in a pipe carrying discharge at

Q (m3/s), is given by:
𝑕 = 𝑘 𝑄𝑛
where 𝑘 is a constant and n is an exponent. If the
Hazen-Williams equation is used, n = 1.85.
In the absence of the knowledge of discharge Q
flowing through a pipe, let the assumed discharge
Figure 5.14 Pipes in Parallel
be Q1. It can written as
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + ∆
5.8.2 Complex Piped Irrigation Network
where ∆ is the error in the assumed discharge.
A Piped Irrigation Network, where large number
Substituting Q in 𝑕 = 𝑘 𝑄 𝑛 yields
of branching, loops and other inline elements such
𝑘 𝑄 𝑛 = 𝑘 (𝑄1 + ∆)𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑄1 𝑛 + 𝑛 𝑄1 𝑛−1 ∆+. . .
as control valves, pressure relief valves etc are
there is called Complex Piped Irrigation Network. If  is small compared to Q, the higher-order terms
In the design of WDN, the objective is can be neglected and this yields
minimization of network cost, which is the sum of 𝑘 𝑄 𝑛 = 𝑘 (𝑄1 + ∆)𝑛 = 𝑘 𝑄1 𝑛 + 𝑛 𝑄1 𝑛−1 ∆
costs of pipelines, in case of gravity fed networks. For a pipe loop, the sum of head losses for all
The constraints are: pipes must be zero. This yields
i. The sum of the lengths of pipes in each link is 𝑘 𝑄𝑛 = 0
equal to the length of the line.
or 𝑘 𝑄1 𝑛 + 𝑛 𝑄1 𝑛−1 ∆ = 0
ii. The algebraic sum of the head losses in a path
from source to each demand node is not more 𝑘𝑄1 𝑛 𝑕
∆= − 𝑛−1 = − 𝑛
than the permissible head loss in the path. 𝑛 𝑘𝑄1 𝑕 𝑄
iii. the algebraic sum of the head losses in each
loop is zero; and Steps of The Hardy-Cross Method
iv. all pipe lengths are non-negative i. Assume a distribution of flow in the network
Minimize Cost =   𝐶𝑗 𝐿𝑖𝑗 which should satisfy the Continuity Equation.
Subject to Ensure that at a junction, the sum of flows
 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖 entering must be equal to the sum of flows
leaving.
  𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐻𝑗 - 𝐻𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ii. Determine the head loss in each pipe. As per
for all paths from Source Node (S) to the conventions, Clockwise flows are given
Demand Node (n) positive sign and anti-clockwise flows are
  𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all loops given negative sign.
𝐿𝑖𝑗 ≥0 0 for all i and j iii. Compute head loss for each loop, i.e., 𝑘𝑄1 𝑛
The solution of the problem involves following should be determined with due regard to sign.
steps: iv. Determine, 𝑘𝑛𝑄1 𝑛−1 without regard to sign.
i. Hydraulic analysis of the WDN using any of v. Substitute these values in correction equation to
the techniques like Hardy Cross, Linear determine correction.
theory or Newton-Raphson. vi. Apply the correction and determine the revised
ii. Finding the optimum solution using Linear flow in each pipeline.
Programming (LP) technique by taking the vii. Repeat steps i to vi till the correction term is
length of the pre-selected pipe diameters as negligible.
the decision variables. viii. Estimate the pressure heads at various nodes
a) Hardy-Cross Method using the head loss equation.
b) Linear Theory Method
This method was developed by Hardy-Cross
(1936) and is frequently used to analyze the Linear Theory Method (LTM) is used in solving a
hydraulics of flow through a WDN. In the Hazen- system of equations with unknown flow rates or
Williams, Manning‘s or Darcy-Weisbach method,
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Q‘s values. The LTM has several distinct vi. Once the values of Ki’s and Qi’s, are obtained
advantages over the Hardy Cross or Newton from the previous step, we can use these
Raphson method. First, it does not require an values to modify coefficients in the energy
initialization and secondly, it always converges in equation. Thus, the value of ‗K‘ and ‗n‘ in
a relatively fewer iterations. However, its use in Exponential formula may be modified and so
solving head oriented or collective loop oriented the value of Ki‘s.
equations is not recommended. vii. Repeat the procedure with modified energy
equations and obtain the values of Ki’s and
Linear Theory transforms the non-linear loop
Qi’s for the second iteration.
equations into linear equations, approximating the
viii. Use average of the flow rates obtained from
head in each pipe by:
first and second iteration to define again the
hLi = K i Q i 0 n−1 Qi = K′i Qi
coefficients in energy equation for third
Combining these artificial linear loop equations
iteration and Later from second and third
with J-1 continuity equations (J is number of
iteration to define the coefficients in energy
junctions), we get a system of ‗N‘ linear equations
equation for fourth iteration.
that can be solved by linear algebra.
ix. Carry on these iterations till the last two
In applying the LTM, it is not necessary to supply
iterations for Qi’s and Ki’s are similar upto a
the initial guess. Instead, for the first iteration,
desired accuracy.
each Ki’ is set equal to Ki, which implies all flow
rates Qi (0) are set equal to unity. Also, since the 5.9 Software Programmes
successive iterations tend to oscillate about the
The following software programmes are available
final solution, hence when two iterative solutions
for the optimization of the network design:
are obtained, then each flow rate used in
computation can be the average flow rate from last 1) EPANET
two iterations. i.e. 2) KYPIPE
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑄𝑖 𝑛 − 2 /2 3) PIPE FLOW EXPERT
4) VADISO
Steps in Linear Theorem
5) LOOP
i. Obtain ‗K‘ and ‗n‘ for Exponential Formula
6) HARDY
for a range of realistic flow rates. The ‗K‘ and
7) LINGO/LIGDO
‗n‘ values may be obtained for any of the
8) WATER GEMS
previously discussed equations such as Darcy
Weisbach, Hazen William etc. 5.10 Water Hammer
ii. Form equivalent pipes for those pipes All irrigation distribution systems are susceptible
containing global valves and orifice meter to pressure surge or water hammer. Surges occur
etc. when the velocity of water within the system
iii. Write J-1 continuity equations, with due changes from a steady state condition to another.
regard to sign of flow rates. As per
convention, flow rates for pipes whose flows The most severe surges usually occur on starting
are assumed into the junction may be taken as and stopping pumps or instantaneous opening and
positive and those out from junction may be closing of a valve in a pipeline. It may be caused
taken as negative. by nearly instantaneous or too rapid closing of a
iv. Linearize the head loss equations by forming valve in the line, or by an equivalent stoppage of
a coefficient Ki’ for each Qi which equals the flow such as would take place with the sudden
product of Ki and Qi (0) n-1. failure of electricity supply to a motor driven
v. For the first iteration, assume each Qi (0) = 1. pump.
Now, you get a set of linearized energy Pressure surges may be high and can result in
equations, which can be solved using significant damage to piping, pumps and other
Gaussian elimination, Gauss Jordan components of the irrigation system. Designers
elimination or other appropriate methods. should be aware that water hammer effects are
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always possible and must consider possible effects pipelines, some of which are automatically
on the design loads for the system. controlled quick closing valves, automatically
controlled by passes and pressure relief valves.
Water velocity contributes significantly to the
To obtain greatest effectiveness, the relief
effects of water hammer. Lower velocities limit
valve or other form of suppressor should be
the adverse effects of water hammer. A water
located as close as possible to the source of
hammer analysis (Hydraulic Transient Analysis of
disturbance.
Piped Irrigation Network) may be necessary and
mitigation measures specified to lessen the risk of Since the maximum water hammer pressure in
damage. Such analysis is complex and specialized meters is about 125 times the velocity of flow in
engineering services may be required to analyze m/s and the time of closure of gate valves varies
the proposed mainline design. inversely with the size of the main, water hammer
is held within bounds in small pipelines by
5.10.1 Control Measures operating them at moderate velocities of 1 to 2
The internal design pressure for any section of a m/s. In large mains, the pressure is held down by
pipeline should not be less than the maximum changing velocities at sufficiently slow rate so that
operating pressure or the pipeline static pressure the relief valve returns to position of control before
obtaining at the lowest portion of the pipeline excessive pressures are reached. If this is not
considered including any allowance required for practicable, pressure relief or surge valves are
surge pressure. used.
The maximum surge pressure should be calculated For mains larger than 1.75 m, which operate
and the following allowances made. economically at relatively high velocities of 2 to 3
m/s and cannot be designed to withstand water
i. If the sum of the maximum operating pressure
hammer without prohibitive cost, the energy is
or the maximum pipeline static pressure
dissipated slowly by employing surge tanks.
whichever is higher and the calculated surge
pressure does not exceed 1.1 times the internal Once the whole network Piped Irrigation Network
design pressure, no allowance for surge is finalised, the whole system needs to be checked
pressure is required, for water hammer condition.
ii. If the sum exceeds 1.1 times the internal design
5.11 Some examples of Pipe Network
pressure, then protective devices should be
analysis
installed and
iii. In no case the sum of the maximum operating The pipe network can also be analyzed by using
pressure and the calculated surge pressure commonly used software, WHAMO (Water
should exceed the field hydrostatic test pressure Hammer and Mass Oscillation) which is used for
Hydraulic Transient analysis in Hydroelectric
Depending upon the layout of the network, the
plants. This was developed by US Army Corps of
profile and the length of the pipeline, surging in
Engineers.
pipelines can be counteracted in two
fundamentally different ways It is important to note that major pipe networks
need to be checked for any possible failure which
i. By checking the formation of the initial
can occur due to water hammer pressure
reduced pressure wave itself by means of
fluctuations (pressure rise or fall) arising out of
flywheels ( which lengthen the slowing down
sudden closure or opening of some of the outlets
time of the pump ) and air vessels (which
by the farmer. This type of hydraulic transient
continue to feed water into the pipeline until
conditions can be easily analyzed in
the reflected pressure wave again reaches the
WHAMO.Some simple network analysis has been
pump) and
done using WHAMO and the results are as below.
ii. By neutralizing the reflected wave from the
reservoir by installing special devices in the
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5.11.1 The pipe network with two reservoirs

is shown below:
Nodes 1 & 8 are reservoirs with head 150 ft and
140ft respectively.
Water demand at nodes: At node 5 -
5cfs, at node 6 &11 - 1cfs
All pipes are 8 inch dia. and 1000 ft. length.
Darcy‘s friction factor 0.021. The head at various Figure 5.15 Network modelled in WHAMO
nodes and discharges through various pipe reaches
have been determined using WHAMO software.
The results are shown below:

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Figure 5.16 Output of WHAMO simulations

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5.11.2 The pipe network with two loops is shown below:

Figure 5.17 Pipe network with two loops

Figure 5.18 Schematic diagram of the model of the pipe network with two loops

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There are 8 links of 1000m each. Hazen William network with two loops have been analysed in
friction factor C=130 for all pipes. The above pipe WHAMO and the results are shown below:

Figure 5.19 Output of WHAMO simulations

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5.12 Structural Design of Buried We = welding efficiency (1.0 – ductile iron

Pipelines pipes, 0.9 – steel pipes);
Ts = specified minimum yield stress in
Pipe materials are generally considered to be rigid
kg/cm2;
or flexible. A flexible pipe is one that will deflect
t = calculated wall thickness in cm;
at least 2 percent without structural distress.
ii. Nominal thickness as per the relevant standard
Metallic and thermoplastic pipes are considered
(refer the standards like IS 3589/2001 for steel
flexible whose design procedure is summarised as
pipes, IS 8329/2000 for ductile iron pipes etc as
below.
per requirement)
5.12.1 Design of Metallic Pipes
iii. Notwithstanding the thickness obtained as
specified above band regardless of pressure, a
1. Determination of design pressure
minimum thickness of liner shall be provided
Since piped irrigation comes under pressurised to resist the distortion during fabrication and
𝐷+50
liquid flows, pipeline containing flowing liquid is erection. A minimum thickness (cm) of 400
is
periodically subjected two modes of hydrostatic recommended where D is the nominal diameter
stress: sustained stress from Working Pressure in cm
(internal pressure) and transient stress from sudden
water velocity changes. The pipe shall be designed 3. Check for deflection
to handle both. The working pressures at critical
locations (points of slope variation, change in Pipe is subjected to external loads i.e. soil pressure
dimensions etc.) in the layout needs to be checked and live load pressure, when laid below ground.
and the higher value has to be adopted for design Under this pressure, the pipe will deflect due to the
purpose. Design pressure, Dp shall be maximum of external loads, which will be resisted by the pipe
i. Working pressure+surge pressure(if any ); stiffness and soil stiffness. The deflection of the
ii. 1.5 x working pressure; pipe calculated should be within the limits.
Surge pressure may be determined by finite
element method using any of the reputed water 3.1 Estimation of total external loads (q) on the
hammer software, some of the softwares are listed pipe
below:
(a) External load due to soil, qs
i. Hyrtran
𝑞𝑠 = 𝛾𝑠 . 𝐻
ii. Hammer (Bentley)
Where
iii. WHAMO
𝛾𝑠 = unit weight of soil, kg/cm3;
2. Determination of wall thickness : 𝐻= height of ground surface above
crown of pipe (depth of cover),
Wall thickness to be used for the pipe (t f ) shall be cm;
maximum of :
i. Wall thickness required to resist the design (b) Live load, ql
pressure shall be calculated as per the In order to calculate the live load, in terms of
following hoop stress formula: pressure at pipe crown, we first need to calculate
the wheel load, Wl :
𝐷𝑝 . 𝑂𝐷 Case 1 : When 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚 < 2.67𝐻 , 𝐻 ≤
𝑡=
(2. 𝐷𝐹. 𝑊𝑒 . 𝑇𝑠 + 𝐷𝑝 ) 61 𝑐𝑚
Where, 𝑃𝑙 . 𝐼𝑓 . (𝑂𝐷 − 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚 )2 2.67. 𝐻
Dp = design pressure in kg/cm2; 𝑊𝑙 = 3
× − 0.5
2.67𝐻 (𝑂𝐷 − 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚 )
DF = design factor based on factor of safety 𝑊𝑙
(0.6 for working pressure and 0.9 for 𝑞𝑙 =
𝑂𝐷
test pressure inclusive of surge Case 2 : When 𝐎𝐃 − 𝐭𝐧𝐨𝐦 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝐇 , 𝐇 ≤
pressure); 𝟔𝟏 𝐜𝐦
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 58

𝐼 = moment of inertia of pipe wall in

1.33𝑃𝑙 . 𝐼𝑓 3
(𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑚 )
𝑊𝑙 = cm3 = 12
;
𝐻
𝑊𝑙 𝐷𝑚 = mean diameter of pipe =
𝑞𝑙 = ( 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚 ) in cm;
𝑂𝐷
Case 3 : When 𝐻 ≥ 61 𝑐𝑚 𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚 = nominal wall thickness of pipe
𝑃𝑙 in cm;
𝑞𝑙 =
(1.75𝐻)2 𝐸′ = modulus of soil reaction,
Where, kg./cm2;
𝑃𝑙 = Wheel load at surface in kg; 𝑞 = is the vertical pressure at pipe
𝐼𝑓 = impact factor (Table 5.4); crown due to all external loads,
𝑂𝐷 = outside diameter of pipe in cm; kg./cm2;
𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑚 = nominal wall thickness of pipe in cm; Now, 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑠 + 𝑞𝑙
𝐻 = depth of cover in cm; 𝑞𝑠 = 𝛾𝑠 . 𝐻
𝑞𝑙 = vertical pressure at pipe crown due where
to live load, kg/cm2; 𝛾𝑠 = unit weight of soil, kg/cm3;
𝐻 = height of ground surface above
(c) Total external load, q = qs+ql crown of pipe ( depth of
cover), cm;
Table 5.5 Values of Impact factor
Depth of Cover Impact Factor, If Table 5.6 Values of deflection coefficient
<30cm 1.3 Bedding reaction Deflection coefficient,
>30cm and <61cm 1.2 angle Kx
0
>61cm and <91cm 1.1 30 0.108
>91cm 1 450 0.105
0
60 0.102
3.2 Estimation of deflection 900 0.096
0
150 0.085
Deflection of the pipe is estimated as below
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 After, we have calculated 𝑞𝑠 , 𝑞𝑙 and 𝑞, we can
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 + 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 calculate the deflection, ∆𝑥 in %;
Or This deflection should not be more than :
𝐾𝑥 . 𝑞 For bare steel pipe/ ductile pipe = 5 %;
∆𝑥 = . 100
8. 𝑆 + 0.061𝐸′ For epoxy lined steel and ductile pipe = 5 %;
Where, For cement mortar lined steel and ductile pipe =
∆𝑥 = ring deflection in pipe in 2 %;
percentage of external diameter
(%); In case, the calculated value of ∆𝑥 is more than the
𝐾𝑥 = deflection coefficient depending allowable limit, we need to increase the wall
upon bedding reaction angle thickness of pipe or class of pipe, as applicable to
(Table 5.5); bring down the deflection within the limits. Table
𝑞 = vertical pressure at pipe crown 5.6 gives the range of deflections for MS pipes for
due to all external loads, in various burial depths.
kg/cm2;
𝑆 = diametral stiffness of pipe in In other words, the allowable depth of cover, H for
2 𝐸.𝐼
kg/cm = a pipe can be calculated depending upon the pipe
(𝐷𝑚 )3
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity of pipe stiffness, soil stiffness, external loads and the
wall material in kg/cm2 allowable ring deflection in pipe based on inside
lining. Once pipe of a material and size is chosen
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 59

calculations shown above may be applied to the pipe.

calculate the allowable depth of soil cover, H over

Table 5.7 MS Pipe Deflection for Specified Burial Depth

Design Modulus of Soil Reaction E' Deflection, %
Soil Type Soil Type

Fine Grained Soil with medium to high plasticity

than 25% coarse grained particles

Fine Grained, Soil with medium to no plasticity, less

than 25% coarse grained particles

Fine Grained, Soil with medium to no plasticity, more

Coarse Grained Soil

Crushed rock

Fine Grained, Soil with medium to high plasticity

than 25% coarse grained particles

Fine Grained, Soil with medium to no plasticity, less

than 25% coarse grained particles

Fine Grained, Soil with medium to no plasticity, more

Coarse Grained Soil

Crushed rock
MS Pipe Thickness (mm)

Soil Depth (m)

DN (mm)

As per WRD - MP

300 4 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 1.6% 1.5% 1.2% 0.8% 0.4%
350 4 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 2.7% 2.3% 1.8% 1.1% 0.5%
400 4 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 4.1% 3.3% 2.4% 1.3% 0.5%
450 4 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 5.8% 4.5% 3.0% 1.6% 0.6%
500 4 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 7.8% 5.7% 3.7% 1.8% 0.7%
600 4 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 12.2% 8.1% 4.9% 2.2% 0.8%
700 6 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 9.0% 6.7% 4.5% 2.3% 0.9%
800 6 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 12.9% 9.1% 5.7% 2.7% 1.0%
900 6 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 17.3% 11.5% 6.8% 3.1% 1.1%
1000 6 1.5 100 200 400 1000 3000 21.9% 13.8% 7.9% 3.5% 1.2%
4. Check for Buckling 𝐻 = height of ground surface above top of
pipe in cm;
Steel pipe embedded in soil may buckle because of 𝐻𝑤 = height of water above top of pipe in cm;
excessive loads and deformations. The total 𝐵′ = empirical coefficient of elastic support;
permanent pressure must be less than the allowable 1
buckling pressure = 1 + 4𝑒 (−0.0021 ∗𝐻)

Allowable buckling pressure : 𝐸′ = modulus of soil reaction, kg/cm2;

1 𝐸.𝐼𝑝𝑤 1/2 𝐸 = modulus of elasticity of steel, kg/cm2;
𝑞𝑎𝑏 = ∗ 32𝑅𝑤 . 𝐵′ . 𝐸 ′ .
(𝑂𝐷)3
𝐹𝑆
𝐼𝑝𝑤 = transverse moment of inertia, cm4/cm =
Where, (𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑚 )3
𝑞𝑎𝑏 = allowable buckling pressure, in kg/cm2; 12
𝐹𝑆 = design factor of safety ( 2.5 for H/OD > 𝑂𝐷 = outside diameter of pipe in cm;
2; 3.0 for H/OD < 2)
𝑅𝑤 = water buoyancy factor (1 − 0.33.
𝐻𝑤
)
The permanent pressure consisting of soil pressure,
𝐻
= hydrostatic pressure and vacuum pressure, if any
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 60

should be lower than the allowable buckling kg/cm2;

pressure of pipe. 𝑞𝑠 = pressure due to weight of soil,
If the adopted thickness is insufficient as per in kg/cm2;
buckling or deflection requirements, redesign on = 𝛾𝑠 . 𝐻
an iterative manner till the requirement is met. H = depth of soil; in cm
𝛾𝑠 = unit weight of soil, in kg/cm2;
5.12.2 Design of Thermoplastic Pipes (Plastic 𝑞𝑙 = pressure on pipe due to wheel
or PE pipes) load, in kg/cm2;
1. Determination of design pressure (Dp) 𝑞𝑣 = internal vacuum pressure, in
kg/cm2 (Pipe is subjected to an
Design pressure shall be determined as per the effective external pressure
clause 1 of 5.12.1 explained above. because of an internal vacuum
2. Determination of pressure rating of pipes pressure as a result of sudden
(PC) valve closure, shutoff from a
pump, or drainage from high
The pressure rating (PR) (also referred as pressure points within the system often
class (PC) in some reference) is used in various create a vacuum in the
consensus standards from ASTM, AWWA, CSA pipelines)
and others to denote the pipe‘s capacity for safely 𝑞.𝑂𝐷
Thrust in pipe wall, 𝑇𝑝𝑤 =
2
resisting sustained pressure, and typically is
The required cross – sectional area will be
inclusive of the capacity to resist momentary 𝑇𝑝𝑤
pressure that increases from pressure surges such 𝐴𝑝𝑤 = 𝜎
as from sudden changes in water flow velocity. PC
is the estimated maximum pressure that the The area of a solid-wall pipe per unit length or
medium in the pipe can exert continuously with a thickness may be computed as
high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will ( 𝑂𝐷 − 𝐼𝐷)
𝑡= = 𝐴𝑝𝑤
not occur. PC is defined for a chosen pipe material 2
of certain specifications and these details are where
2
provided by the manufacturers. 𝐴𝑝𝑤 = required wall area, in cm /cm;
𝑇𝑝𝑤 = thrust in pipe wall, in kg/cm;
From the available pressures classes of plastic / PE 𝜎 = allowable long term
pipes, a suitable class shall be selected in such a compressive stress, in kg/cm2;
way that 𝑃𝐶 > 𝐷𝑝 ; 𝑂𝐷 outside diameter of pipe in cm;
𝐼𝐷 = inside diameter of pipe in cm;
NOTE:
The average area (thickness) of pipe wall for
The non metallic pipe selection can be made based corrugated and profile wall pipe should be
on the pressure rating and manufacturer obtained from the manufacturer.
specifications. However, if necessary, the
following checks may be carried out to ensure the 2. Check for deflection
structural stability depending upon the site and
Deflection of the pipe has to be checked due to
loading conditions.
external loads, which shall be within the allowable
limits. :
1. Check for wall crushing 𝐾𝑥 . 𝑞
∆𝑥 = . 100
Total external pressure on pipe, 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑠 + 𝑞𝑙 + 𝑆′ + 0.061𝐸′
Where,
𝑞𝑣
∆𝑥 = deflection of pipe in %;
Where,
𝐾𝑥 = deflection coefficient based on
𝑞 = total pressure on pipe, in
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 PIPE IRRIGATION NETWORK DESIGN 61

bedding reaction angle, as 𝐻𝑤 = height of water above top of pipe in

defined in section 5.12.1 cm;
𝑞 = is the vertical pressure at pipe 𝐵′ = empirical coefficient of elastic
crown due to all external loads, 0.0043 𝐻 2 +(𝑂𝐷.𝐻
support =
kg/cm2; 0.0016 2.𝐻+𝑂𝐷 2
=
𝑞′𝑠 + 𝑞𝑙 + 𝑞𝑣 𝐸 ′
= modulus of soil reaction, kg/cm2;
𝑞′𝑠 = pressure on pipe from soil in 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = modulus of elasticity of pipe
kg/cm2 = 𝐷𝑙 . 𝛾𝑠 . 𝐻 material, long term modulus of soil
𝐷𝑙 = deflection lag factor (1.0 to reaction (long term modulus of
1.5); elasticity is recommended if the
𝛾𝑠 = unit weight of soil, kg/cm3; pipe is subject to the pressure in
𝐻 = height of ground surface above normal operations. If pipe is subject
crown of pipe (depth of cover), to pressure for short time periods
cm; and infrequently the use of short
𝑞𝑙 = pressure on pipe from live load term modulus of elasticity is
in kg./cm2, as defined above acceptable), kg/cm2;
𝑞𝑣 = pressure on pipe from vacuum 𝐼𝑝𝑤 = transverse moment of inertia,
pressure in kg,/cm2; (𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑚 )3
cm4/cm =
12
S‘ = pipe stiffness in kg/cm2, =
2.𝐸
𝑂𝐷 = outside diameter of pipe in cm;
3. 𝑆𝐷𝑅−1 3 ;
𝐸 modulus of elasticity of pipe Allowable bucking pressure shall be reduced in
material, in kg /cm2 case of plastic pipes by a factor called reduction
𝑆𝐷𝑅 = standard dimension ratio = factor, C given by
𝑂𝐷 3
; 1 − ∆𝑥
𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶=
1 + ∆𝑥 2
𝐸′ = modulus of soil reaction,
kg/cm2 Where,
∆𝑥 = percent deflection, in %;
The allowable deflection in the plastic pipes is 𝐶 = reduction factor;
limited to 7.5 %. Therefore the calculated ∆𝑥 (%),
shall be below 7.5. The permanent pressure consisting of soil pressure,
3. Check for wall buckling hydrostatic pressure and vacuum pressure, if any
should be lower than the allowable buckling
Plastic pipes, embedded in soil may buckle pressure of pipe.
because of excessive loads and deformations.
The allowable buckling pressure can be calculated If the adopted thickness is insufficient as per
as below : buckling or deflection requirements, redesign on
1 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 . 𝐼𝑝𝑤 1/2 an iterative manner till the requirement is met.
𝑞𝑎𝑏 = ∗ 32𝑅𝑤 . 𝐵′ . 𝐸 ′ .
𝐹𝑆 (𝑂𝐷)3
Where,
𝑞𝑎𝑏 = allowable buckling pressure, in
kg./cm2;
𝐹𝑆 = design factor of safety (2.5 for
H/OD > 2; 3.0 for H/OD < 2)
𝑅𝑤 = water buoyancy factor = (1 −
𝐻𝑤
0.33. 𝐻
)
𝐻 = height of ground surface above top
of pipe in cm;
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Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 6

6. INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS

b) provide smooth entry into the water conveyor

6.1 General
system, and
Intake is a device or structure placed in a surface c) Prevent/minimize ice, floating trash and
water source to permit the withdrawal of water coarse sediment entering the tunnel, channel
from the source. They are used to draw water from or pipe.
canals, lakes, reservoirs or rivers in which there is
wide fluctuation in water level or when it is 6.1.1 Types of Intakes
proposed to draw water at most desirable depth. a) Wet Intakes
b) Dry Intakes
An irrigation intake is provided to allow water into c) Submerged Intakes
a open channel or tunnel or closed conduit under d) Moveable and floating Intakes
controlled conditions. The intake design shall be
such as to:
a) give minimum hydraulic losses,

Figure 6.1 Valve tower situated within an earthen dam

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 64

Figure 6.2 Simple Concrete block-Submerged Intake

Figure 6.3 Wet Intake tower standing in the river Figure 6.4 Dry Intake tower standing in the
or reservoir river or reservoir

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 65

Figure 6.5 Section of a typical twin well type of river intake

Figure 6.6 Typical Installation in an Earth dam-sloping Intake (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985)

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 66

Figure 6.7 Approach Geometry- Semicircular Type Intake Structure (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985)

Figure 6.8 Typical Installation in an Earth dam-Tower Type Intake (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985)

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 67

Figure 6.9 Typical Installation in an Earth dam-Tower Type Intake (Type II) (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985)

Figure 6.10 Typical Installation in a Concrete/Masonry dams (Ref: IS: 11570- 1985)

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 68

clogging. Depending upon the sediment

6.1.2 Intake in concrete or masonry dams
concentration in the water, the necessity of
In the case of concrete or masonry dams irrigation desilting basin needs to be studied in detail.
intake structure can be located either at the toe
The water which is directly diverted from the river
when operating head is low or in the body of the
system contains sediments. This sediments may
dam itself when operating head is medium or high.
block or reduce the capacity of the distribution
Typical layouts are shown in Fig.6.6 & 6.7
system thereby it affects the efficiency of the
6.1.3 Layout of Intake Structure whole system. However, the sediment water may
be desirable for crops but it may affect the whole
Main components of an irrigation intake structure
system. Hence, it has to be removed to some extent
are listed below:
considering its impact on the whole system. The
a) Trash rack and supporting structures;
source of supply of water helps in finding the
b) Anti-vortex devices;
requirement of desilting chambers as detailed
c) Bell-mouth entrance with transition and
below :
rectangular to circular opening; and
d) Gate slot enclosures with air vents. a) If the water is drawn from reservoir/Lake then
the desilting arrangement may not be required
For design of intake structure, IS: 11570-1985 as the reservoir/lake act as a desilting basin.
shall be followed. b) In addition, in case of canals, the silt ejector/silt
excluder shall be provided at the canal intake,
6.1.4 Location hence the desilting chamber may not be
As per IS: 11570-1985, the following factors shall required in Piped Irrigation Network if the
be considered while determining the appropriate water is drawn from main canal.
location of Intake: c) However, if the water is directly drawn from
a) The location where the best quality of the river then the requirement of desilting
water(at least suitable for irrigation purposes) chamber /settling basins should be assessed in
is available detail.
b) Absence of currents that will threaten the
safety of the intake 6.2.2 Tube Settlers
c) Absence of ice floats etc. Conventional systems like settling basins are quite
d) Formation of shoal and bars should be effective to reduce the sediment content in the
avoided whole system. Moreover, conventional system
e) Navigation channels should be avoided as far with tube settler are having more efficiency in the
as possible controlling the sediment rate. Hence, the tube
f) Fetch of wind and other conditions affecting settlers have been discussed in detail. Settling
the waves efficiency of a basin is primarily dependent upon
g) Ice Storms surface area and is independent of depth. Attempts
h) Floods have been made to use this concept to achieve
i) Availability of power and its reliability better efficiency and economy in space as well as
j) Accessibility cost. Wide shallow trays inserted within
k) Distance from pumping station conventional basins with a view to increase the
l) Possibilities of damage by moving objects surface area have not met with success. However,
and hazards. very small diameter tubes having a large wetted
perimeter relative to wetted area providing laminar
6.2 Desilting Arrangements
flow conditions and low surface loading rate have
6.2.1 Necessity of desilting shown good promise. Such tube settling devices
Although sediment containing water is good for provide excellent clarification with detention time
crops, it may affect the distribution system by of equal to or less than 10 minutes.

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 69

Figure 6.11 Water is drawn from Canal Intake through Syphonic action in Balh Valley Medium Irrigation Project
in HP

Figure 6.12 Tube Settler

PRINCIPLE OF TUBE SETTLERS degree the units lose efficiency rapidly whereas
with angles less than 60 degree, sludge will not
Tube settlers or inclined plate settlers are
slide down the floors. Under such situations,
examples of high rate settlers. Here what we are
hosing down the sediments may have to be
doing is we are providing excess surface so that
resorted to. With horizontal tubes (normally
the surface overflow rate will be decreased. We
inclined at 5 degree) auxiliary scouring of settled
have sedimentation tank like this say some 3.5
solids is necessary. While tube-settlers have been
meters depth so if you provide many plates
used for improving the performance of existing
parallely in the settling zone so what will happen
basins, they have also been successfully used in a
is the effective surface area will be increasing
number of installations as a sole settling unit. It
because many surfaces are available for the
has been found that if one fifth of the outlet end of
settling or many planes are available for settling.
a basin is covered with tube or plate settlers, the
So, effectively what will happen is it will be
effective surface loading on the tank is nearly
considerably reducing the surface overflow rate or
halved or the flow though the basin can be nearly
in other words it will be increasing the efficiency
doubled without impairment of effluent quality.
of the tank. That is the principle of these tube
settlers. Here the design is based upon the surface overflow
rate so here we are providing many tube or
Tube configurations can be horizontal or steeply inclined plates at an angle of 45 to 60 degree
inclined. In inclined tubes (about 60 degree) above the horizontal. Why we are providing this
continuous gravity drainage of the settleable 45 to 60 degree angle is because the particles will
material can be achieved. At angle greater than 40
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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 70

be settling on the plates or the tubes so if you L = Relative length of settler = I/d
provide an angle 45 to 60 degree then whatever the dimensionless
particle that is settled on the tubes or the plates l, d = Length and diameter (width) of the
will be sliding back to the system with the self tube settlers, (L)
weight so cleaning will be very easy.
If the value S equals or exceeds a critical value, S
for any particle, it is completely removed in the
tube settlers under ideal conditions. For laminar
flow regime in tube settlers, the value of S have
been determined as 4/3, 11/8 and 1 for circular,
square and parallel plates type of tube settlers
assuring uniform flow. It is found that the
performance of tube settlers is improved
significantly with L values of up to 20 and
insignificantly beyond 20. Therefore, it is
desirable to design tube settlers, beyond 40 degree,
results in deterioration in their performance.
Essentially horizontal tube settlers perform better
than steeply inclined tube settlers. It is opined that
from relative economics point of view, the order of
Figure 6.13 Lamella clarifier preference for tube settlers is parallel plates
followed by circular tubes and square conduits.
The tubes may be square, circular, hexagonal,
diamond shaped, triangular, and rectangular or
chevron shaped. A widely used material for their
construction is thin plastic sheet (1.5mm) black in
color, though plastic and asbestos cement pipes
have also been used. There are number of
proprietary devices such as Lamella clarifier. This
tube settler system has been proposed in the
Medium Irrigation Project in Hamirpur district in
Himachal Pradesh.

6.2.3 Analysis of Tube Settlers

The performance of the tube settles is normally
evaluated by parameter, S, defined as
Figure 6.14 Flow distribution from a conventional
𝑉𝑆 inlet in a tube settler
𝑆= sin 𝜃 + 𝐿 cos 𝜃 It is recommended to increase the dimensionless L
𝑉𝑂
Where, of tube settlers by an additional amount L‘ to
account for transition zone near inlet to change to
fully developed laminar flow
𝑉𝑆 = Settling velocity of the particle in
vertically downward direction (L/T)
𝑉𝑂 = Velocity of flow along the tube
𝑣𝑜 𝑑
settler 𝐿′ = 0.058
𝜗
𝜃 = Angle of inclination of tube settlers,
degrees. Where ϑ is the kinematic viscosity of water

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 71

Figure 6.15 Tube settler type desilting arrangement in Nadaun Medium Irrigation Project, HP.

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 INTAKE AND DESILTING ARRANGEMENTS 72

Figure 6.16 Aerial View of Tube settler type desilting arrangement provided in Balh Valley Medium Irrigation
Project, HP
normally adopted to store water upto 4 hours of
6.3 Diggy
water supply. The water shall be supplied from
It is manmade structure which is constructed at diggy to outlet.
the each outlet to provide a source of water to
micro irrigation. The capacity of Diggy is

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 Table 6.1 Design of Tube Settlers

The following example illustrates the design for tube settlers

Problem Statement : Design tube settler module of square cross section with following data
Average output required from tube settler = 250 𝑚3 𝑕𝑟
Loss of water in desludging = 2% of output required
Average design flow = 250 × 100 100 − 2 = 255.1 𝑚3 𝑕𝑟
Cross section of square tubes = 50 mm x 50 mm
Length of tubes = 1m
Angle of inclination of tubes = 60o

Design Steps:
Estimation of effective length of tube
1000
Compute relative length of settler, 𝐿𝑅 = = 20
50
Effective relative length of tube, L = 𝐿𝑅 − 0.058𝑁𝑅
= 𝐿𝑅 − 0.058 × 𝑉𝑂 𝑑 𝜗
= 20 − (0.058 × 𝑉𝑂 × 0.05) 1.01 × 10−6 × 86400
= 20 − 0.033𝑉𝑂
Where 𝑉𝑂 is flow through velocity for tube settler in m/d
Determine Flow Velocity through Tubes:
𝑆 = 𝑉𝑠𝑐 𝑉𝑜 × sin 𝜃 + 𝐿 cos 𝜃
11 8 = 120 𝑉𝑜 × sin 60 + (20 − 0.033𝑉𝑂 ) cos 𝜃
𝑉𝑜 = 388.65 𝑚/𝑑
Compute Total Tube Entrance Area and No. of Tubes:
Tube entrance area, 𝑄 𝐴 = 255.1 × 24 388.65= 15.75 𝑚2
No .of tubes required = 15.75 0.05 × 0.05 = 6300
Provide 6400 square tubes of 0.05𝑚 × 0.05 𝑚 with 80 tubes along the length of the square module and 80
tubes along the width of the module
Length of the tube module = No. of tubes × (inside dimension of square
tubes + 2× thickness of tubes)
= 80 × 0.050 + 2 × 0.005 𝑚
= 4.24 m
Height of tube module for 1m length of square tubes inclined at an angle of 600
= 1 sin 600 = 0.866 m say 0.87m
Therefore overall dimension of tube module = 4.24m ×4.24m × 0.87m
Size of individual square tubes = 0.05m ×0.05m
Thickness of individual square tubes = 1.5mm

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 7
7. DESIGN OF PUMPS

tedious calculations as well as patient trial and

7.1 General
error.
Pumps are devices used to transfer water from a
point to another with pressure to overcome the 7.3.2 Friction Losses in Conduits
resistance along its path. It is important to When water moves through a closed conduit, the
understand the different types of pumps, their flow creates heat due to friction of the two surfaces
applications, design differences and procedures (water against conduit). A steel pipe will produce
used to operate and maintain them. more friction than will any plastic pipe. Friction
increases with the increased length of pipe or hose,
In case of pressurized irrigation system, pumping and also with a decreased diameter of pipe or hose.
machinery serves purposes as below: Increased friction slows down the water,
a) To transport water from low to high elevated effectively decreasing the discharge capacity and
area for distribution purposes. actual discharge of a given pipe.
b) To attain the uniform pressure in the
distribution network. 7.3.3 Suction Head
While deciding the type of pump for the specific Atmospheric pressure at sea level limits the
requirement, it is necessary to analysis different suction head of centrifugal pumps to 10.3 m.
type of pumps and their suitability to meet the However, this head would only be obtained if a
requirement. perfect vacuum could be created in the pump. In
7.2 Types of Pumps reality, the suction head of centrifugal pumps is
limited to about 7.9 m. Pump performance
The type of pump may be decided based on the (capacity or pressure) is highest when the pump is
available sources of energy like solar energy, operated close to the water's surface.
electrical power, diesel energy etc. In areas where
abundant solar energy is available, then solar Increasing the suction head will decrease the
powered pumps may be preferred. discharge head and consequently the discharge
7.3 Consideration in Pump Selection capacity of the pump. Very importantly, suction
head should be kept to the smallest value possible
7.3.1 Total Dynamic Head to reduce the likelihood of cavitation. Cavitation
In order to accurately predict the performance of a can also occur if the suction pipe is restricted. A
pump in a specific application, the total head suction hose with a smaller diameter than the
losses must be considered. These losses include, suction port, should not be used as cavitation can
but are not limited to: quickly damage a pump.
a) Total static head;
7.3.4 Discharge Head
b) Losses due to pipe size, length, and material;
c) Losses due to pipe appurtenances. As the pump discharge head increases in height,
Accurately predicting the discharge and pressure the pump capacity decreases and the available
for a given pump in a specific application requires pressure at the end of discharge pipe also
decreases. At maximum head, the capacity of a

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 DESIGN OF PUMPS 76

pump drops to zero and no pressure is available at d) Velocity Head – Changes in kinetic energy
the end of the discharge line. The pump of water from source to discharge point.
performance curve shows the relationship between Velocity head is calculated as the square of
discharge capacity and total head. the velocity divided by twice the acceleration
of gravity.
7.3.5 Pipe Restrictions 𝑣2
𝐻𝑣 =
When water hits any restriction (valve or a 2𝑔
reducer), only a partial amount of the flowing Where,
water is be allowed to pass through. Restrictions 𝐻𝑣 = Velocity head in metres
increase the friction and decrease the discharge 𝑣 = Velocity of water ,𝑚/𝑠
capacity at the end of the pipe. The following g = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
conditions may be helpful in the selection of pumps e) Water Horsepower (Output Horsepower) –
a) If the pumping water level (PWL) is less than is the energy transferred by a pump to the
6 meters, use a centrifugal pump (maximum water.
suction lift = 6 m). 𝑊𝐻𝑃 = 𝑄 × 𝑇𝐷𝐻/75
b) If the pumping water level is from 6-20 m, use Where,
jet pumps or a submersible. Q = Pump Discharge, LPS
c) If the PWL is greater than 20 m, use a TDH = Total Dynamic Head,m
submersible or a vertical line shaft turbine f) Brake Horsepower (BHP or Input
pump. Horsepower) – is the energy transferred to
7.4 Terminology and Definitions the prime mover of a pump. The BHP will
always be larger than the WHP due to losses
a) Total Dynamic Head (TDH) –is the sum of caused by friction, impeller slippages, etc.
static head, pipe friction and velocity head at BHP is expressed as:
the point of discharge. 𝑄 × 𝑇𝐷𝐻 𝑊𝐻𝑃
b) Static Head – difference in elevation 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = =
75 × 𝑒 𝑒
between suction level and discharge level. Where:
Refer to Figure 7.1. Q = Pump Discharge, LPS
c) Pipe Friction – Head loss due to friction of TDH = Total Dynamic head, m
the water as it moves along the pipes, fittings, e = pump efficiency
elbows, valves and suction entrance.

Figure 7.1 Head terms used in Pumping

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 DESIGN OF PUMPS 77

Figure 7.2 Typical Pump performance curve

Vortices in the channel and pump bays-and the
7.4.1 Sump design & Pump intake (IS 15310-
condition of the flow approaching inlet of bell are
2003)
important.
Standard design of sump mainly depends upon For more details on sump design specifications and
rated Pump Intake, refer IS code 15310-2003.
Flow per pump to be handled for irrigation. This
will in turn govern the type and number of pumps 7.4.2 Pump Performance Curve
required. The characteristic curve of a pump describes the
The following aspects shall be considered for a factors that affect its performance. They are
good usually expressed graphically with rate of
Sump design: discharge Q as abscissa and the other factors
a) Even flow distribution; plotted as ordinates such as the head and the net
b) Ideal flow condition in each pump bay positive suction head (NPSH). Typical pump
with performance curve is shown in Figure 7.2. The
respect to swirl and vortex formation and diagram shows that as the pump discharge
prevention of pre-rotation; increases, the power required to drive the pump
c) Independent pump operation; increases. However the pump efficiency behaves
d) Use of screens in pump bays for arresting both proportionately and inversely with the
all trash and floating material; and capacity of the pump much like a parabolic curve.
e) Provision of gates to isolate pump bay for The pump efficiency increases as the capacity is
maintenance etc. increased up to a certain point. The efficiency then
decreases from that point even as the capacity
For satisfactory pump operation the flow into
continues to increase. Manufacturers should
suction
supply the pump curve specifying the pump‘s
pipe intake has to be evenly distributed across the
performance and recommended operating range.
area and this can be achieved by proper design of
Do not operate outside the recommended range as
sump components. Sharp corners, abrupt turns and
this may damage the pump.
non symmetry should be avoided.
While designing the sump, prevention of eddies
The performance curves reflect standard testing.
and
Pump manufacturers typically calculate
performance curves using a pressure gauge and a
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 DESIGN OF PUMPS 78

flow meter connected to the discharge port. For c) A service bay should be provided in the station
any anticipated total head, the discharge capacity with such space that the largest equipment can
can be determined. Pump performance curves are be accommodated there for overhauling and
available for each pump model. repair.
d) A ramp or a loading and unloading bay should
The Best Efficiency Point is the point at which be provided. In large installations the floors
effects of head (pressure) and flow converge to should be planned so that all piping‘s and
produce the greatest amount of output for the least valves can be laid on the lower floor and the
amount of energy. upper floor should permit free movement.
e) Head room and material handling tackle.
7.5 Dimensioning of Pump House
f) In the case of vertical pumps with hollow shaft
motors, the clearance should be clear to lift the
a) Sufficient space should be available in the
motor off the face of the coupling and also to
pump house to locate the pump, motor, valves,
carry the motor to the service bay without
piping‘s, control panels and cable trays in a
interference from any other apparatus. The
rational manner with easy access and with
clearance should also be adequate to dismantle
sufficient space around each equipment for
and lift the largest column assembly.
maintenance and repairs. The minimum space
g) In the case of horizontal pumps (or vertical
between two adjoining pumps or motors should
pumps with solid shaft motors) the head room
be 0.6m for small and medium units and 1m for
should permit transport of the motor above the
large units.
other apparatus with adequate clearance.
b) Space for the control panels should be planned
h) The mounting level of the lifting tackle should
as per the Indian Electricity (I.E.) Rules as
be decided considering the above needs and the
follows :
need of the head room for maintenance and
i. A clear space of not less than 915 mm in
repair of lifting tackle itself.
width shall be provided in front of the
i) The traverse of the lifting tackle should cover
switch board. In case of large panels, a draw
all bays and all apparatus.
out space for circuit breakers may exceed
j) The rated capacity of the lifting tackle should
915 mm. In such cases the
be adequate for the maximum weight to be
recommendations of the manufacturers
handled at any time.
should be followed.
ii. If there are any attachments or bare
7.6 Power Supply Arrangements
connections at the back of the switch board,
the space, if any behind the switch board For small capacity pumps up to 15HP existing
shall be either less than 230 mm or more power supply lines for irrigation shall be used. For
than 750 mm in width measured from the higher capacity pumps, separate power supply
farthest part of any attachment or conductor. lines are required. The cost of separate power lines
iii. If the switch board exceeds 760 mm in shall be included in the cost estimate.
width, there shall be a passage way from Solar Pumping may be used where the solar
either end of switch-board clear to a height energy is abundantly available.
of 1830 mm.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 8
8. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

8.1 General 8.2 Operation Check list for Pumps

Objective of proper operation and maintenance of Before turning on the pump, following shall be
Piped Irrigation Network is to provide irrigation done;
water as per designed quality and quantity, with i. Check that all pre-season maintenance is
adequate pressure at convenient location and time, complete.
at competitive cost, on a sustainable basis. ii. Before starting, read and record flow meter
totals.
Operation refers to timely and daily operation of iii. Inspect all drains to be sure that drain valves
the components of pipe irrigation network such as are closed.
pumping system (pumps/motors /VFD), rising iv. Inspect all mainline, lateral, and turnout
mains/ gravity mains, distribution system, valves. Open the operational turnout. The first
balancing reservoirs/distribution chamber etc. and last risers on each line, as well as any
riser that is at a high point in the line, should
Maintenance is defined as the act of keeping the be cracked open to allow air to be released
structures, plants, machinery, equipment, other from the system.
facilities and ancillary requirements like access v. Open all manual air release valves.
roads, buildings etc. in an optimum working order. vi. Inspect all air-vac valves to see that the
Maintenance includes replacements, correction of airway is open (stem pushed down) and the
defects, preventive /routine maintenance and also float ball and seat are in place and
breakdown maintenance. In a pipe distribution undamaged.
system, maintenance of the conduits, gates, valves, vii. Visually inspect all pressure relief valves to
metering devices, etc are very important. be sure that they are free to operate and have
not been adjusted to a higher or lower
A properly operated and maintained irrigation pressure setting.
pipeline system is an asset. Piped Irrigation viii. Before turning on the pump, the valve at the
Network system is designed and installed as a pump should be closed to the point that it is
permanent solution to irrigation delivery system not more than 1/4 open.
deficiencies. The estimated life span of the ix. After the pipeline is filled, slowly open the
installation can be assured and usually increased valve to full open. If the flow must be
by carrying out the recommendations given on throttled during operation, consideration
following pages. For this an O & M Plan is to be should be given to making changes in the
developed for a project. system. Throttled valve wastes energy.

Following checklist is provided to assist in 8.3 Check list for Operation during the
developing a good operation and maintenance irrigation season
plan. i. Whenever possible, open the new turnout
before closing the old one. Always close
valves slowly to prevent water hammer.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 80

ii. Inspect the pipeline inlet daily or more often maintenance, now is a good time to get it
if necessary. Remove trash or debris. Observe done.
flow conditions in the canal and make iii. If sediment build up in the line is a problem,
adjustments necessary to keep the pipeline flush the pipeline.
inlet submerged. iv. Close and lock the inlet structure gates and
iii. Check pressures regularly. A change means crack open all turnouts located at high points
there is probably an operational or in the line and all low lying turnouts.
maintenance problem. v. In case of frost condition, open all drains and
iv. Inspect flow meters at least monthly for allow the pipe to drain. Pump out all low
proper operation. spots in the pipeline.
v. Check pump and valves for noisy operation. vi. Remove flow meters and service if necessary,
Noise is an indication that cavitation may be then store in a dry place.
occurring. Cavitation can greatly reduce the vii. Remove pressure gauges or other accessories
life of the pump and valves. that may have water in them and store or fill
vi. Check that air-vacuum valves are seated and with anti-freeze.
not discharging water. viii. Close all gates, valves and other openings
where small animals or water could enter the
8.4 Maintenance Check List pipeline.
ix. Leave drain valves, drain plugs and in line
8.4.1 Pre-season Maintenance
valves open during the winter in frost
i. Check pumps impellers for wear. Repair if condition.
necessary.
ii. Re-pack bushings if necessary and lubricate 8.5 Choking of Pipes by excess silt
pump.
Minimum velocities as prescribed shall be
iii. Install the suction pipe on a centrifugal pump.
maintained for flushing of the pipes. During the
Make sure it is well supported and has no air
first irrigation, scour valves should be let open to
leaks. A vacuum gauge installed in the
scour out any foreign material deposited.
suction line is a good way to monitor suction
problems. 8.5.1 Repairs
iv. Make sure a pressure gauge is installed at the
Repairs of joint leakages and valve leakages
outlet and is operable. A good fluid filled
should be attended promptly to avoid wastages.
pressure gauge is a good monitoring tool.
10% of the fitting should be kept in spare for
v. Check power panel, wiring and pump
repair.
enclosure to make sure mouse nests, bird
nests, and other such problems are resolved. 8.5.2 Right of approach to the field
vi. Inlet screens should be cleaned and trash
The government or authorised agency has the right
removed from the structure. Repair screens as
of entry at any time with prior notice. During the
necessary.
repairs if standing crop is there, crop compensation
vii. Check headgates and valves for proper
shall be provided to the farmers.
operation. Grease gate stems.
viii. Check structures and pipeline for damage and 8.6 Maintenance of Pumps
repair as needed. Usually maintenance instructions are available
from manufacturers, pump users associations and
8.4.2 Winterizing system:
other technical organizations. For most engine or
i. Drain and pull the suction line on centrifugal electric motor driven pumps, checks and
pumps. inspections are for noise, vibration, leakage,
ii. Drain the pump and protect it from the temperatures of bearings and windings, fuel/power
elements. If the pump is in need of consumption, capacity and output (water discharge
and dynamic head), ventilation screens etc.
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 81

Special care should be taken to protect engines

from moisture that can accumulate inside the
machines and cause serious damage.
8.7 Maintenance of Valves
All kinds of valves should be anchored properly so
as to minimize the turning movement imparted to
the pipe by operation.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 82

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 9
9. FIELD AUTOMATION AND CONTROL

9.1 General market and they are well linked to to VB,

Excel, SQL SAP etc.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
is a system of software and hardware elements that iii. Device connectivity: As mentioned before,
allow to monitor, gather, and process real-time SCADA is never the 100% controller.
data, control processes locally or at remote Therefore, it can‘t run the process own its own.
locations, directly interact with devices such as It needs to be connected to the any of PLC or
sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through DCS specific to the requirement. Hence, PLC
human-machine interface (HMI) software and or DCS available in the market should be
record events into a log file. Schematic diagram of connected to the SCADA by using the specific
SCADA is given in Figure 9.1. driver software.

9.2 Need for SCADA iv. Alarms: Alarms are implemented by indicating
lamps or hooters in field and SCADA
Understanding the underlying process with true
represents it with format. In the field area
animation makes it easy to understand. It can
alarms are generated for warnings or to monitor
communicate to any of protocols available in
the process. The format consists of Date, Time,
market since SCADA is not dedicated to any one
Status, Priorities and many such elements
type of application or industry. Distance as such
which can be used for generation of reports.
doesn‘t hamper SCADA operation. Hence we can
monitor processes at places which are inaccessible. v. Trends: Also called as XY plotters or data
SCADA is not 100% the controller. It is a software loggers, Trends represent values in wave
which is linked with controllers and hence to format and is one of the important features of
PLC/PID/DCS systems which in turn are connected SCADA. It plots value with reference to time.
to field instruments. Trend can be subdivided into real time
historical trends i.e present and past values of
9.3 Features of SCADA
the process can be stored and records can be
Following are the features of SCADA systems: maintained for the same.
i. Dynamic representation: Explains about the
vi. Scripts: These are combinations of logical
representation of various symbols of field
operators which are written in the form of
instruments which are present in tool library
statement. It is used to run the applications
which can be utilized in SCADA applications.
made or simulate before final execution.
SCADA is not dedicated to any specific
Various types of scripts make project execution
industry hence its library large and can
simpler for programmer.
accommodate requirements of any industry.
vii. Security: Every application has to be secured
ii. Database connectivity: Represents various
from unauthorized users by different security
symbols of field instruments which are present
levels. In SCADA this security can be given as
in tool library of SCADA. It doesn‘t have its
a whole as well as individually.
own database like Microsoft etc. However, its
storage depends on databases available in viii. Recipe management: Being one of the finest
features of SCADA, recipe management can
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 FIELD AUTOMATION AND CONTROL 84

maintain recipes of different process and 9.4 Cost

implement it on the process. All the recipes are
Cost of SCADA is mainly decided by two factors as
stored in a single server and it can be fetched
given below :
by any client server from any area to run the
process.
i. Tagnames & Tagtypes: Every symbol used in
ix. Networking: It explains that we can share software has to have a specified name. Logical
SCADA applications on LAN or internet and name given to any symbol is said to be tag
hence exchange of data is possible. Many name. Tag types define the symbol category. It
networking protocols are supported by SCADA may be discrete & analog.
software. SCADA can be put on networking ii. Packages: They are in the form of DRN
with other peripherals and processors with (Development, Runtime & Networking) & RN
various networking topologies. (Run and Networking).

Figure 9.1 Open Control SCADA Network Architecture

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 CHAPTER - 10
10. PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE

10.1 General
10.2 Network Layout
The design example given in this chapter compares
Canal network and relative position of Arangi
both options of Canal and PIN and their relative
Minor (in inset) have been shown in the Figure
costs. For the purpose of demonstration, canal
10.1. The minor has a total area of 204 acres with a
network of Kholra distributor of Pratapur Branch
design off take discharge of 1.95 cusec.
on Left Main Canal has been taken from the DPR
of Kanhar Project, Jharkhand. In the analysis of 10.3 Chak boundaries, Outlet Location
slopes, it is found that the distributor has flat Contour map of Arangi Minor with 0.5m contour
longitudinal slope. The minors have steep slope interval (major contours are only depicted) is
favourable for gravity Piped Irrigation Network. shown in Figure 10.2. Location of five Chak
The source for canal is Lawadoni Dam on Kanhar outlets, boundary and net GCA of each chak have
River and source for present Piped Irrigation been marked out. The south boundary of command
Network is Kholra distributor. In this example the of minor is the Railway line and north boundary is
first Minor, namely Arangi Minor has been tried village OOC.
for Piped Irrigation Network vis a vis canal.

Figure 10.1 Canal Network of Kholra Distributary and Location of Arangi Minor

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE 86

Figure 10.2 Contour Map, Chak Boundaries and outlet area

.

Figure 10.3 Alignment of Arangi Minor with RD and curves

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE 87

10.4 Capacity Statement addition to the falls, the canal has two pipe
culverts, two pipe crossings, one stream siphon
The capacity statement of minor is worked out
and one box culvert. Total of 9 canal structures are
with authorised duty of 1500 ha/cumec. This may
present in the layout.
be cross checked with crop water requirement for
more scientific assessment. The off taking 10.5.1 Land Acquisition for Minor Canal
discharge at the head of the minor has been arrived
The design canal width with service road is shown
as 0.055 cumec or 1.95 cusec with a CCA of 82.53
in Figure 10.5. Average right of way required for
ha or 204 acres. Head discharge for canal option
the canal is 18 m. Total land required is 15 X
with 90% conveyance is 0.061 cumec.
2795/10000 = 4.2 ha. The L-section of the Canal is
10.5 Canal Option given in Figure 10.6.
10.6 Pipe Option
Considering pipe option, gravity head of 11.714m
is available. With a Hazen William Coefficient of
130 for HDPE pipes and a trial velocity of 1 m/s,
the head losses and residual head at outlets have
been worked as given in Table 10.2. L-Section for
pipe option is given in Figure 10.6. Above
mentioned calculations by analytical method have
been checked by a computer analysis and the
results of head loss and residual head are found to
be matching. The actual velocities with provided
diameter of pipe have also been worked out as
shown in the computer screen shots given by
Figure 10.7.
10.7 Cost Comparison - Canal Vs Pipe
Comparison of cases of canal and pipe are
illustrated in Table 10.1. It shows the cost involved
in both cases and also gives an indication of the
amount of water saved by on using the option of
pipe.

Figure 10.4 Tree diagram of Arangi Minor

The layout for canal option is shown in Figure

10.3. The canal has three falls namely i) at RD 60
of 3 m fall, ii) RD 400 m of 3 m fall and iii) RD
1780 m of 1.5m fall. The bed at off take point is
241.671 m and the end of canal at RD 2795m is
233.096 m. Total bed fall of the canal is 8.575 m
out of which 7.5m is provided by three number
falls and remaining 1.075m is provided by total
longitudinal fall. The longitudinal slope works out
to be 1 in 2600. The FSL of parent canal is
El.244.81m. Therefore, total static head available
is (244.81-241.671) + 8.575 = 11.714m. In
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network – Part I (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE 88

Figure 10.5 Canal Cross-sections

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (Part-I) (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE 89

Figure 10.6 Canal L-Section of Arangi Minor Line

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (Part-I) (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE 90

Table 10.1 Cost Comparison – Canal vs Pipe

Cost for Canal Option (Unit cost as per DPR)

Land Acquisition @Rs16 la per Ha = 4.2x16 = Rs 67.2 la
Cost of canal structures @ 1.5 la for each = 1.5X10 = Rs 15 la
Lining of canal with 75 mm thick = 2X75/1000X2795X5000 = Rs 20 la
Earth work excavation & bank formation including kucha road inspection = Rs15 la
Total cost of canal = Rs 117.2 la
Cost for UGPL Option
i. Cost of Material (HDPE 4kg/cm2 grade) including supply and delivery
300 mm dia Rs 1995/RMT X 1000 = Rs 19,95,000
200 mm dia Rs 783/RMT X1540 = Rs 12,05,820
125mm dia Rs 314/RMT X 255 = Rs 70,650
Total Cost of Laying = Rs 32,71,470
ii. Cost of Earth work Excavation and Laying of pipe line
Laying and jointing of HDPE pipes in readymade trench by butt fusion welding as per IS:7634 – part-
II/1975 as amended from time to time to the alignment and gradient and testing the pipeline to the
required pressure.
300 mm dia Rs 183/RMT X 1000 = Rs 1,83,000
200 mm dia Rs 91/RMT X1540 = Rs 1,40,140
125mm dia Rs 67/RMT X 255 = Rs 17,085
Total Cost of Laying = Rs 3,40,225
iii. Total cost for UGPL is 32.72 +3.4 = Rs 36.12 Lakh
Ratio of canal to Pipe =117.2/36.12 = 3.24 times canal is costlier than pipe. Major portion of the
canal cost is due to Land acquisition and CD structures. For pipe it is the cost of material only. If
PVC pipe of 4kg/cm2 grade are used the cost of UGPL reduces further.
Water saved by UGPL is 61-55 = 6LPS.

Table 10.2 Details of off taking pipes

Sl.No. Reach 1 2 3 4 5 Total
1. Name of the Off taking Outlet OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OE
2. Off taking RD (m) 30 1000 1800 2540 2795
3. GCA 19.39 16.38 24.74 16.84 19.74 97.09
4. CCA = 85% of GCA (ha) 16.48 13.92 21.03 14.31 16.78 82.53
5. Discharge Required with duty of 1500 0.011 0.009 0.014 0.010 0.011 0.055
ha/cumec
6. Cumulative Discharge 0.055 0.044 0.035 0.021 0.011
7. Incremental length 30 970 800 740 255
8. Assumed 1 1 1 1 1
9. Pipe dia required (mm) 265 237 210 162 119
10. Provide dia of ID 300 300 200 200 125
11. Head Loss 0.06 1.39 5.31 1.89 2.05 10.70
12. Cummulative Head Loss 0.06 1.45 6.76 8.65 10.70
13. GL at Outlet 241.67 236.47 232.75 234.24 232.07
14. HGL 244.80 243.41 238.10 236.21 234.16
15. Net Head available 3.12 6.94 5.35 1.98 2.09

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (Part-I) (2017)
 PIPED IRRIGATION NETWORK EXAMPLE 91

10.8 Computer Analysis

Figure 10.7 Computer Analyses for Arangi Line (UGPL)

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 APPENDIX 92

APPENDIX

DISCLAIMER:

In this Appendix, the case studies of various Irrigation projects with piped Irrigation network in
the country and international experiences presented in the workshop on Pipe Irrigation Network
held in New Delhi in March 2017 have been given. The information presented is for illustrative
purpose only. The views/recommendations/comments expressed in the presentations are solely of
the Project Authorities/Authors, and these shall not be considered as part of Guidelines.

LIST OF PRESENTATIONS MADE IN THE PIPE IRRRIGATION NETWORK (PIN) WORKSHOP

1. STATUS OF PRESSURISED IRRIGATION PROJECTS (DELIVERING WATER UP TO 1 HA.) IN

MP
2. COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE BETWEEN OPEN CHANNEL AND PIPELINE, GUJARAT
3. SANCHORE PROJECT RAJASTHAN
4. PROJECTS EXECUTED BY PRIVATE AGENCIES IN INDIA
5. RAMTHAL PROJECT , KARNATAKA
6. PROJECTS IN MAHARASHTRA
7. MEGA LIFT IRRIGATION PROJECTS, CLUSTER NOS. - XII, SUNDERGARD AND JHARSUGUDA,
ODISHA
8. MOHANPURA MAJOR PROJECT, RAJGARH, MADHYA PRADESH
9. SARDAR SARVORAR (NARMADA PROJECT)
10. SOLAR POWERED COMMUNITY MICRO-IRRIGATION PROJECT, HOSHIARPUR, PUNJAB
11. TIKTOLI DISTRIBUTARY PIPE IRRIGATION PROJECT BY GRAVITY FLOW, GWALIOR,
MADHYA PRADESH
12. INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

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 APPENDIX 93

1. STATUS OF PRESSURISED IRRIGATION PROJECTS (DELIVERING WATER UP TO 1 HA.) IN MP

Main parameters of the Schemes

Cost/Ha
Sl.
Name of Projects (Rs lakhs)
No Power Cost (Cr)
CCA (ha) District UNIT- II
(MW) Unit-II
1 Sajali medium Project 9990 1.3
2 Pancham Nagar 9940 0 590.00 Damoh 1.69
3 Gopalpura 15060 0
4 Judi 8500 0.00 140.00 Damoh 1.65
5 Chhita Khudri 9600 1.20 147.00 Dindori 1.53
6 Hiran 8125 1.00 147.00 Dindori 1.81
7 Baghraji 2600 0.43 29.20 Dindori 1.12
8 Kharmer 9980 1.97 144.00 Dindori 1.44
9 Dindori 9920 3.10 176.00 Dindori 1.77
10 Bansujara 75000 3.50 896.00 Tikamgarh 1.19
11 Jamunia 10300 2.80 156.00 Chhindwara 1.51
12 Parasdoh 9990 3.00 140.00 Baitul 1.40
13 Chanderi 20000 10.80 334.00 Ashoknagar 1.67
14 Garoth 21400 5.30 352.00 Mandsaur 1.64
15 Thanwar Extension 7000 3.00 112.00 Mandla 1.60
16 Tawa Extension 28413 8.00 386.00 H'bad/Harda 1.36
17 Kotha Barrage 20000 9.00 320.00 Vidisha 1.60
18 Barkheda 9990 0.00 177.00 Dhar 1.77
19 Karam 9900 0.00 148.50 Dhar 1.50
20 Naigarhi 50000 15.00 883.00 Rewa 1.77
21 Ramnagar 20000 10.50 388.00 Satna 1.94
22 Kaith 5135 0.00 90.00 Sagar 1.75
23 Kadan 9990 1.40 180.00 Sagar 1.80
24 Tem 9990 0.00 160.00 Vidisha 1.60
25 Kundaliya 125000 55.00 2000.00 Rajgarh 1.60
26 Mohanpura 125000 47.00 1710.00 Rajgarh 1.37
Shivpuri/
27 Lower Orr 90000 15.00 1600.00 1.78
Datia
28 Gandhi Sagar, Suwasra 40000 16.30 800.00 Mandsour 2.00
29 Bhawasa 4030 0.00 75.00 Khandwa 1.86
30 Dargad 1950 0.00 24.00 Dindori 1.23
31 Kundiya C.E. 9440 0.00 165.00 Dhar
Projects
32 Uri C.E. NT 5000 1.60 86.00 Dhar
33 Aulliya C.E. NT 5700 1.30 92.00 Khandwa
34 Bham C.E. NT 6100 1.80 105.80 Khandwa
35 Karanjiya C.E. Seoni 9100 3.30 164.52 Dindori
Total 812143 223 12918 MP

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 APPENDIX 94

2. COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE BETWEEN OPEN CHANNEL AND PIPELINE, GUJARAT

Planned Cca In Ha Actual Irrigation In Ha % Actual Irrigation

Name Of
Project Open Pipe Open Pipe Open Pipe
Total
Channel Line Channel Line Channel Line
Ukai 59523 46722 9551 22450 2838 48 29
Karjan 45000 25000 20000 11000 1996 44 10
Watrak 18341 917 17341 600 2051 44 12
Mazam 4717 235 4482 99 700 42 16
Guhai 7111 0 7111 0 3756 - 53

3. SANCHORE PROJECT RAJASTHAN

The CCA has been increased from 1.35 lac hectare to 2.46 lac hectare i.e. 78% increased. No. Of villages benefited
for irrigation increased from 89 to 233. Drinking water facility in 1541 villages and 3 towns has been provided,
which was not proposed earlier. Increase in food production has been assessed 534 cr. to 2200 cr. i.e. 1666 cr.
(312%) based on year 2015-16.

Comparison of Cost between Piped Irrigation Network & Open Canal Networks
Analysis of rates for piped irrigation network for CCA of 100 ha
(A) Civil work Rs. In lacs
Cost of Diggie 6.18
Cost of Sump 1.70
Cost of Pump House & Boundary Wall 7.08
Total of Civil Work 14.96
(B) Mechanical work
Cost of 2 Nos. of Motor driven horizontal centrifugal pumping sets of discharge 12 3.00
LPS to 16 LPS including suction pipes, vacuum pumps, all valve, foot valve, foot
valve strainer with required pipes and fittings such as flanges, bends, tees,
reducers, enlargers, tail piece etc. and delivery pipes and its accessories, electric
control panel of 16 SWG(CRCA), Aluminum PVC insulated PVC sheathed
armoured cable including earthing two pits and providing and installaton of hydro
cyclone filter

(C) Supplying, laying, jointing, testing and commissioning of designing and planning Rs0.13538/Ha
of Buried HDPE pipe network or Rs13.538/100Ha

Cost of 100 Ha. of CCA RS 31.498 lac

(D) Erection of 11 KV S/C line on 33 KV insulation for 1 km. Rs 4.95 lacs

(E) Security Deposit for electrification Rs 0.55 lacs

Total Rs 36.998 lacs

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 APPENDIX 95

Rate per Hac Rs 36998/Ha

Assuming a chak of 100 ha. Rs.3699800.00

Typical Drawing of Pump Room , Sump Well & Diggi

Open canal Vs UGPL(Under Ground Pipeline) Cost comparison

Salient Features Of Khari-Paldi Minor-Ii
1. Name of Branch Canal Vejpur Branch Canal Vejpur Branch Canal

2. Name of Canal 8 Subminors Of Khari- 8 Subminors Of Khari-

Paldi Minor-Ii Of Abasan Paldi Minor-Ii Of
Sub Disty Of Abasan Abasan Sub Disty Of
Disty Abasan Disty
3. Region No. 12 12
4. Off taking chainage Of Minor 996 m 996 m
5. FSL of Distributary/Minor 46.248 m /46.098 m 46.248 m /46.098 m
6. GCA in Ha 426.16 426.16
7. CCA in Ha 336.29 336.29
8. Discharge in Cumecs 0.195 0.195
9. B.D.C. for Minor/Sub Minor 0.00058 0.00058
10. Design factor for Minor /Sub Minor 1 1
11. Type of Material for UGPL UPVC UPVC
12. Type of well RCC Circular well RCC Circular well
13. Length of Minor and Branch Minor(OPEN 2917 m 2917 m
CANAL)
14. Length of Sub Minor(UGPL) 12053 m 12053 m

Details Of Subminors Under Gravity Flow

1. CCA under Gravity flow in ha 49.5828 286.708

2. Length of subminors under Gravity flow in m 1528 10053

s3. Total cost of subminors under Gravity flow in 2380591 17866385

Rs.
4. Cost per ha of subminors under Gravity flow 48012 62316

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 APPENDIX 96

in Rs.

4. PROJECTS EXECUTED BY PRIVATE AGENCIES IN INDIA

IGNP Bikaner (Raj.)

Sundernagar (HP)
Pulivendula (A.P.)
Different Districts
SSNNL/ GWRDC
Tirunelveli (T.N.)

AMRP Nalgonda

Purna C.Bhaga

Balh Valley
Telangana)

(Gujarat )

Shiggaon
Location

LIMIP

KNNL
MRP

(MS)

(KS)
Area to be /
Irrigated 988 533 617 455 14,820 29600 5,817 24,453 37,050
(Ac)
Beneficiarie
600 180 200 216 5,000 10544 7,500 8,154 3,000
s
Canal
Water M.I. Canal Community Canal Canal Canal River Canal
(SSNN
Source Tank (AMRP) Tubewells (PBC) (Purna) (BBMB) (Varada) (IGNP)
L)
Cost Per
Acre 40,486 9,750 43,450 14,500 31,000 7,080 1,11,700 68,700 5,950
(In Rs.) *
Duration
6 12 9 6 4 26 36 26 12
(Mnth)
Handed
2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012
Over
Maintenanc
e
1 2 1 1 3 2 5 2 2
Contract
(Yrs.)
Pres.
Pres. &
System Pressurised Pressurised Drip / Gravity Pressurised
Gvty.
Type Drip / Sprinkler Drip Sprinkl Pipe Drip / Sprinkler
Sprinkler
er

Kandi
NCP Ramthal Cane Agro Nadaun
Integrated
Location Sanchore, Hungund Sangli Hamirpur
Kandi
(Raj.) (Kar.) (MS) (HP)
(Punjab)
Area to be /
3,38,400 30,381 2,009 1,642 7,360
Irrigated (Ac)

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 APPENDIX 97

Beneficiaries 40,000 7,382 1,255 1,200 3,000

Water Source Canal (Narmada) Canal Tank Canal Beas River

Cost Per Acre

8,190 1,27,000 1,36,706 2,49270 1,32,500
(In Rs.) *
Duration
21 24 12 12 24
(Mnth)
Handed Over In Progress In Progress In Progress In Progress In Progress
Maintenance
Contract 3 2 1 7 5
(Yrs.)
Solar
Pressurised Pressurised Pressurised Pressurised
System Type Powered
Drip / Sprinkler Drip Drip Sprinkler
Drip

5. RAMTHAL PROJECT, KARNATAKA

With an area of 11,700 Ha is a mega Community Drip Irrigation Project launched by KBJNL in Northern
Karnataka.
a) The uniqueness of this first of its kind, worlds largest Community Drip Irrigation Project
b) Mega Community Drip Irrigation Project 24000 Ha
c) Total beneficiaries in package I of project = 6700 farmers
d) Total infrastructure cost is borne by Govt.
e) Project execution time is only 18 months including monsoon
f) System operation is through wireless automation
g) O&M of the system for first 5 years
h) Formation of WUA & marketing linkages
i) Irrigation is only for partial command area – 80% during kharif season & 50% during rabi season
6. PROJECTS IN MAHARASHTRA

1. Gunjawani Project : Dam Head Available 42 m, Head utilized for pressurized PDS, Storage108 Mm3 , ICA
21400 ha, Chak Size 2.5 Ha, Residual Head 20 m, Totally PDS including Main line, Distribution network upto
drip point Compatible with drip, Water will be seen either at Dam or drip point at root zone.

Gunjawani Irrigation Project and Narayanpur LIS

Old New
1 Project Area in Ha 21400 21400

2 Chak Size 100 - 200 24 to 3

3 Local pond at Chak Yes No
4 Pipe Size mm 2700 2600
5 Total Quantity of Pipe Distribution Network From Dam to Chak 111 1015
Km
6 Equitable Distribution of Water & Pressure the OMS No Yes

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 APPENDIX 98

7 Water Meters @ 24Ha Chak No Yes

8 Central Control and Monitoring by HSCADA No Yes
9 Auto Filters Primary and Secondary for Micro Irrigation No Yes

10 Residual Pressure at 24Ha Chak m Ready for Micro Irrigation 2 20

11 Remote ON/OFF at 3Ha Sub-Chak No Yes
12 Wireless Energy less Communication System by Radio / GPRS No Yes

13 Vandalism Alerts No Yes

14 Pipe Leakage Alerts No Yes
15 SMS Alerts to Farmers No Yes

16 Officials can acess through Internet on their No Yes

computers/SmartPhones
17 Reports and Data Log available on Computer No Yes

18 Total Cost of the Project in Lakhs 98100 66645.34

19 Cost / Ha in Lakhs 4.58 3.11
20 Savings 31454.66

Head Regulator of Bhose Gravity Main

2. Bhose Distribution Network

Salient Features
Water Source Khanerajuri M.I. Tank (Dongarwadi L.I.Scheme)
Type Of Pipe : P.S.C. Pipes
Pipe Dia.: 1700 To 350 Mm
Pressure: 4 TO 8 Kg/Cm2
Design Disch. : 2.165 Cumec
Cost Of Work: 117 Crore
Work Period: 30 Months

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 APPENDIX 99

Year Of Commencement: 2014-15

No. Of Villages : 18
Total Command 4581 Ha
Chak Size 18 To 33 Ha
Total Outlets : 152
Cost Per Ha 2.55 akh

Pipe distribution network- kavathemahankal section of Bhose Distribution Nt

Main Gr. Line Distr. Network Total

Name Of Pipeline Irri.

Length Irri. Area Length Irri. Area Length
Area
(Km) (Ha) (Km) (Ha) (Km)
(Ha)
Bhose Gr. Line 19.80 394 63.15 4187 82.95 4581
Banewadi L.I. 0 23.21 1100 23.21 1100
Scheme
Ori. Gavan 0 13.60 645 13.6 645
L.I.Sceme
Extended Gavan 0 39.61 1999 39.61 1999
L.I.Sceme
Bedag Canal Dy-1 & 0 34.51 1864 34.51 1864
Dy-2
Kalambi Br Canal 0 42.54 3336 42.54 3336
Km 37 To 42
Total 19.80 394 216.60 13131 236.40 13525

Bhose pipe distribution network : benefits

 For canal expected land acquisition – 242 ha. Cost – rs. 48.80 cr.
 Actual land acquired for pipe distribution network – 33 ha. Cost rs. 6.60 cr.
 Saving due to pipe distribution network rs. 42.20 cr.
 The scheme is completed in time due to elimination of land acquisition bottleneck.
 Increase in velocity of flow resulted saving of 10 hrs in time to reach end of canal in each rotation.
 30 % reduction in conveyance losses resulting in 1.68 mcum saving of water per rotation that is about Rs.
8 lakh with present water charges.
 Less evaporation losses.
 Saving in yearly maintenance & repairs expenditure of canal.
 Less staff for irrigation management.
 Saving due to prevention of water theft.
 No damage to system components by miscreants such as breaking etc.
 Easy water management & effective collection of water charges.

Cost Analysis :

Sr. Description Total Area Cost Lakhs Cost per Ha in

No. (Ha) lakhs

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 APPENDIX 100

1 Total Area of Bhose Gravity Main 4581 11715.92 2.55

2 Malgaon Distributory 765 1151.02 1.50
3 Kalambi Distributory 518 831.59 1.60

4 Sub-Main 7 978 1633.37 1.67

5 Direct Minors < 200 Ha 1892 2448.37 1.29

 Recommended for consideration = 1.00 to 1.5 Lakhs / Ha

 No.of water user society formed …14
 Energy and other charages….Rs.8000/ acre
 Around 1300 ha irrigated out of which 700 ha Drip for horticulture

Details of Pipe Distribution Network :

Sr. Main Canal Discharge Pipe Type Length Gradient Velocity Total Total Cost
No /Branch Canal cum/sec Dia of in km of m/sec. ICA Cost / Ha
in Pipe Pipeline Ha Rs
mm Lakh
Bhose Gravity Main
A Main Canal /Branch Canal
1 Bhose Gravity 2.17 1700 P.S.C. 19.80 1 in 1328 1.07 4581 5651.57 1.23
Main to to to
0.05 350 0.52
B Distributary & Minors
a Malgaon Main 0.72 1000 P.S.C. 5.17 1 in 250 1.001 765 616.14 0.81
to to to
0.03 350 0.312
Sub Mains on 0.135 450 P.S.C. 6.18 1 in 141 0.936 396 534.88 1.35
Malgaon Main to to to to
0.055 350 1 in 75 0.312
b Kalambi Main 0.52 900 P.S.C. 5.26 1 in 133 0.916 518 548.62 1.06
to to to
0.03 350 0.312
Sub Mains on 0.08 350 P.S.C. 3.93 1 in 169 0.832 179 282.97 1.58
Kalambi Main to to to
0.03 1 in 115 0.312
c Sub Main-7 0.865 1100 P.S.C. 7.05 1 in 181 0.962 978 999.08 1.02
to to to
0.03 350 0.312
Sub Mains on 0.270 600 P.S.C. 8.45 1 in 339 0.955 430 634.29 1.48
Sub Main-7 to to to to
0.03 350 1 in 47 0.312
C Minors
Direct Sub 0.240 600 P.S.C. 27.08 1 in 130 1.196 1892 2448.37 1.29
Mains (Total - to to to to
14 No.) 0.03 350 1 in 35 0.312

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 APPENDIX 101

3. Tajnapur Lift Irrigation Scheme-Stage-II, Maharastra (Tal:- Shevgaon Dist. :- Ahamadnagar

Distribution System)

 Scheme is Designed based on , on-demand system, as per Clements theory.

 Chak Size of 8 ha is Designed. Total 6960 ha area will be irrigated through 873 outlets.
 Distribution system is divided in to Nine Zones.
 Out of total 873 Outlets , maximum 374 Outlets will be in operation@ a time. Discharge for each
Outlet 8.30 Lps.
 Secondary Pumping for Drip irrigation (For 8 Zones out of 9 Zones).
 Discharge for Chak – 8.30 LPS
 Water to every 8 Ha. Chak Area
 Division of Chak in to 12 to 16 sections.
 Main pipe Dia. And Sub Main Pipe dia,100 mm and 90 mm resp. In PVC
 Dripper capacity, 4 litre per hour.
 Distance between Dripper is 0.60m.
 Filter System to every Chak (Sand Filter and
 Screen Filter) Capacity 40 Cum/hr.
 Fertigation Capacity -30 Cum/hr.

7. MEGA LIFT IRRIGATION PROJECTS, CLUSTER NOS. - XII, SUNDERGARD AND JHARSUGUDA, ODISHA

Execution of 16 nos. of Lift Irrigation Schemes with intake points in Ibb, Sapei and Basundhara river having
Command area between 500Ha. to 2000 Ha. in Cluster No. XII in the district of Sundergarh and Jharsuguda
including its distribution network, up to 4 Ha Chak having total planned Culturable Command Area of 21,300 Ha.
on ―EPC –Turn Key‖ basis including power system connectivity and Operation & Maintenance of complete
commissioned schemes for five years
Details of works covered in the Scope of Work for each LI Scheme under the cluster is as below:
1. Intake works in the river with RCC pipe up to the Pump house including all river protection works.
2. Constructing Pump House with Panel Room & Operating rooms.
3. Approach roads to Pump House.
4. Ductile Iron Pipeline for Transmission of Water up to delivery chamber (optional), Surge Control Devices /
Water Hammer Control Devices, other appurtenances.

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 APPENDIX 102

5. Delivery chamber (optional) and the Irrigation Distribution Network through Ductile Iron (from 300 mm
diameter to 1200 mm diameter) and HDPE pipes (below 300 mm diameter).
6. O & M for Civil, Mechanical & Electrical Works for 5 years

Location Sundergarh and Jharsuguda Districts, Odisha

Area Irrigated, ha 21,300
Total Water Requirement(MCM) 20.3 cumec
Area irrigated(in ha) per MCM 21,300 ha (Total CCA)
Water Source Ibb, Sapei and Basundhara River
Project Cost 594.99 Crore
Cost per ha Rs. 2.79 Lakh
Operational cost per acre Not known
Date of commencement NIT No. 4877 (Bid identification no. 2 ML/2016-
17) dtd. 15-07-16
Period for Completion 30 months
Maintenance Contract 5 Years
System Type Mega Lift Irrigation
Status Under Execution

8. MOHANPURA MAJOR PROJECT, RAJGARH, MADHYA PRADESH

Supplying of water from Left bank Rising main system and delivering at farmer‘s field through the various
junctions/off takes from left bank rising mains by pressurized pipeline system for micro irrigation and in the
Culturable command area of 87000 hectare out of gross command area 135250 hectare (the entire compact and
contiguous possible arable area should be fully covered and any arable area found in excess should be dropped at
the tail end) indicated in the index map for Left Bank Micro Irrigation system under Mohanpura Project. It includes
all activities starting from survey, investigation, designing, procurement, construction, laying, installing, energizing,
etc of pumping system ,rising and gravity mains , main line, branch lines, distribution network ,controlling and
regulation system etc for supply of water for irrigation under pressure.

Location Rajgarh District, Madhya Pradesh

(latitude & Longitude of any off take point
Latitude 76 deg / 46 min / 37sec E
Longitude 23 deg / 57 min / 54 sec N
Area Irrigated, ha 87,000
Total Water requirement(MCM) 0.35 lt /sec /Ha
Area irrigated(in ha) per MCM 87,000 Ha (Total CCA)
Project Cost 976.97 Crore
Cost per ha Rs. 1.12 Lakh
Date of start NIT no.7578 dated 06.02.2017
Bid Submission date 16.05.2017
Period from Completion 36 months
System Type Pressurized Pipeline for Micro Irrigation
Status Under Execution

Note : All pipes of 300 mm dia and above – Ductile Iron / Mild Steel
Pipes less than 300 mm dia - Ductile Iron / Mild Steel / HDPE

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 APPENDIX 103

9. SARDAR SARVORAR (NARMADA PROJECT)

 75% Draught Prone area is covered under Narmada command

 Out of allocated water share of 9.0 MAF, 7.94 MAF for Irrigation
(88.23%), 0.86 MAF (9.55%) for Domestic and 0.2 MAF (2.22%) for
Industrial use.
 The Project is Supplying Drinking water to 9490 villages and 173 urban
centers.

Failure due to :
 Micro level Land fragmentation
 Drainage issues
 Obstruction in Transportation path

Milestone achievement in the history of irrigation.

• Total 6.17 lakh hectare area in 1 ½ Years is covered under UGPL Subminor by June 2016.
• Against, total 20.80 Lakh Hectare area have been covered by Subminor/field channel etc. in 11th Five Years
Plan. (website of MoWR,RD& GR)
Issue Faced And Policy Decesion Taken To Achieve The Milestone -Main Recommendations Made By
Expert Group (2010)
• Conventional open channel should be adopted for Sub-Minors except for the topographical constraints
(UGPL).
• SSNNL should acquire land for Sub-Minors by paying compensation.
• SSNNL should adopt the Micro Irrigation System [MIS] at the Subchak level.
• PPP model should be adopted for MIS
• Pilot Project in area like Rajasthan can be done for study
• Report of the Expert Group for Strategy for the Accelerated Development of SardarSarovar Project
Command Area, May 2010
• Chairman : Shri B. N. Navalawala, Adviser (WR) to Hon‘ble Chief Minister
• Report of the Expert Group for Strategy for the Accelerated Development of SardarSarovar Project
Command Area, May 2010

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Connecting the Last Mile through Underground Pipelines

Milestone achievement in the history of irrigation.
• Total 6.17 lakh hectare area in 1 ½ Years is covered under UGPL Subminor by June 2016.
• Against, total 20.80 Lakh Hectare area have been covered by Subminor/field channel etc. in 11th Five Years
Plan. (website of MoWR,RD& GR)
Issue Faced And Policy Decesion Taken To Achieve The Milestone -Main Recommendations Made By
Expert Group (2010)
• Conventional open channel should be adopted for Sub-Minors except for the topographical constraints
(UGPL).
• SSNNL should acquire land for Sub-Minors by paying compensation.
• SSNNL should adopt the Micro Irrigation System [MIS] at the Subchak level.
• PPP model should be adopted for MIS
• Pilot Project in area like Rajasthan can be done for study
• Report of the Expert Group for Strategy for the Accelerated Development of SardarSarovar Project
Command Area, May 2010
• Chairman : Shri B. N. Navalawala, Adviser (WR) to Hon‘ble Chief Minister
• Report of the Expert Group for Strategy for the Accelerated Development of SardarSarovar Project
Command Area, May 2010
Major Challenge for Speedy completion of Sub-Minors

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 APPENDIX 105

Pre-Policy Scenario 2012

• Sub-Minors of 38,000 km / 13.7 lac ha to be executed
• 19,000 ha land to be acquired for Sub-Minors – without any compensation as per extant Policy
• 3 lac farmers will be affected against 86,000 beneficiary farmers by fragmentation of farmland upto Minors
• Availability of borrow areas / contractors / laborers for canal construction ?
• Implementation period of about 6 - 7 years
• Poor response for participation by beneficiariesPilo
• Flood Prone Delta Region of Sabarmati River–UGPL Distributaries/Minors/Sub-Minors of Dholka Branch
Canal for about 30,000 Ha area is partially completed.
• Draught Prone Region Near Tharadfor about 5000 Ha Area is completed.

Results of Pilot Projects is found satisfactory Line (UGPL) –Implementation

• Consultation with Beneficiary Farmers after finalizing Chak and Sub-chak(>2,80,000 so far)
• Fixing the UGPL Alignment and locations of Turnouts
• Preparation of Drawings
• Preparation of Estimates
• Technical Sanction to the Estimates
• Collecting 2.5% contribution from the Beneficiary Farmers
• Issuance of Letter of Intent (LOI)
• Issuance of Work Order
• Tri-partite Agreement (Farmers, Agency & SSNNL)
• Payment of 5% Security Deposit by the Agency

Conclusion (Pumping at off-take point)

 Higher velocity is obtained.
 Lower diameter of pipe is needed.
 Depth of Cutting (Excavation) and pipe length is reduced.
 Chances of Silting in underground pipe is Less.
 Only one pump set is required instead of multi pump sets.
 Saving in cultivable land at every turnout point.
 Construction of well at turnout points is avoided.
 Less maintains in long run of project.
 Cost of construction of sub-minor can be reduced in between Rs 10000 to 17000 per hectare.la

a) To plan Chaks(40-60ha)/Sub-Chaks(5-8ha) suitable to Rotational Water Distribution Schedule (RWS).

b) Alignment of UGPL Sub minor is selected, crossing the contour to avail sufficient head to overcome
frictional losses in pipe flow.
c) Turnout outlet is kept on highest point of subchak command as to serve the command area effectively.
d) As far aspossible Length of Subminor is kept minimum without compromising the efficiency of UGPL
network system

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 APPENDIX 106

Input
a) Sub chak name and its chainage.
b) CCA of chak.
c) Available FSL of Parent Canal.
d) Ground Level at Turnout of Sub chak command.
Output
a) Design Discharge of the Sub minor.
b) Head loss due to friction in pipeline (Using Modified Hazen-William formula).
c) Available FSL and Required FSL at Turnout point.
d) Flow Condition of subminor i.e.Gravity Flow or Lift flow.
e) Height of Well

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Diameter of pipeline was selected considering the following points:

a) Velocity was kept between 0.5-1.5 m/s.
b) Height of well not to exceed 5.00 mt
c) To ensure priority for Gravity flow condition with minimum diameter
d) In Lift condition minimum diameter is ensured with in the allowed height of well (about5.00mt) and
maximum velocity.
e) L-Section of Sub-Minor is generated at 30 m intervals.

10. SOLAR POWER COMMUNITY MICRO-IRRIGATION PROJECT, HOSHIARPUR, PUNJAB

i. Largest Solar Powered lift-cum-micro irrigation project in the world.

ii. Total cost of Rs. 40.94 Crores.
iii. Gross area 734 hectare, out of which cultivable area is 664 ha for which assured irrigation will be provided
using micro irrigation systems.
iv. Will benefit 1200 farming families in 14 villages.
v. Project divided into 5 sub-schemes, which have been further divided into 18 zones of about 35-40 ha area
each.
vi. Total 15.7 cusecs water to be lifted from Kandi Canal at three different locations.
vii. 3798 solar panels generating 1.1 MW are powering 46 solar pumps of 15 to 23 hp capacity
viii. Irrigation to be provided through micro irrigation system only
ix. Each section will have an automatic valve, connected to a centralized controller to control the supply
period to the farmers.
x. 9 village ponds in command area to be used as storage tanks.
xi. The system designed to run for 8-10 hours a day. However, during summer when water requirement is
more, the day length is also more.
xii. Distribution system consists of 7.3 kms long underground HDPE pipes with diameter varying from 450
mm to 180mm
xiii. 60 kms PVC line to be laid down for distribution of water to individual sections having an area of 2-2.5 ha
each.

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xiv. No power bill for the farmers, project to be operated and maintained by Department of Soil and Water
Conservation, Punjab in association with the executing entity i.e. Jain Irrigation Systems Limited for seven
years.
xv. The beneficiaries farmers have been organized into a Water User Association (WUA) which can even have
an arrangement with the PSPCL to purchase power during low demand periods.

11. TIKTOLI DISTRIBUTARY PIPE IRRIGATION PROJECT BY GRAVITY FLOW, GWALIOR, MADHYA PRADESH

i. Location: Hastinapur Village, Morar Tehsil, Gwalior District (MP)

ii. Cultural Command Area of 3170 hectares
iii. Benefited Villages: 40 Nos
iv. Proposed Crops: Wheat, Gram & Mustard
v. Head Discharge: 1.427 Cumec
vi. Supply of water for irrigation upto 1 ha Chalk under gravity pressure
vii. Source: Harsi High Level Canal (with discharge capacity of 10.94 cumec and FSD 1.75m)
viii. Minimum dia of carrier pipe 1100 mm
ix. Pipe material ; PCCP/Spirally Wound PE/PP Pipes (Generally Conforming to IS-16098 Part-2)
x. Minimum residual head of 1.5m for 1 ha Chalk with duty 0.45 ltr/sec/ha. Discharge at 1 Hac Chalk head
should be 10 times the specified duty.
xi. Construction of underground pipe line and distribution network for micro-irrigation upto 1ha Chalk by
gravity flow including inline structures, Scouring Sluices and other Miscellaneous works with On/Off
Valves at every 2.5Ha Chak.
xii. Estimated Cost Rs 3947.21 Lacs

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 APPENDIX 109

12. INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

CHINA
China Could save 30 % of water delivered, 2-4% land, 25% labour input as compared to open canal system.8.91
Mha under Piped irrigation ( 22% of total saved irrigation area), amounting to 15% of total irrigation area.
Design standards:
a) First Stage: Working pressure maintained at <0.2 MPa, Applicable for low pressure pipe irrigation schemes
with ground water as source.
b) Second Stage: Working pressure maintained at <0.4 MPa, Applicable for low pressure pipe irrigation
schemes.(Applied to well irrigation schemes, pumping irrigation schemes & gravity irrigation schemes in
mountainous regions for command area < 80 Ha).
c) Third Stage: Working pressure maintained at <1.0 MPa & Outlet pressure at most unfavorable pt. not to exceed
0.02 MPa. Applicable for new expanded and rebuilded pipe irrigation projects.
Choice of pipe material:
a) If pipe internal dia < 400 MM (PE(Polyethylene pipes) to be used.
b) If pipe internal dia> 400 MM (Concrete Pipes, PRC, GRP (Glass fibre reinforced plastic), DIP (Ductile Iron
Pipes) to be used.
c) Nominal pressure of chosen pipe material should not be less than the sum of design working pressure and water
hammer pressure.
d) When the sulphate concentration in soil exceeds 1%, concrete pipes and metal pipes should not be used.
Technical Parameters Followed:
a) Probability of irrigation water requirement should not be lower than 75％.
b) Design value of pipe network water efficiency should not be lower than 0.95.
c) Design value of water efficiency at farm level should not be lower than 0.90, for rice irrigation, not lower than
0.95.

AUSTRALIA

GOULBURN-MURRAY WATER (GMW) IRRIGATION PROJECT OVERVIEW

a) Operational Area – GMID = 11,000km2

b) GMW Connections is the largest irrigation modernisation project in Australia.
c) $2 billion investment to create a more efficient automated water delivery network and deliver improved
customer service levels
d) upgrading and automating backbone channels and meters
e) reducing the size of the channel network
f) reconnecting properties to the upgraded backbone channel system through individual and shared connections
g) funded by the Commonwealth and Victorian Governments most significant upgrade to the region‘s irrigation
infrastructure in 100 years.
h) When complete, average annual water savings of 429GL will be achieved and irrigation water use efficiency
will be increased from about 70 per cent to 85 per cent.
i) investigating and delivering special environmental projects
j) reducing the increase in GMW infrastructure to minimize whole of life costs and customer prices
k) boosting regional economies

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (Part-I) (2017)
PART-II

OUTLET TO FIELD

This Part covers the Portion below the

Outlet to Field / Micro Irrigation i.e.
below Minor Pipeline up To Micro
Irrigation System in the Field

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (part-II) (2017)
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (part-II) (2017)
 CHAPTER-11
11. OUTLET TO FIELD

irrigation projects with piped irrigation (drip &

11.1 General
sprinkler systems), guidelines are required. The
The purpose of providing piped network is to guidelines for the pressurised piped network below
provide timely and adequate supply of water to minor- i.e. outlet onwards, sump pump and
each holding by avoiding seepage and leakages pressure points for different chak sizes have been
through open channels. described below.
In comparison to canal network/flow irrigated
11.3 Major Components:
areas, piped network systems clubbed with Drip or
Sprinkler irrigation systems depending upon the a) Water storage tank
type of crop offer following advantages:
a) Higher crop productivity b) Pumping unit
b) Higher water use efficiency
c) Filtration unit
c) Reliable water supply
d) Uniformity of water application: d) HDPE pipe network
e) No land acquisition
f) No land levelling required e) Hydrant/Outlet assembly
g) Faster implementation time
f) Sprinkler irrigation system
11.2 Formulation of Guidelines for
The sequence of the above components are
Pressurised Piped Network
depicted in the picture shown below ( Figure-
Govt. of India is now giving emphasis on 11.1).
implementation of pressurized piped irrigation
system in all canal commands. For appraisal of

Figure 11.1 Systematic layout of the components

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 OUTLET TO FIELD 113

Pumping System to lift the stored water from tank

11.4 Water storage tank
through pipelines.
Water from outlet will be delivered into storage In case of solar pumping system, per day irrigation
like sump/pond to regulate the supply of water in time may be approximately 8 to10 Hrs. The
the field through drip or sprinkler system. Ideally, advantages of solar pumping are given below :
large storage should be created near the outlet(s) so • Solar energy is available in
as to provide higher flexibility in operation. abundance.
However, the land is precious resource and sump • Works independent of grid
size needs to be optimised. One open tank on the availability
surface or an overhead tank depending upon the • No running costs.
topography and economic considerations may be • Good quality and reliability
provided nearby Minor outlet. Presently, canals • Easy to install
and branches are designed for a 14 days rotation • Low maintenance
(irrigation interval may vary) including a 12 day • Environment friendly, free from
running and a 2 day closure. The objective of the noise and pollution.
storage tank is to provide the storage and good • Suitable for low yielding bore wells
flow condition to the pump. Depth of underground A typical picture of pumping unit with solar
tank may be approximately 2m and plastic system is shown in Figure-11.3.
mulching may be provided to avoid any seepage.
However, the possibility for construction of the
overhead tank should also be explored. A typical
picture of storage tank is shown in Figure-11.2.

Figure 11.3 Pumping unit with solar system

11.6 Filtration unit
It helps infiltration of water for micro irrigation to
Figure 11.2 Water storage tank prevent clogging due to physical and biological
11.5 Pumping unit impurities present in the water source. There are
many types of filters like Sand filter, Disc filter etc.
Pumping unit is essential for supplying the water Type of filter should be selected keeping in view
under pressure to the system and to maintain the water quality and type of sediments.
residual pressure at each node/nozzle/dripper. Specifications should confirm to relevant BIS codes
Sometimes, special electrical lines need to be (Annex-III). A typical picture of filtration unit is
provided to supply electricity to pumping units shown in Figure-11.4.
along the canal. An alternate could be a Solar

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 OUTLET TO FIELD 114

11.8 Hydrant/Outlet assembly

Hydrant / Outlet assembly should be provided at field
level for irrigation. The minimum required pressure
(2.5 to 3 kg/cm2) should be maintained on each
Hydrant/Outlet to operate both types of micro
irrigation systems (Sprinkler/Drip). A typical picture
of Hydrant / Outlet assembly is shown in Figure-11.6.

Figure 11.4 Filtration unit

11.7 Piped line distribution network
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene)or some other
material pipeline for water conveyance from water
storage tank up to hydrant / outlet may be used
which should be buried at least 3 feet below the
surface.
The BIS code for HDPE pipes is
IS4984:1995.However, pipe material may be
adopted depending upon topography, available
hydraulic head and the cost involved as per the Figure 11.6 Typical picture of Hydrant / Outlet
provisions given in relevant BIS codes. A typical assembly
picture of Piped line distribution network is shown 11.9 Estimation of horse power of
in Figure-11.5. pumping unit
After finalization of dimensions of main, sub-mains
and laterals, the pump capacity may be decided as per
the procedure explained below.
Total pressure head drop in meters due to friction
(Hf) = Friction head loss of main + Friction head
loss of sub-mains + friction head loss of laterals.
The frictional head loss may be calculated by
Hazen William‘s formula given as under:

10.67𝑄1.85 𝐿
𝐻𝑓 =
𝐶 1.85 𝑑 4.87
Where,
𝑕𝑓 = Head loss in metre (water) over the
Figure 11.5 Piped line distribution network length of pipe
𝐿 =Length of pipe in metre
𝑄 = Volumetric flow rate in m3/s
𝐶 = Pipe roughness coefficient

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 OUTLET TO FIELD 115

Development Division of FAO may be used for the

Rabi Kharif calculation of crop water requirements based on
(Drip Irrigation) (Sprinkler Irrigation) soil, climate and crop.
Crop Area Crop Area(ha) Model computations for 5000 ha areas have been
(ha) carried out to design the water tank and pumping
Wheat 2500 Paddy 2000 capacity. Following cropping patterns shown in the
Pulses 1000 Maize 1700 table-1 have been adopted to compute the peak
Vegetables 500 Groundnut 550 water requirements in Rabi and Kharif season.
Barley 500 Vegetables 750
Mustard 500 Field application efficiency has been adopted as
Total 5000 Total 5000 90% in case of drip and 75% in case of sprinkler
𝑑 = Inside diameter (m) irrigation. The total water requirement has been
Table- 11.1 Cropping pattern for Rabi & Kharif computed and details are enclosed as Annex-I (for
Rabi season with drip irrigation) and Annex-II
Operating pressure head required at the dripper = (for Kharif season with sprinkler
𝐻𝑒 in meters. irrigation).The peak water requirement works out
Total static head (The algebraic sum of static as 5.56cumec.
suction head and static discharge head) = 𝐻𝑠 in
meters 11.12 Size of Storage Tank
Total Pumping Head (𝐻) = 𝐻𝑓 + 𝐻𝑒 + 𝐻𝑠
Therefore, the micro irrigation system shall be
Discharge of main = 𝑑𝑚 litres / designed for the maximum requirement of 5.56
sec cumec during the Kharifseason.
Efficiency* (overall) = (50% in the Water required for one day = 5.56*24*3600 =
case of electric pump, 40% in the case of diesel 4,80,384 cum say 4,80,000 cum
pump) A tank of 4,80,000m3 capacity can be provided.
Capacity of the pump (in Horsepower) Keeping the depth of the tank as 2.0 m, the size
𝐻 x 𝑑𝑚
= 75 x e works out as 600m X 400 m. There may be
multiple storage tanks depending upon the
(*Efficiency may vary depending upon the type availability of land and site conditions.
and make of the pump)
11.13 Capacity of Pump
11.10 Model Computations for 5000 Ha If the average working hour of pump set is taken as
Command Area 8 hours per day(may vary depending upon power
For design of the system, following steps are to be availability) so that uninterrupted irrigation may
followed:- continue for 8 hours even in areas where power
shut - offs are frequent, the discharge required
11.11 Estimation of Peak Crop Water would be as below:
Requirement Pumping rate = 5.56*24/8= 16.68 cumec or say
Penman-Monteith equation should be used for 16680 litre per sec (lps)
computing evapotranspiration. However, Modified
Penman method may be used where extensive data
is not available. CROPWAT, a decision support
tool developed by the Land and Water
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (part-II) (2017)
 OUTLET TO FIELD 116

S. Total static head In (m)

No.
1 Depth of water in the 2
tank
2 Outlet level above 3
ground level
3 Friction loss in pipes, 2 (assumed)
bends, foot valves etc.
(Depending upon the
type of pipes, dia etc.)
4 Friction loss in 2
fertigation and
filtration
5 Minimum operating 30 m
head required (For sprinkler
2.5 kg/cm2 to 3
kg/cm2)
Total 39 m
Table-11.2 Parameters to compute capacity of
pump
The HP of pumpset required is based upon design
discharge and total operating head. The total head
is the sum of total static head and friction losses in
the system as shown below in the table-2.
Capacity of the pump (in Horsepower)=

16680 x 39
75 x 0.5
= 17347 say 17350 HP

11.14 Micro-Irrigation system

These systems are basically tailor made and their
design depend on area to be irrigated, type of crop,
crop spacing etc. In this regard, the detailed
operational guidelines have already been evolved
by National Mission for Micro Irrigation (NMMI)
under Ministry of agriculture, Govt. of India
during year 2010.
All the spare parts must confirm to the relevant
BIS codes (Annex-III).

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APPENDIX
Annex-I
Crop Water requirements for Rabi season (Drip Irrigation)
Wheat Pulses Vegetables Barley Mustard Total

Month days Area Water Area Water Area Water need Area Water Area Water Area Water
(In ha) need (In ha) need (In ha) (cumec) (In ha) need (In ha) need (In need
(cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec) ha) (cumec)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Oct-I 1 to 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 to
Oct-II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20
21 to
Oct-III 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31
Nov-I 1 to 10 2500 0.12 0 500 0 500 0 500 0 4000 0.12
11 to
Nov-II 2500 0.57 1000 0 500 0 500 0 500 0 5000 0.57
20
21 to
Nov-III 2500 0.85 1000 0 500 0 500 0 500 0 5000 0.85
30
Dec-I 1 to 10 2500 1.05 1000 0 500 0 500 0 500 0 5000 1.05
11 to
Dec-II 2500 1.10 1000 0 500 0.17 500 0 500 0.11 5000 1.37
20
21 to
Dec-III 2500 1.19 1000 0 500 0.21 500 0 500 0.17 5000 1.56
31
Jan-I 1 to 10 2500 1.05 1000 0.12 500 0.19 500 0 500 0.19 5000 1.54
Jan-II 11 to 2500 1.02 1000 0.14 500 0.19 500 0 500 0.21 5000 1.55
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20
21 to
Jan-III 2500 0.96 1000 0.00 500 0.22 500 0 500 0.25 5000 1.42
31
Feb-I 1 to 10 2500 0.56 1000 0.20 500 0.20 500 0.13 500 0.24 5000 1.32
11 to
Feb-II 2500 0.15 1000 0.33 500 0.05 500 0.22 500 0.25 5000 0.99
20
21 to
Feb-III 2500 0 1000 0.38 500 0 500 0.22 500 0.21 5000 0.80
28
Mar-I 1 to 10 2500 0 1000 0.63 500 0 500 0.31 500 0.21 5000 1.15
11 to
Mar-II 2500 0 1000 0.69 500 0 500 0.35 500 0.13 5000 1.16
20
21 to
Mar-III 2500 0 1000 0.83 500 0 500 0.41 500 0 5000 1.24
31
Apr-I 1 to 10 2500 0 1000 0.82 500 0 500 0.41 500 0 5000 1.22
11 to
Apr-II 2500 0 1000 0.70 500 0 500 0.37 500 0 5000 1.06
20
21 to
Apr-III 2500 0 1000 0.29 500 0 500 0.21 500 0 5000 0.49
30
May-I 1 to 10 2500 0 1000 0 500 0 500 0.05 0 4500 0.05
Max 1.56

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 APPENDIX 119

Crop Water requirements for Kharif season (Sprinkler Irrigation) Annex-II

Month days Paddy Maize Groundnut Vegetables Total

Water Water Water Water
Area Area Area Area Area Water need
need need need need
(In ha) (In ha) (In ha) (In ha) (In ha) (cumec)
(cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec)
1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
May-III 21 to 31 2000 4.41 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 4.41
Jun-I 1 to 10 2000 5.56 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 5.56
Jun-II 11 to 20 2000 0.52 1700 0.081 550 0.04 750 0.09 5000 0.72
Jun-III 21 to 30 2000 0.36 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 0.36
Jul-I 1 to 10 2000 0.23 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 0.23
Jul-II 11 to 20 2000 0.05 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 0.05
Jul-III 21 to 31 2000 0.34 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 0.34
Aug-I 1 to 10 2000 0.15 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 0.15
Aug-II 11 to 20 2000 0.36 1700 0.14 550 0 750 0 5000 0.50
Aug-III 21 to 31 2000 0.03 1700 0.39 550 0.11 750 0.035 5000 0.56
Sep-I 1 to 10 2000 0.00 1700 0.03 550 0 750 0 5000 0.03
Sep-II 11 to 20 2000 0.09 1700 0 550 0 750 0 5000 0.09
Sep-III 21 to 30 2000 0.00 1700 0.07 550 0.05 750 0.17 5000 0.30
Oct-I 1 to 10 2000 0.00 1700 0 550 0.07 750 0 5000 0.07
Oct-II 11 to 20 2000 0.00 1700 550 0.12 750 0 5000 0.12
Oct-III 21 to 31 2000 1700 550 0.05 750 0 5000 0.05
Max 5.56 cumec

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 APPENDIX 120

Annex-III
The various BIS codes for different components of the system are tabulated as under-
S.No Component description BIS code
1 Polyethylene pipe for irrigation-Laterals with amendments number 5 IS 127886:1989(reaffirmed 1998)

2 Emitters IS 13487 : 1992

3 Emitting pipes system IS 13488 : 2008

4 Strainer type filters IS 13488 : 2008

5 Irrigation equipment rotating sprinkler Part II, Test IS 12232 (Part IS 12232 (Part II) 1995
II) Method for uniformity of distribution (1 st revision)(amendment
1)(including rain gun)
6 Polyethylene micro tubes for drip system IS 14482:1997

7 Fertiliser and chemicals injection system Part venture injector IS 14483(Part 1)

8 Micro Sprayers IS 14605: 1998

9 Media Filters IS 14606: 1998
10 Hydro Cyclone separators IS 14743: 1999

11 PVC pipes for water supply IS 4985 – 1999

12 Irrigation equipment sprinkler pipes specifications IS 14151 (Part IS 14151 (Part I) 1999
I)1999 Part I Polyethylene pipes
13 Irrigation equipment sprinkler pipes specifications IS 14151 (Part II) 1999
Part II quick couples Polyethylene pipes
14 Quality of Irrigation water IS 11624 : 1986
15 HDPE Pipes IS 4984 : 1995
16 Moulded PVC Fittings IS 7834 : 1987
17 GI and MS Fittings IS 1879 : 1987
18 GM Valves IS 778 : 1984
19 CI Non Return Valves IS 778 : 1984
20 Fabricated PVC Fittings IS 10124 : 1988
21 GI Pipes IS 1879 : 1987
22 Sluice Valves IS 780: 1984
23 PE Fabricated Fittings IS 8360: 1977
24 PE Moulded Fittings IS 808: 2003
25 PVC Foot Valves and NRV IS 10805: 1986
26 Irrigation equipment rotating sprinkler Part I, IS 12232 (Part I) 1996
Design and Operational requirements (1st revision)
27 Design, Installation and Field evaluation of MIS IS 10799: 1999
28 Prevention and treatment of blockages problems IS 14791: 2000
in drip irrigation systems

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 APPENDIX 122

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (part-II) (2017)
 COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITEE 123

COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITEE

CHAIRMAN
1. Sh. S.Masood Husain, Member (WP&P), Central Water Commission.

MEMBERS

2. Sh. T.K. Sivarajan, Chief Engineer, Design (N&W), CWC.

3. Sh.Navin Kumar, Chief Engineer, IMO, CWC.
4 Chief Engineer, PAO, CWC – Member Secretary of the Committee
5. Dr. Manoj Khanna, Principal Scientist, WTC, IARI, New Delhi.
6. Sh. Pawan, Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS), New Delhi.
7. Sh. R. Cheluvaraju, Chief Engineer, WRD, KNNL, Govt. of Karnataka.
8. Sh. V. M. Kulkurni, (Representative, WRD, Govt. of Maharashtra).
9. Representative, WRD, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.
10. Representative, WRD, Govt. of Telangana.
11. Sh. Vinod Shah, WRD, Govt. of Rajasthan.
12. Sh. K.B. Parmar, Chief Engineer, SSNNL, Govt. of Gujarat.
13. Sh. Somnath Jadhav, Sr. Vice President, (Representative, Jain Irrigation System Ltd.)

SPECIAL INVITEES:

1. Mr.Surinder Makhija, Jain Irrigation, New Delhi.

2. Mr.B.K.Labh,V.P, Jain Irrigation, New Delhi.
3. Mr.Hemant Dhumal, Superintending Engineer, Pune,(WRD Maharashtra)
4. Mr.Sabarna Roy, Electrosteel Castings Limited, Kolkata.
5. Mr.Sudipto Lahiri, Electrosteel Castings Limited, Kolkata.
6. Mr.Rajan Patil, Jindal SAW Limited, Maharashtra.
7. Mr.Maneesh Kumar, Jindal SAW Limited, Maharashtra.

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (part-II) (2017)
 REFERENCES 124

REFERENCES

i) IS 11639 (Part 1) : 1986 - Structural Design of Penstocks

ii) IS 5822 :1994 - Code of Practice for Laying of Electrically Welded Steel Pipes for

Water Supply

iii) IS 10698(Part 2):2013 Structured-Wall Plastic Piping Systems.

iv) Part 636 Structural Engineering – National Engineering Handbook issued by US

Department of Agriculture (Chapter 52 – Structural Design of Flexible Conduits)

v) ISO 10803 : 2011

vi) TR4 : Plastic Pipe Institute

vii) Manual on water supply and treatment by central public health and environmental

engineering organization (CPHEEO) under Ministry of Urban Development

viii) Book on Water supply engineering by S.K. Garg.

ix) Rural Irrigation System design standards code of practice of Australia

x) IS 11750-1985 Criteria for Hydraulic Design Of Irrigation Intake Structures

xi) Pipe Distribution System for Irrigation Manual by INCID (1998)

xii) FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 44 “Design and Optimization of Irrigation

Distribution Networks”,1988

xiii) FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 59 “Performance Analysis of On-demand

Pressurized Irrigation Systems”,2000

xiv)PIN Workshop (held in March 2017 at CWC) presentation material

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (part-II) (2017)
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (2017)
 CONTACT INFORMATION

CHIEF ENGINEER, CHIEF ENGINEER,

DESIGNS(N&W) UNIT IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ORGANISTION
CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION
SEWA BHAWAN, RK PURAM SEWA BHAWAN, RK PURAM
NEW DELHI-110 066 NEW DELHI-110 066
Ph:011-26100806 Ph:011-26195519

Guidelines for Planning and Design of Piped Irrigation Network (2017)

 CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION
MINSITRY
Guidelines OF WATER
for Planning RESOURCES,
and Design RIVER
of Piped Irrigation DEVELOPMENT
Network (2017) & GANGA REJUVENATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NEW DELHI