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Soviet Guards
by John Astell
 -

Origins '90
Atlanta
June 28, 29, 30, & July 1 at the
downtown Hilton, in Atlanta, Georgia
Convention Information (to get advance
registration, and all the rest) just call:
404-925-2813
24 Hours a day!
Atlanta Hilton & Towers reservations can
be made by calling:
404-659-2000
 (5mm a
The Official Magazine of the Europe System
(No. 12 March/April 1990]
CONTENTS
GRID BRIEFING
by Winston Hamilton ...................................................... 2
SITUATION REPORT— From the Editor
by Rick Gayler ................................................................. 3
IT'S HOW YOU PLAY THE GAME: (Hints on play)
Constructive Engineer Operations
by Tom Johnson ............................................................. 4

COMPUTER ASSISTED EUROPA

by Mark Van Roekel ........................................................6
INSIDE EUROPA
by John Astell ................................................................. 7

FACTS BEHIND THE COUNTERS

by Shelby L. Stanton ....................................................13
SOVIET GUARDS - Part II
by John M. Astell
.......................................................... 17
HEXAGON WAR: Strategy and the Europa System
by Mark Pitcavage ......................................................... 24
TOURING THE EUROPA SEASHORE
by A.E. Goodwin ........................................................... 27
THE SPANISH ARMY AT THE END OF THE MONARCHY
by John J. Gee .............................................................. 30
EXchange ...................................................................... 37
RULES COURT ...............................................................39
NEW SECOND FRONT DRAFT Ulc .................................. 40

EUROPAFEST II REPORT 8! Preregistration Form

by Mark Swenholt..................................................... 41-42
Credits: Layout-WJ Hamilton; Magazine Designer-John Greer; Cover Illus-
tration: Soviet Guards emblem by WJ Hamilton Special thanks to Cathy Brown,
Florence Trease, Janice Hardison, Carolyn Huedepohl, Gary Puts, Jean
Benesh. Janet Berry, Barb Miller, Janet Keenan, and Ron Ross. Scanning:
Microtek MSF 300G - Layout on an Apple llcx using a LaserWriter IINT and
Ready Set Go”. "Remember. the threat of enemy action is always greater than
the actual action, unless you are the one being shot at."
Page 2

GRID BRIEFING
by Winston Hamilton

Oops! players of the series. We certainly participated in the contests (over

Last issue we ran out of space want to continue to do that. We 70 entrants) and hope that this
and Shelby Stanton was gracious also want to build the market for next little contest will generate as
enough to allow us to delay his WWII games and bring in new much interest. The next guy ain't
regular column one issue, for Europa players. so easy, but will tell you he set
I

which we are very grateful. Run- the stage for a movement using a
ning out of space is sometimes a That being said, you will see the forum that has generated a great
good thing, sometimes not a good mini-mag/catalog appearing at deal of controversy and money
thing. In any event we thank your local hobby store sometime over the years. He was unique in
Shelby for allowing us to resche- later this year. We will expend his approach, was a crook beyond
dule his column, which appears every effort to promote the hobby doubt, and backed the wrong side

fi—fi
herein. in general and Europa in particlar. of the political movements of the
day.
OUR MARKET PLACE THE CAMPAIGN BEGINS
AND PLAN As was stated in the previous
As our dear friend from Space
Balls, Yogurt, sez: "Marketing,
magazine, our system should be
voted into the Hall of Fame at GHOST OF
marketing, marketing." That's
what 1990 will see us doing in a
Origins '91 to be held in Baltimore
that year. This means that our
EUROPA
very aggressive way. campaign to get that done must
start soon. In the next issue of the Here is our latest edition for
We are publishing a mini-mag/ magazine more details will be the bad guys column of
catalog that will be distributed to given on just how we can accom— Europa Ghosts. He is a yan—
retailers in the United States. It plish this. Remember, before
will have the specs on what our there was an Origins Europa was kee,and apreachervvho
system is, what it represents, and in print and being played. It is the preyed on the populce of a
how it fits into the market. To most lasting historical game/ counUy. Heisthefkstofa
create maximum exposure it will system/product that has been out bunch of rascals we have been
be handed out free through retail there being played by the public. subjected to since he first did
hobby stores. This promotional Let's get behind the effort to have his thing. What is his name,
piece will run about twelve to it become the first game voted
twenty pages and have a hard into the Hall of Fame. denomination, and any other
cover, like the magazine. The title tidbits you can tell us.
for this work is: "What is AND THE WINNER IS. . .
Europa?". We think it's important The combined winners for issues
to discuss the general nature of #10 and 11 are Richard W. Ham-
our system and show the gaming merle for the Ghost contest in
public (and potential gaming pub- #10, who correctly identified Lord
lic) that Europa is a series of parts Haw—Haw (an American living in
that link together; a series that England who went to Germany to
you can build on, not one that you broadcast against the Jews and
have to buy all at once; a system met his fate in 1946 at the wrong
where you can learn the basic end of a firing squad); and Cyril
rules in one of the games and M. Lagvanec, who correctly iden-
apply that knowledge to the other tified the tank as the Australian
games in the system without hav— AC I, Sentinel, built to offset the
ing to reinvent the wheel with shortage of armor in that country
each game. during the early part of WWII.
Each winner will receive a certifi—
Many of you have written to cate entitling him to one free
thank us for rebuilding Europa and product of his choice from GR'D. LPOSTMARK DEADLINE 6-1-90
paying attention to long-time We want to thank all of you w":
 Page 3

From the Editor

by Rick Gayler
Situation Report
This issue brings us closer to put— fier to the die roll. ATEC is unaf- even be combined with other ants
ting the Europa magazine back on fected. Don't forget that use of to form a mini-panzer division.
schedule. A reader recently wrote partial AEC triggers required Best of all it can pop up where
that it would be preferable to put losses! the Soviets least expect it and/or
a good magazine out on time than where it can do the Axis the most
a great one out a month late. My A Slick Trick good. Is it winter? Need to get an
challenge as editor is to turn out a While looking through some back edge in a critical counterattack or
great magazine on time. Hope- issues of Europa: Nuts 8: Bolts throw up a tough rear guard?
fully, this will be achieved during researching another topic dis- I
Enter 'Nord" with its three REs of
the rest of 1990. covered an additional ”Tricks 81 winterization.
Treats" segment hidden in Issue
Another of our EPA members was #13/14 without mention in the Next, there is the absolutely dev-
concerned that changing the table of contents. It is, in my opin- astating impact “Nord“ can have
name of the magazine to Europa ion, the best one of them all, so I on enemy rear areas. As it
will give rise to confusion, as in will dust it off and use it for this
“What do you think of Europa?" sweeps through a break in the
issue's slick trick (it was on my list line it cuts a three-hex wide
Answer: "Do you mean the game and would have been done even- swath of Axis control. Upon arri-
system or the magazine?" Well, tually anyway had not discov-
I
val at a critical rail junction it can
an acronym would be more ered the N&B piece). be dislodged only by rather siza-
handy, so let's go with TEM for ble forces being committed
'the Europa magazine.“ Trick #7: FitE Axis against it.
"If an aggressive attack is not
Panzer Error: being made in the Arctic, consider Like to gum up the Soviet works
The reference made in "Inside shipping the SS motorized divi- for a turn? There is a hex in the
Europa” in TEM #11 to von Man- sion ‘Nord‘ to Russia to allow bet- midst of the Soviet forces which
teuffel as author of Panzer ter use of its motorized capacity.“ would be perfect for a unit with 8
Battles was a slip of the tongue. 20C to occupy in order to foul up
That book was written by von "Nord" is my favorite unit; it prob-
Mellenthin. We're still trying to enemy movement (force them to
ably deserves an entire feature- leave a ZOC, deny admin. to adja-
figure out how this glitch got by length article on the devious cent units and perhaps restrict rail
us. ways it can be used to frustrate movement). But loss of a division
the Soviets. Regardless of the would be too costly to justify this.
Also, let me restate two points situation in the Arctic the Axis wouldn't it? Who ya' gonna call.7
from my “First Impressions' arti- team should relocate "Nord' to You guessed it.
cle last issue to clear up any con- the main front via the quickest
fusion. The Second Front play- means possible, including (for the Those are only a few suggestions.
testrevision to the 5:1 column of more 'gamey“ guys out there) its I'd like to hear other innovative
the CRT reverses the "NE“ and deliberate and immediate elimi- uses for “Nord“ from the rest of
“EX“ results at the bottom of the nation. Once 'Nord" arrives at the you tricksters out there. Mail
table so that now a "0' result is main front it takes on its true them in and will publish the best
I

an 'EX" and a "-1' result is an identity: SUPERANT! A formida- ones in a future issue.
“NE." This makes a 6:1 attack pre— ble German player is one who
ferable to a 5:1, even where large dreams up creative and profitable A New Feature
negative modifiers are involved. ways to get this unit killed every The most neglected of all Europa
Indeed, it forces the attacker to turn. players are the novices. In the
raise the odds to 7:1 if he wishes rush to trot out the latest rules
to initiate a high negative modi— First, consider that there is no variant or make a historical point,
fier attack with reasonable hope better unit to have in the dead these folks are often forgotten
for success. And here's how par- pile. For the frugal price of one and left to learn the basics of the
tial AEC works: In winter or snow armor and two infantry RPs game on their own. Well, no
weather if one's snacking force "Nord" can be raised at any sup- longer. TEM is initiating a new
has 1/2 or more AECA, it receives plied city in the USSR owned by regular feature which will address
a +1 modifier to the die roll; if the Axis team. Here is a unit the basics of play for beginners.
one's defending stack has half or which has exploit movement, a The first installment appears in
more AECD, it receives a -1 modi— ZOC, full winterization, and can the next article. 9
 Page 4

IT'S HOW YOU PLAY THE GAME: Hints on how to play Europa.
Constructive Engineer Operations
by Tom Johnson
After you have played Europa for these into a plan to achieve one's
awhile you begin to truly love
those unsung heroes, the ENGI- |_|—| goal? For an example will refer-
I

ence German play early in Barba-

NEERS. Not only the famed com—
bat type, who brave shot and rossa, but the principles examined
shell to storm the enemy fortress, are similar for any offensive oper-
Combat ation.
but those quiet hardworking ones
in the far rear (the “construction" These units combine the ability to
types.) Indeed, in most games of build with the ability to fight;
the series it is impossible to even they combine a mix of construc-
approach victory without using all tion and assault training to give
of the engineer units to their them a more balanced capability.
utmost. They can help the attack, but are
normally best used in the con- The 2-10 Combat (CBT) types pro-
Now we come to the frequent cry struction role (as we will see vide a highly mobile unit that can
of the typical gamer: 'Where are below). These folks are the ones advance six hexes and then build
they?", followed immediately by, who "dig them, then die in them." a temporary airbase. The 2-8 CBT
"I need MORE of them!" This arti- types can advance four hexes and
cle is about these units and what perform this same task. From
can (or should) be done with them l—|_| these bases Ju 87's and Me 109's
from the viewpoint of proper mili- C—‘I can operate to provide added
tary planning. power and fighter protection to
Rail the spearhead forces.
Europa has several types of engi- These units exist to regauge rail.
neer units, ranging from "assault" They are the only unit that can do Using administrative movement,
to “combat“ and from "rail" to so and are thus primarily to be units of the 0-15 construction
"construction." Each has a definite used that way. The SE rule allow- (CON) type can arrive in the next
place in the scheme of things and ing quick construction to be used movement phase, take over the
is not there just to provide the with these people gives the job of maintaining the temporary
odd factor or two for stacks. The player additional flexibility to base and later begin construction
task, then, is to first understand extend his supply lines at a rapid of a permanent one if needed.
the INTENT of the unit, and then clip (at least in good weather).
to maximize its use according to By means of this "rolling" method,
your plan. the German can provide his
advancing force with fighter sup-
ENGINEER TYPES
First the unit types and uses:
[Suggestionz Get the rules to
36‘ 36 port to clear away enemy air
units, and with short range, high
bomb-load ground support units
Scorched Earth and turn to the to assist in his drive. This can
section on special unit types, Rule make a big difference to the drive
14.]
Construction as it leaves the area dominated
The slow, weak ones. But if used by prewar Axis airbases and
properly these units can give the enters the zone of Soviet massed
offensive a boost towards victory,
1‘ or a defense that critical edge to
stave off defeat. These units are
airbases.
Rail engineers should be ready to
best used in the rear; they can advance as quickly as possible to
Assault hardly defend themselves, much the beginnings of Soviet broad
These units lead the big attacks less attack anyone.
against fortresses or major cities gauge rail net and regauge either
ENGINEER UTILIZATION individually or using quick con-
(not a happy life, but...). They are struction with the appropriate
given benefits to enhance their help from their fellows. The
use in these assaults, but are not Offensive object, of course, is to regauge
allowed to build anything (they Now that we have reviewed the
unit types and special capabilities the maximum number of hexes
just break things well). along the main routes needed to
of each, how does one integrate
speed reinforcements and
 - Page 5

resources to the spearhead. on just one line is fine while crack off three hexes per turn or
things are going your way, but four using quick construction, but
The remaining 2-6 CBT type units should the situation change or once MUD or SNOW hits the rate
roll along with the infantry corps other opportunities offer them- drops to an average of 1.5 hexes
or use admin. movement to get selves, you could be stuck. On the per turn or 2 hexes using quick
into position to repair the rails to defensive, a single line will make construction. Also, these units
assist the rail engineers or build it very difficult to transfer troops take a turn or two to reach the
airbases to support the drive. to the sides of a breakthrough in broad gauge rails in most cases
order to seal it off. Make use of and any Soviet-induced delay
Thus each type has a role and is the rail engineers constantly. The adds to the problem.
accounted for in the plan. first priority is to support the
attacking spearheads, but when Care must be taken to ensure that
Defensive defending, get them working on the rail net will be able to sustain
lateral lines that can allow rapid a good defensive in winter and
0n the defensive, construction movement of your units behind give the needed access to the
capability becomes most vital, the front, without making long front for the offensive in the
and it is here that care must be detours to the far rear. spring of '42. Having a general
taken to plan out the defense idea of where one wants to be
lines one wishes to establish. The Tallying up the hexes listed in the when the bad weather hits makes
parameters are the number of SE 1942 Scenario indicates that the planning much easier. If you
units that can build forts and air- the German has "converted" 244 know that you will be capable of
bases, the amount of resource hexes from broad to standard drawing supply from an existing
points one wishes to expend on gauge. He has had 19 turns to railhead, then switch the rail engi-
the project, and the space one accomplish this with his eleven neers in that area to building
wants to defend. regiments (counting the ten batta- either lateral lines, or extending
lions added in "Rails through the other railheads where needed.
in general, it is best to figure that Russias' in TEN #7 as five
a good defensive line will need "regiments" for this calculation). CONCLUSION
two rows of forts: one solid row This means each "regiment" has To summarize then: Be aware of
in the front, and a second 1-2 to convert just over 22 hexes, or the "job" of the engineers and
hexes to its rear with forts only in approximately 1.1 hexes per turn. tailor your plans to include these
alternating hexes. Air bases This sounds small, but remember special talents and limitations just
should be placed to allow fighter the terrible effects of WEATHER as you do those of the panzer or
coverage of the most threatened on these units! Granted that dur- infantry divisions.
sectors, but not ignoring other ing the fine weather they can
possible attack routes. A further
set of bases may be needed to
ensure ground support aircraft are
within range of an endangered
sector. CON units should be avail-
Join TheEurnpa Association.
able to quick construct forts to fill For your 1990 membership you will
in gaps caused by breakthroughs,
both in front and to the flanks receivethefollowing:
(sides) to make the job of the
reserves in containing the break- 0 6 Issues of the Europa magazine.
through easier.
0 Official 2 inch, three ring binder.
It is wise to retain some of the
2-8/2-6 CBT units in pairs in areas 0 Product discounts of up to 20%.
where the enemy might bomb O and free extras only members get!
vital rail lines or where partisan
activity is likely. Pairs are To join send us $29.95 with your name,
required so they can spend only
half the movement point cost to address, (phone optional), and let us know
repair a hit and allow vital units
to rapidly transit the point. that you want to join.
(REMEMBER, a broken rail cannot
be used for ANY rail movement at
all.) GRD, PO Box 591, Grinnell, IA 50112
Rail networks are vital to sustain
the defense of an area. Operating
Page 6

Computer Assisted Europa

by Mark van Roekel
REAL TIME EUROPA GE is ideally suited for PBEM: it Armor Rules and Developments
GRID will sponsor the first will require numerous players and
“Europa Real Time Conference" to an abundance of time. I will make You can respond to the comments
be held on GEnie in late April or available the software necessary in these topics or start your own
early May. A Real Time Confer- for this style of play when it has topic! This is also a terrific place
ence (RTC) is an electric meeting been fully tested (critique and to meet Europa players in your
place where members can gather revision). area or start a PBEM game. If you
to discuss topics of interest. A have any questions or comments
RTC most closely resembles a tel— Work has been started on a multi- concerning computers and Europe
ephone “party line" or conference media presentation of the Europa please write c/o GRID and willI

call where as many as 64 penici- game system to debut at Origins be most happy to respond.
pants can communicate orjust lis- this year. It will profile individual
ten in. Along with Europa maga- Europa games with animated Talk to you on-line. Q
zine readers I
expect you will sequences of game-play inter-
meet many of the Wargamer spersed with 3-D graphics, laser
RoundTable (GEnie: Category 4 disc images, and full stereo
Strategy and War Games) mem- sound. Should be fun, look for the
bers many of whom are Europa Macintosh in the GR/D booth at
fans. The agenda will include an Origins.
open 0&A session with John
Astell and Winston Hamilton fea- Tibor Vari has written a basic pro-
turing whatever YOU want to talk gram to calculate the initial sur-
about. A firm date and time could prise attack air phase for Fire in
not be determined before press the East (no more coffee cups!).
time so watch for the announce- The program interface is easy to
ment in the Games RoundTabIe use and perfectly accurate. The
"banner' section and under program is #1876 in the Europa
"RoundTable News." The date and library and requires an IBM PC or
time will be posted on GEnie at compatible platform and should
least two weeks prior to the run with just about any basic lan-
event for your convenience. See guage on the market. | recom-
you there! mend it highly!
Other Digital Developments The Last Pitch
Roy "Fire" Lane (of ETO FitE/SE I
encourage all those who can
play-by-mail fame) and l
are gain access to a PC to join the
about to begin play on the first growing number of Europa
official (gamemastered) Play-by- players on GEnie. The Europa Cat-
Electronic-Mail (PBEM) game. We egory has expanded to include
will use the GEnie electronic mail hundreds of messages on 12
system (a free service to GEnie unique topics which include the
subscribers) to transfer each following:
turn's data using software devel-
oped specifically for this purpose. News from GRID
Team members will meet on Europa GEnie
GEnie to discuss game progress. Computer Europa
strategies. and to exchange turgid The Europa Magaline
comments on one another's game Customer Service from GRID
play. The PBEM method of play is Library Data Files on GEnie from
quick, economical, and (perhaps GR/D
most important) meets the needs Grand Europa
of those with hectic schedules. I
Winter War - Project Europa
am of the opinion that once Grand Questions Asked & Answered
Europa is a reality, PBEM will be The New Marita Merkur
the most feasible mode of play. Computer Assisted Europa
 Page 7

3u8ihe @utnpa
by John Astell
From the Beaches peninsula is secured. Harassment "What is Europa?" and speculates:
The Second Front playtest is off missions are flown over the entire
and running. No group has yet area around the beachhead. In the - If it's a game, then
any rule is
played a game to completion. but MTO a British attack on the east as good as any other, since
several are in the thick of things. coast north of Pescara breaks out there's no historical parameters to
Here's a condensed report from a and cuts off a panzer division and violate.
group in Virginia, who have the remnants of an infantry divi- - If it's a replay of history, then
played the 1944 scenario up to sion. the rules should be rigged to force
August 1944: Jun I 44: The Germans in the the historical outcome every
West move every panzer division time.
Setup: The Germans in Italy opted and a number of infantry divisions - if it's a visual amusement,
to fall back on a fortified line just to contain the Allies. The Brittany then everything needs to be sacri-
south of Roma. Forts were placed Peninsula is abandoned. The ficed to some aesthetic ideal.
north of Roma and near Firenze Allies attack toward Caen and - If it's an accurate simulation,
along defensible lines. In France secure the base of the Cotentin. then it needs a lot more exhaus-
and the Low Countries the Allied attacks in Italy achieve lim- tive work.
beaches were defended by forts ited breakthroughs.
and 10-14 point stacks as far west Jun II 44: German bombers and Well, l‘m going to tell you whatl
as Cherbourg, and fort lines were V1's blast the Allied Mulberries. think Europa is (bet you saw that
built behind potential Allied land— Both are temporarily put out of one coming!), but in truth Europa
ing sites. Bombers were based to action, but are quickly repaired. A can be whatever you make it to
the rear, and all Luftwaffe air- German counterattack on the be—you get out of it what you
bases were heavily garrisoned beachhead is repulsed (NE at 3:1 put into it. The game aspect is
with flak. +1). The Allies launch a major obvious: plunk down the maps,
offensive for Caen and secure the set up the counters, and play to
The Allies set up in Italy to area in bloody exchanges. win. The simulation is there, too:
advance behind an obvious Ger- Jul l 44: German bombers and the rules, maps, and counters are
man withdrawal. In the ETO it V1's again attack the Mulberries designed so that they show the
was decided to land in France in but do less damage. Combat west historical resources and options
late May. of Caen continues to bleed the available to the combatants. The
panzer forces. In the MTO Allied replay of history requires you to
Apr 44: The weather is every-
I attacks reduce a pocket of three dig up good operational accounts
where clear. Allied aircraft from German infantry divisions and and move the counters as best
England attack rail junctions all pocket two panzer corps and you can per the histories. (This
over France and bomber bases three infantry divisions, destroy- requires a lot of work and judg<
near the German border. (The ing three other divisions in the ment, but it can be done. I

bombers are shortly withdrawn to process. stepped through the decisive

Germany.) in the MTO the Ger- Jul /I 44: Continued attacks on the actions in May 1940 using Fall of
man line is pushed back in two Mulberries do little damage. France, and it was a great illus—
places. Cherbourg harbor is cleared and tration of what went on.)
Apr II 44: More air attacks in the large Allied formations begin to
West. A large fight near Paris cost land. A second landing is made on Now for my opinion. Europa is a
the Luftwaffe almost a third of its the tip of the Brittany Peninsula.
fighters in France. In the MTO In Italy the Germans extract one
game that simulates various
important aspects of World War II
continued attacks push the Ger- of their panzer corps and fall back in Europe and nearby areas. it's a
man line back. on the line Firenze-Bimini. Allied game, first and foremost. Like all
May I 44: More air attacks in landings along the Italian coast games, the most important thing
France. In Italy the Germans between the French border and is that you have fun playing it.
abandon Roma. La Spezia secure access to the Po Part of the fun is that Europa tries
May II 44: The Allies land on the Valley. What will be the German to be historically accurate—within
west coast of the Cotentin Penin- reaction? reasonable compromises—with
sula almost unopposed. The what it portrays, but enjoyment
equivalent of four airborne divi- On the Soap Box comes first. If it ever stops being
sions are dropped. Cherbourg is Ray Kanarr in last issue's fun to play, then almost everyone
taken and the majority of the "EXchange" poses the question will stop playing it!
Page 8

E
m
Don't get me wrong. I'm not say-
ing Europa is an abstract game,
without any check for historical
accuracy. lnstead, recreating (sim—
ulating) the historical conditions is
a very large element of the game.
Fortunately, making a fun game
and designing an accurate simula-
tion aren't mutually exclusive. For
example, rating the units so that
they model the strengths and cap-
abilities of the historical forces
certainly doesn't render the game
any less fun to play. When con-
flicts between game and simula-
tion arise, it's usually over the
extent of the simulation. A simu-
lation is a model of certain
aspects of reality, and not a rec-
reation of every imaginable con-
dition of the historical event. For
the Europa games, the model con-
centrates mainly on ground and
air operations. When the rules on
something I'm trying to cover get
too complex, than it's time to take
a reality check. Is the item I'm
working on actually important to
the model? If it is, then is there a
better way to show it, so that it
doesn't bog down the game? A lot
of things don't survive the first
check—they often turn out to be
interesting but immaterial histori-
cal footnotes of the campaign.
The second check is KISS (Keep It
Simple, Stupid). It's very easy to
design a game with many com-
plex rules in it, and it's much
harder to cover the same topic
simply but effectively. For exam-
ple, Western Desert and 'War in
the Desert" both have those near-
worthless Italian 0-8 light tank
battalions running around
together with a special rule reign«
ing them in. Years passed before
figured out that we could show
them at a higher level and drop
the special rules. (See "Inside
Europa" in issue #8.)
I
Game, replay, amusement, simu-
lation—in the end, Europa is
whatever you make it to be. Have
fun!

Those Saucy Aussies

Stuart Lee had an excellent arti~
cle on the 2nd Australian Imperial
Force in issue #11. He offered a
number of good suggestions but
also had a few things disagree
with. Here goes:
I

Allied Cooperation: There indeed

was friction between the British
and Australian governments over
employment of the 2nd AIF from
its arrival in the Middle East, in
addition to some Pommie-Aussie
hard feelings in general. (Some of
the first Australian troops to
arrive were officially welcomed
by the British and then ordered
not to steal anything—a slur on
the Aussies' character due to the
reputation of the original AIF
from World War I.) The fiasco in
Greece, in my reading of the situ-
ation, blew this up into a major
problem. Without this disaster,
believe the Australian govern-
ment would have been more will-
ing to let the British have their
way with the 2nd AIF. However,
the losses in Greece and Crete
were quite heavy for a low-
population nation such as Austra-
lia (see chart below). This disre-
gard for Australian lives together
I

with a fresh display of inept Brit-

ish strategy and operations led
the Australian government to dis-
pute bitterly any British move
that needlessly risked more Aus-
tralian troops. The 'War in the
Desert“ ('WitD') rule, whereby
the Allied player loses victory
points for putting Australians in
precarious positions once the
Greek campaign occurs, covers
this situation.
Stuart's rule (the Allied player
loses 1/2 victory point per turn
per RE for dispersing the Australi-
ans, at any time) is another way
to go about this. However, think
builds in too much incentive for
it
the Allies to keep the 2nd AIF
intact. Historically, the 2nd AIF
was rarely assembled in the same
place at one time and never went
into combat as an intact force.
The "WitD" rule creates conditions
more likely to recreate the histori-
cally employment of the 2nd AIF
than does Stuart's rule.
Corps Artillery: Assembling the
Australian corps artillery together
as a unit is OK, although two field
regiments and one medium regi-
ment rate no more than a 2-8 Art
X, and not the 3-8 Stuart gives it.
Alas, this isn't a free unit. "WitD"
merged the Australian support
units in with the British. So,
want to add a two point Austra-
lian artillery unit to the game,
you'll need to shave two points
off existing British artillery units.

Engineers: As with the artillery,

the Australian engineers were
lumped in with the British. If you
really want to separate them out,
0-8 Eng II is appropriate, not 1-8
Mot Eng II.
I

if

Better still, let's merge

the Australian pioneers, which
aren't accounted for in 'WitD,‘ in
with these, making a 2-8 (possibly
2-3-8) Eng X 1 Aus. Drop the
engineer battalion and pioneer
brigade from Stuart's order of
battle and have this unit appear
on Apr l 41 instead.
Railroad Engineers Stuart's sug-
gestion looks good, unless we find
a way to dispense with RR engi-
neer battalions, as mentioned in
I

my column last time. If so, then

assembling all British and Domin-
ion RR engineers into a composite
brigade may be better. By the
way, this is an eventual Grand
Europa item, and there‘s no need
to retrofit RR engineer units to
you

"WitD." The effects of these units

are built into the way the rules
work, rather than shown explicitly
with counters.
Railroad Construction: Wups! Stu-
 Page 9

art's giving my words from "Rails components. It probably would cal rules to restrict them. argue
I

Through the Russias" (TEN #7) a have arrived using the 1941 the opposite. It's cruel to give the
twist didn't intend. Yes, did say
I I
organization of two armored bri- Allied player a bunch of 8-8 divi—
that RR construction by construc- gades and then reorganized to the sions and then rig the rules so
tion units was "a major distortion 1942 standard before ever enter- that he mostly can't use them.
of their function,“ and, yes, con‘ ing combat, so let's simplify: Also, the effect of the squabbling
struction units did get involved in meant the divisions were indeed
building a railroad in the Levant. 8.7-10 Arm XX 1 Aus less useful than they might have
To resolve this seeming contradic- 10 Arm XX HQ 1 Aus been—although not as bad as if
tion, let's take a look at context. 5-3-10 Arm X 1 Aus
they had actually been filled with
”Rails Through the Russias" is 2-10 Mot X 7 Aus the thieves and drunkards the
about German railroad regauging British feared they were. Keeping
and upgrading in the Soviet The 8th Australian Division might them at 7-8 seems best.
Union, for Scorched Earth.l have deployed to the Middle East
didn‘t intend that it applied to all together with the 1st Armoured, Colors: Stuart doesn‘t mention
rail construction everywhere in but the Japanese entry stops this this, but get the occasional letter
I

Europa. because it doesn't. Very possibility, as they bag the divi- asking that the Australians get a
different conditions apply in the sion early in 1942. The 8th went different color combo than the
British Middle East than do in to Malaya from Australia in Feb. New Zealanders and South Afri-
German-occupied Russia. In ruary 1941 (although not fully cans. Well, figured out how to
I

essence, the railroad 'business“ equipped) and could have been eke out a few more combinations
(construction, regauging, and so diverted to the Middle East from the British Commonwealth
on) requires a cadre of skilled instead. Let's assume it got scheme: The Australians can be
engineers who know what they're sucked up into the Ethiopian cam- white symbols over black num-
doing and lots of unskilled labor paign and then sent to Egypt, bers on brown; the New Zealand-
to do the heavy work. In the arriving Aug l 41. Breakdowns ers black symbols over white
USSR, the German RR engineer are: numbers on brown; and the South
troops had the needed skills, and Africans can be white symbols
the Germans had no compunction 7-8 Inf XX 8 Aus and numbers on brown. With the
in rounding up the local popula- 8 lnf XX HQ ‘8 Aus British (black on tan), Canadian
tion to provide unskilled labor. 2-8 lnf X 22 Aus (black on brown), and colonial
The German construction troops 28 Inf X 23 Aus forces (brown on white), this
had important other skills, such as 2-8 lnf X 27 Aus
road maintenance, and would gives each major component of
have been grossly misused to pro- the British Empire its own color
Strengths: Stuart touches on divi- combination.
vide unskilled labor for the RR sional strengths, and I've gotten a
engineers. The British, on the number of letters over the years, Meanwhile, Back in the East
other hand, didn't particularly particularly from Australia, on I've been following Louis
care for slave labor and had to why the Australian divisions Rotundo‘s articles and the debate
provide unskilled labor by other should be 8-8's, up there with the they've generated in EXchange,
means, which their construction New Zealanders, and not at 7-8, and l can't resist chiming in.
troops helped to fill. stuck with the despicable British
divisions. Yeah, well, the Aussies - Inevitable Soviet Victory.
"What If" Units: Stuart's optional come out somewhere between Louis thinks Soviet victory is ine-
1st Australian Armoured Division the 8-8 New Zealanders and the
and 8th Australian Infantry Divi- vitable, and Charles Sharp agrees
7-8 British, but no way am going
I
that he can't imagine any way the
sion are fine, but his OB needs to to introduce a 7.5-8 unit to German military could have con-
be fine tuned. The armored divi- Europa! (Also, 7-8-8 and 8-7-8
sion had only begun forming in quered the Soviet Union, unless
never particularly appealed to Germany had embarked upon
July 1941 and was scheduled to me, although 7-8—8 is a possibil- basic economic and political
go to the Middle East in February/ ity.) If you look at the long-term changes that the Nazis didn't
March 1942. A Dec 41 appear-
I
employment of these divisions, it want to do. Louis and Charles are
ance thus seems too soon. Mar I
isn't that of elite 8-8'5. Rarely is prime Soviet researchers for
42 is better, but the Japanese more than one in action at a given
threat is now a problem. Let's Europa, and they do an excellent
time, and often two or all three job. But, the inevitability of
assume the British "buy' it by let- are sitting in garrison in the rear. Soviet victory is an opinion, albeit
ting the 9th Australian Division You could argue that this situa- an informed one, which don't I

go home, so withdraw 7~8 Inf XX tion is more the result of British— completely share. I agree that the
9 Aus on this turn, receiving 3-8 Australian squabbling and not due
Arm Cadre 1 Aus as a reinforce-
Germans had a formidable task in
to the capabilities of the divi— front of them, but it wasn't impos—
ment. As for breakdowns, l don't sions, so bump the divisions to 8‘5 sible or unimaginable for them to
know all of the 1st Armoured's and add some complicated politi- achieve it.
Page 10

“—
Let's keep the Nazis stupid and
cruel as they were——no increased
war production in 1940/41 for
Barbarossa, no willingness to
enlist the Soviet citizens against
Stalin—and concentrate on the
forces in the field. The Germans
had no rational plan of campaign
after the opening stages of Bar-
barossa (unless hoping the Red
Army would completely collapse
So, my thesis is that the Germans
could conceivably have done bet-
ter than they did in 1941 and
1942, possibly wearing down the
Red Army and crippling the
Soviet Union. This imaginably
could have led to some form of
German victory, or, if less suc-
cessful, to a stalemate between
the two sides. Everything here is
resolve any ground combat. A
few days later, even the high
command levels of the Red Army
knew that the plan hadn't gotten
off the ground, and they them-
selves abandoned it. (For exam-
ple, substantial forces were trans-
ferred north out of the Ukraine to
Belorussia, instead of counterat-
tacking Army Group South. The
speculative and debatable, but I
famed counterattack from the Pri-
when the Wehrmacht reached think it's an imaginable case for pet Marshes against Army Group
Smolensk is a "rational plan'). why Soviet victory wasn't inevit— South occurred on 10 July 1941,
This made them dither away part able. well after the opening round, and
of the summer in pursuit of what was due to local circumstances
turned out to be secondary goals - Soviet War Plans. Louis makes and opportunity, not part of a
and then launch their final drive a case that, instead of the sur- master Soviet plan.)
too late, denying them Leningrad, prise attack turn system,
Moscow, or the Don River valley Scorched Earth should have a Given the above, then Louis‘s
and leaving their forces German attack-Soviet counterat— scheme is acceptable, but by no
exhausted and exposed to coun- tack~German smashing the coun— means the only way (or even the
terattack. Better planning and terattack sequence, based on best way) to cover the opening
execution, which they were Soviet war plans. There is nothing round. think the current surprise
I

indeed capable of, probably inherently wrong with this. In at attack is better than this. It incor-
wouldn't have won the 1941 cam— least one minor way, it'd show porates the salient features of
paign but would likely have wea- what went on at Minsk better. what went on, is fairly easy to
kened the Red Army more. Historically, the Germans cap- use without excessive games-
tured Minsk on the fly, partly manship, and is consistent with
In 1942, after being bled in the because Soviet forces in the area
winter campaigns, the Germans surprise attack rules in other
had moved west looking for Ger- Europa games. The third point is
repeated their high command fol- mans to counterattack. in the minor, but nevertheless important
lies. In the south, the German game, the Soviets often sit tight for Grand Europa. l've always
forces, after a good start, ended in Minsk and make the Germans looked ahead to Grand Europa
up being diverted back and forth fight for it. In other ways, Louis's when doing surprise attack rules,
between two objectives (the system would create problems, as in order to have a consistent sys-
prime one, Baku and its oilfields, it'd have to require mandatory tem when we're done. Whenever
and the ever-growing secondary Soviet attacks. This would open the Germans open a major cam-
one, Stalingrad) and ended up up a gamesmanship can of paign against a neutral power or
achieving neither. In fact, the cap- worms, as both sides would opti- against a belligerent power with
ture of Stalingrad, which had mize their play to gain what forces not in contact with the
little importance, came to domi- advantage they could from the Germans, the German player gets
nate German attention so much rule, rather than playing as best a surprise attack turn. Neutral
that they set themselves up for a the situation demanded.
Soviet knockout punch. Mean- powers don't get a reaction phase
(per Fall of France), but belliger»
while, Baku, with 50% of Soviet In a broader context, Louis per- ents do. Examples: Poland, Yugo-
oil production, was forgotten. In haps is confusing the Soviet plan slavia, and the Soviet Union all
the north, Leningrad was allowed with what really happened. While are neutral and get hit by the
to faster, with the Germans nei- Soviet forces in many places did double whammy. In May 1940,
ther storming the city (and thus attempt to move forward to con- Germany gets the surprise
freeing up Army Group North) or tact and counterattack the enemy, against Belgium, the Netherlands,
falling back to less exposed posi- they didn't do much more than and those Allied forces in north-
tions. (Yes, the Germans were attempt it. By about the second or ern France, which were out of
short of troops to go for both third day of the campaign, the contact with the Germans. Along
Baku and Leningrad—but only Soviet plan had already broken the Rhine and the Maginot Line,
because they insisted on holding down, and most Soviet forces at Allied and German forces were in
the useless, exposed salients at the front were improvising their contact, hence no surprise attack
Demyansk and thev in the cen- defenses. The counterattack often here. There‘s still a lot of work
ter. Giving up these salients meant no more than a stiff meet- needed to hammer this into a uni-
might have released enough ing engagement as the Soviet versal rule for Grand Europa, but
troops to grab Leningrad.) forces contacted the Germans—— this is the outline of where we're
not really any different than what going.
goes on when you roll the die to
m—
- Air Power. Louis gets caught in
the “maximum effectiveness" trap
when he looks at air power. An
in-service rate of 50% doesn't
mean that half your air units
should be inoperative in the
game. As with ground units (dis-
cussed in an earlier column), air
units are rated on their average
capabilities, not their maximum.
No air unit ever had 100% ser-
viceability for any sustained per—
iod of operations, and the game
doesn't assume this for air units.
Instead, an average serviceability
rate is factored into the air units.
tious campaign. What would have
happened had these divisions
rolled east with the others in the
summer of 1941? The following
options allow you to explore
these possibilities in Scorched
Earth.
Option 1: No Balkan Losses.
After the conquest of Yugoslavia
and mainland Greece in April
1941, the Balkan railroads were
clogged with German forces
deploying north. The rails were so
congested that the German high
command decided to ship two
panzer divisions (2nd and 5th) by
2 x1-10
(LW)
mot hv AA ll

Also, add the following to the

standard German reinforcements
on Sep | 41:
1 x 0-1-10 mot It AA II 617

Deprived of Rommel and his

Page

forces, the Italians would face a

bleak situation in the desert and
would have transferred more of
their own forces there. Accord-
ingly, delete all Italian forces
from SE.

To be fair, if you're going to add

11

|/18, |/33

Louis's suggested two-phase air sea from Greece to Italy to speed the DAK to SE, then you should
system (a strategic phase fol- their transfer. While at sea, Brit- be forced to play a game of
lowed by a tactical phase) doesn't ish submarines appeared and sunk "WitD" without these Germans.
look like it'd work. I'm not sure the ships carrying the divisions‘ Delete the above forces from
how you can define what is stra- tanks. (I suspect Ultra was at “WitD", but add the SE Italians in
tegic and what is tactical outside work here!) These two divisions their place. These Italian forces
the categorizing of the bombing would have been committed to appear on their SE scheduled
missions in the rules, and even Barbarossa, but spent the summer turns, except: 1) the Jul ll 41 Ital-
here a "strategic" bombing mis- absorbing new tanks instead. ians are available on Feb 41, I

sion simply means you're using Assuming the divisions avoided 2) substitute the SE Italian 5-8
the strategic bombing strength, this mishap by deploying over— Mot XX for the 58 Cav XX, and
while the intent and effect of the land, modify the SE order of 3) substitute one Italian infantry
mission may be tactical. More battle as follows. replacement for each RE of other
importantly, actual air operations Italian cavalry reinforcements.
weren't conducted on this two- The 2nd Panzer XX (11—10) and (Cavalry wouldn't have been sent
phase system. While there are 5th Panzer XX (10—10) appear as to the desert.) German armor and
some minor instances of air units standard German reinforcements infantry replacements are still
alternating between “strategic" on the Jul | 41 turn; ignore their received per the standard OB.
and "tactical" strikes at the same listed appearance on the Sep ll 41 These represent some minimal
time, the vast bulk of the air turn. Also, the German player German ground aid to the Italians
forces concentrated solely on receives an additional 2 armor and may be used to replace ital-
whatever was their current objec- replacement points on each of the ian forces as well as any German
tive. following turns: Jul I 41, Aug 41, I
forces there.
and Sep | 41. However, due to
Panzers East clogged transportation lines in the Option 3: DAK Strengths.
(Note: This appeared in Europa Balkans, any four German divi- Option 2 uses the German forces
Nuts & Bolts #19/20 some years sions of the Jul | 41 standard rein- at their "WitD" strengths. How-
ago. / recently got a request from forcements must have their entry ever, the divisions would have
someone who'd heard of it but delayed to the Jul || 41 turn. probably been reconfigured for
never seen it, so I've brushed it up European operations. If you don‘t
and am sharing it with you.) Option 2: No DAK. Had Ger— mind making up a few counters,
many followed a different strat- use the following with option 2:
In June 1941, Germany had 21 egy in 1941, the Deutsches Afrika
armored divisions: 20 panzer divi- Korps wouldn't have been formed, 15th Panzer Division: Remove the
sions and one light division, which and forces scheduled for it would 9-10 Panzer XX 15 and the 3-10
itself soon was redesignated a have marched east instead. Add Mot III 115 counters and substi-
panzer division. Seventeen of the following to the initial forces tute a 12-10 Panzer XX 15 coun-
these were assigned to spearhead of any panzer group in Greater ter in their place.
the invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany lall counters are availa-
two were battling the British in ble in Western Desert): 21$t Panzer Division: Remove the
North Africa, and two were 9—10 Panzer XX 21 and the three
rebuilding in Germany. In other 2 x 9-10 Panzer XX 15, 21 1-8 mot MG ll 5, 9, 10 (from 2nd
words, almost 20% of Germany's 1x 3—10 Mot III 115 Panzer Group) counters and sub-
elite striking force was absent 1 x 3-4-8 Art III 221 stitute a 1210 Panzer XX 21
from the start of its most ambi- 1 x 1-10 mot AT II 605 counter in their place.
Page 12

h
Upgrades: Both panzer divisions
would have been upgraded during
the course of the war. So, on Mar
I43, Upgrade: 2 x 12-10 Panzer
XX 15, 21 (3 arm RPs each) to:
2 x 15-10 Panzer XX 15, 21

Panzer: South
The Germans estimated that
they'd need four panzers divisions
in North Africa in order to defeat
the British in Egypt and raise the
swastika over Suez. They sent
two panzer divisions and Rommel,
who gave the British a run for
their money but couldn't finish
them off. Had Germany commit-
ted two more panzer divisions,
would Rommel have been able to
sweep the Middle East? Let's see.
The Germans could have
scrounged up another pair of
panzer divisions in 1941, despite
their commitments in the Soviet
Union. At the close of the Balkan
conquests in the spring of 1941,
the Germans cleverly shipped the
2nd and 5th Panzer Divisions from
Greece to Italy by sea, avoiding
the congested lines of communi-
cation there. Even more cleverly,
the British managed to sink the
1x
1

11—10
11-10 Panzer XX
x 10-10

Breakdowns:
Panzer XX

11—10 Panzer XX
10 Panzer XX HO
5-3-10 Panzer Ill
3-10 Mot Ill
2—10 Mot lll

Panzer XX
10 Panzer XX HO
4-2-10 Panzer l||
3-10 Mot |||
2-10 Mot III
(”N
See You Next Time
Will next column feature Europa:
Life, the Universe. and Every-
thing? Probably not. How ‘bout a
new installment on See Russia
and Die from Fats O‘Tooten?
Maybe. More desert tracks? Nazi
sky gangsters? Another Second
Front report? Probably—and,
until then, may you play Europa
and prosper!

ships carrying the tanks of these

divisions, and the 2nd and 5th
subsequently spent the summer in
reserve, collecting new tanks,
rather than in the field, collecting
Soviet POWs. When reequipped,
they were sent off to participate
in the Battle of Moscow. While
they performed tremendous feats
there, it was another classic case
of too little too late, and the divi-
sions ended the year worn out, up
to their tank treads in snow and
Soviet counterattacks. Had they
been sent to see sand instead of
snow, they just might have tipped
the balance there. (Sure, their
absence in the east might have
meant that the Germans would
have to call off their drive on
Moscow in November rather than
December, but this is another
bonus for the Germans, not a
drawback.) Accordingly, add the
following units as German Sep ll
41 reinforcements in "WitD":
 Page 13
Q0 '2 Facts Behind the Counters
by Shelby L. Stanton
The Europa series is renowned for its highly accurate simulation of national
are given their full range of participating units within the scope of each game.armies.
Second
The belligerent powers
Front continues this
tradition in exacting detail. inevitably, however, such a wide scope of units contains
tifications. Unfortunately, most of the named contingents must be abbreviated because a multitude of unit iden-
the actual counters. of the small size of

Counter identity is compounded in Second Front, because the German armed forces
prised of named elements during the latter stages of World War II. This trend reflectedwere increasingly com-
of 'elite arms", such as the Waffen-SS that favored heroic designations. The Allied the increasing power
advance also
many German Army and Navy components labeled with geographical or administrative titles. As encountered
the fortunes
of the Reich declined, the High Command was forced to commit
forces to combat. Finally, there was a welter of emergency reaction more of its own occupation and garrison
units, and many of them were given
morale-boosting appellations related to national pride, Nazi sentiments, or homeland regions.
This article attempts to make these German words more "friendly" to the
Navy unit titles in Fire in the East/Scorched Earth / Second Front user. German Army, Luftwaffe, and
tions and an explanation in English. For bilingual purposes, German are listed, along with their abbrevia—
deemed most appropriate to standard World War ll usage. Thus, terms are translated in the manner
Fliegerabwehrschule
aircraft School instead of the more precise but pre-war phrase, Aeroplane Defense is translated into Anti-
School. German word
Jager is translated into Light Rifle instead of Hunter. Karstjager (an OKW title), for instance,Thebecomes
Terrain Light Rifle, instead of a geological-military combination word rendered Rough
Hunter. Even more specifically, German naval terms are translated to literally as Chalky Formation
the word in context with wartime responsibilities. encompass the geographical range of
This listing also conforms to standard Europa treatment of German
stitution of the diphthong. For example, Jager is written as terms, by dropping umlauts without sub-
Jager instead
tentative while Second Front is still in playtest form, Upon publication of of Jaeger. Finally, this list is only
ing abbreviations not treated by this article will be explained in future the final game, however, remain-
this listing by covering the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW a column. The next issue will continue
Hitler Youth. or High Command), the SS, SS-Police, and

German named designations are foreign and often complex, but

they can also be quite interesting. When
understood, these individual titles add much to the enjoyment of the
cle will help transform some tiny squares of cardboard into gaming experience. Hopefully, this arti-
uniquely valuable playing pieces on the Europa
mapbcard.
A HMY
A Afrika (Africa)
Aa Aachen (German city near Belgian-Lux border)
Aalb Aalborg (Training Center in occupied Denmark)
Admont Admcnt (Mountain Replacement Post, Austria)
AFL Althofchen Festungs Lehr (Althcichen Fortress lnstruction; from the
Althoichen Fortress
Engineer School near Berlin)
Air Afrika (Africa)
Agram Agram (Training Center at Zagreb, Croatia, in occupied Yugoslavia)
Ak Aulklarungs (Reconnaissance)
AKL Auiklarungs- und Kavallerie-Lehr (Reconnaissance and Cavalry Instruction)
Al Almers (local defense garrison in ltaly)
AOK Armee—Oberkommando (Army Command)
ANS Armee~0berkommando Norwegen Sturm (Army Norway Assault)
Arkc Artillerie-Kommandeur(Corps Artillery)
Aufkl Auiklarung (Reconnaissance)
Ber Berlin (German capital)
Bergen Bergen (Norwegian coastal port)
Bhldr Baumholder (Training Center near Wiesbaden)
Bitsch Bitsch (Training Center near Saarburg)
Blockb Blockberg (Training Center outside Budapest)
Bm Bohmen (Bohemia; western Czechoslovakia)
Bras Breslau (German city in Silesia; now Wrocklaw, Poland)
Bvrl Beverloc (Training Center in occupied Belgium near Antwerp)
CdR Camp du Ruchard (Training Center in occupied France near Tours)
Clsw Clausewitz (Karl von Clausewitz. 1780-1831, German national hero)
DAL Deutsch-Arabische Legion (German-Arab Legion)
Danzig Danzig (Intern. City claimed by Germany as part of West Prussia; now Gdansk, Poland)
Den Dennewitz (German battle against the Napoleonic Empire, 6 Sep.1813)
Dh Dollersheim (Training Center in Austria)
Dob Doberitz (Training Center outside Berlin, with headquarters at Olympic Stadium village)
Drmn Drammen (Norwegian port near Oslo)
Drs Dresden (German city in Saxony)
Eber Eberhardt (Magnus von Eberhardt, born 1855; German Free Corps leader in the Baltic)
EisTor Eiserne Tor (iron Gate at Danube River, where gorge and rapids exist between Orsova
and Turnu-Severin Rumania near Yugoslav border)
Elsn Elsenborn (Training Center near Malmedy)
Ersatz Ersatz (Replacement)
FAS FAS Fliegerabwehrschule (Antiaircraft School)
FB Fuhrer Begleit (Fuhrer Escort)
FG Fuhrer Grenadier (Fuhrer Grenadier)
FH Feldherrnhalle (National Soldier's Memorial in Munich since 1924, originally built 1844)
FHH Feldherrnhalle (above)
FHK Fulprnes Hochgebirgs Kampfschule (High Mountain Combat School at Fulpmes, Austria)
Finn Finnland (Finland)
FLJahn Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852, German national hero)
F/O Frankfurt/Oder (German city in Brandenburg)
Frnk Franktun (German city in Hesse-Nassau)
FS Feldsonder (Special Field)
Fus Fusilier (Fusilier, honorary title)
Fchhl Ferdinand von Schill (1776-1809, German national hero)
GB Gross Born (Training Center in Pomerania)
GD Grossdeutschland(Greater Germany)
GGr Gross Gorschen (German battle against the Napoleonic Empire. 2 May 1813)
Gth Generalgouvemement (General Government; an administrative partition of Poland)
GL Grenadier Lehr (Grenadier Instruction)
GLr Grenadier Lehr (above)
GLehr Grenadier Lehr (above)
Gnesen Gnesen (town in Wartheland of occupied Poland; now Gniezno, Poland)
Grgs Garigues (Training Center in occupied France near Nimes)
Gruppe Gruppe (Training Center in West Prussia, occupied Poland; near Grudziadz, Poland)
GSM Gebirgskamptsohule Mittenwald (Mittenwald Mountain Combat School in Upper Bavaria)
Gstrw Gustrow (Ducal castle of Meoklenburg)
GW Graienwohr (Training Center near Nurnberg)
H Hannover (German city in Hannover)
Hberg Heuberg (Training Center south of Stuttgart)
Hn Hamburg (German major port city on Elbe)
Hol Holstein (German region north of Hamburg)
HTr Heerestruppe (Army Troops)
HuD Hoch- und Deutschmeister (Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, established 1198, and a
title oi the Austrian Archduke after 1805)
HWK Heuberg Winterkampischule (Heuberg Winter Combat School)
Jgr Jager (Light Rifle)
Jt Jutland (Danish peninsula)
Kt Kortu (Kerkira or Corfu, Greek lonian island)
Kirkns Kirkenes (Norwegian town in Varanger Fjord near Finland)
KKarp Kleine Karpaten (Lesser Carpathians Training Center outside Bratislava, Slovakia)
Konig Konigsberg (German city in East Prussia; now Kaliningrad, Soviet Union)
KPS Krampnitz Panzertruppenschule (Krampnitz School for Armored Troops near Potsdam)
Kr Kreta (Greek Mediterranean island of Crete)
Krakau Krakau (city in General Government, now Krakow. Poland)
Kreta Kreta (above)
Krmpn Krampnitz (Krampnitz Armored School, Potsdam)
Krnth Korinth (Greek Korinthos or Corinth, Canal)
Krstn Kristiansand (southern Norwegian port)
Ksrltn Kaiserlautern (German city in Palantinate)
_
Kstrn
Kt
L
LBrcn
_ — —
Kustrin (German fortress in Brandenburg) _ —
Katzbach (German battle against the Napoleonic Empire, 26 Aug 1813)
Luftwaffe (Air Force, relating to origin)
La Braconne (Training Center in occupied France near Barbezieux)
_ Page 15

Le Leichte (Light)
Lehr Lehr (Demonstration)
LL Luftlande (Air Landing)
Lotz Lotzen (German fortress in East Prussia; now Glizycko. Poland)
Lr Lehr (Demonstration)
LSt Luftwaffe Sturm (Air Force Assault)
Lu von Luttichau (commander)
M Munsingen (Training Center SE of Stuttgart)
Mailnd Mailand (Training Center near Milan. ltaly)
MAlp Meeralpen (Maritime Alps, along Franco-Italian border)
Mileau Mileau (Training Center in enlarged East Prussia of occupied Poland; now Mlawa, Poland)
Mk Mockern (German battle against the Napoleonic Empire, 5 Apr 1813)
MIC Mailly-le-Camp (Training Center in occupied France southwest of Paris)
Mnchb Muncheberg (German town east of Berlin)
Mns Munsingen (see M)
Model Model (commander)
Mr Mahren (Moravia, west-central Czechoslovakia)
Msk Musketier (Musketeer, honorary title)
Narvik Narvik (northern Norwegian port)
Ng Niedergorsdorf (Commemorative Monument site of the battle of Dennewitz, 6 Sep 1813)
Nh Neuhammer (Training Center in Silesia)
Nor Norwegen (Norway)
Normn Normandie (Normandy)
Norwgn Norwegen (Norway)
OBW Oberbefehlshaber West (Commander-in-Chief,West; theater-level command)
OFK Oberfeldkommando (High Field Command; despite the title a divisional-sized groupment)
OL Osltand (East Land. administrative partition of conquered portion of Soviet Union)
OP Ostpreussen (East Prussia)
Posen Posen (city in Wartheland of occupied Poland; formerly and now Poznan,Poland)
Ptsdm Potsdam (German town south of Berlin)
Radom Radom (city in General Government. formerly and now Poland)
Res Reserve (Reserve)
Rs Rassler (commander)
thsSt Rhodos Sturm (Rhodes Assault; Greek Rhodes island off the Turkish coast)
Rmhrr Reimherr (commander)
Ro Rohn (commander)
Schl Schlageter (Albert Leo Schlageter, 1894 - 1923. Nazi Pany hero)
Schlsn Schlesien (Silesia; now western Poland)
Schnm Schneidemuhl (German fortress in Pomerania; now PiIa, Poland)
Schrn Scharnhorst (Gerhard von Scharnhorst, 1755 - 1813. German national hero)
Schrtz Schieratz (Training Center in Wartheland of occupied Poland; now Sieradz, Poland)
SI Seelend (Netherlands Zeeland)
SO Sudost (Southeast; primarily Balkans)
Sp Lgn Spanische Legion (Spanish Legion)
St Sturm (Assauft)
Stavn Stavanger (southern Norwegian port)
Sttn Stettin (German city in Pomerania; now Szczecin, Poland)
SV Sonderverband (Special Unit)
SW Sudwest (Southwest; primarily ltaly)
SWA Sudwest Aufklarung (Southwest Reconnaissance)
Ta Tatra (Tatra Mountains on Slovak-Galicianborder; now Czech-Polish border)
TH Tatra-Hohlenhain (Training Center in central Slovakia)
ThKor Theodor Korner (1791-1813, German national hero)
Thorn Thorn (city claimed by Germany as part of West Prussia; formerly and now Torun, Poland)
Topts Toptshider (Training Center outside Belgrade in occupied Yugoslavia)
Treeck Treeck (commander)
Tromso Tromso (northern Norwegian port)
Uthn Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523, German national hero)
vL von Lauchert (commander)
Page 16

vRSt von Rudno Sturm (commander, Assault)

vT von Tettau (commander)
War Warschau (Warsaw)
West West (West)
WMS Wallmeisterschule Sternberg (Master Defense Works Academy at Sternberg, Brandenburg)
Wn Wahn (Training Center near Cologne)
Wrthl Warthelager (Training Center near Posen in occupied Poland)
sz
2V
zur besonderen Verwendung (for Special Purposes)
zur Vertugung (Command Reserve)
LUFTWAFFE
Bar Barenthin (commander)
Erdmn Erdmann (commander)
Fs Fallschirm (Parachute)
Fuhrer Fuhrer (Fuhrer)
GG General Goring (Hermann Goring, 1893-1946, Nazi Reich Marshal and Air Force commander)
HG Hermann Goring (above)
HGBglt Hermann Goring Begleit (Hermann Goring Escort)
HGWach Hermann Goring Wach (Hermann Goring Watchguard)
JG Jagdgeschwader (Fighter Wing)
KG Kamptgeschwader (Bomber Wing)
Le Leichte (Light)
Lr Lehr (Demonstration)
OR Oberrhein (Upper Rhine)
R Reserve (Reserve)
RMB Reichsmarschall Begleit (Escort to the Reich Marshal)
Sch Schutzen (Rifle)
SG Schlachtgeschwader (Attack Bomber Wing)
St Sturm (Assault)
StG Sturzkamptgeschwader (Dive Bomber Wing)
TG Transportgeschwader (Air Transport Vlfing)
sz zur besonderen Verwendung (for Special Purposes)

NAV Y
Agais Agais (Aegean : Aegean islands of Greece)
AK Atlantikkuste (Atlantic Coast : France)
Bait Baltische (Baltic : Baltic Islands)
Bret Bretagne (Brittany, France)
Dansch Danische (Danish : east Danish islands)
EW Elbe-Weser (Elbe and Weser River outlets)
thhfn Gotenhaten (port near Danzig; now Gydnia)
HvH Hoek van Holland (Hook of Holland)
lstrn Istrien (lstria Peninsula at Triest, italy)
KK Kanalkuste (Channel Coast North France)
:

Krim Krim (Crimea : Black Sea peninsula)

Kur Kurland (Courland : Latvia-Lithuaniancoast)
KW Kanai Wach (Kaiser Wilhelm Canal Watchguard)
lD Norddalmatlen (North Dalmatia : Balkan coastline along Adriatic Sea)
hF Nordlriesiand (Nonh Friesland; German-Danish western coastal region and islands)
N-i Nordholland (Nonh Holland)
NJ Nordjutland (North Jutland, in Denmark)
NK Nordkuste (North Coast: Norwegian coastline north of Bergen)
OF Osttriesland (East Friesland : Netherlands-German coastal region and islands)
Ostsee Ostsee (Baltic Sea coast of Prussia)
:

Pelcp Peloponnes (Peloponnesus : lower Greece)

PK Polarkuste (Polar Coast : nonh Scandanavia)
PomK Pommernkuste (Pomeranian coast of Germany)
SD Suddaimatien (South Dalmatia : Balkan coastal region along Adriatic Sea)
SH Sudholland (South Holland)
SJ Sudiutland (South Jutland. in Denmark)
SK Sudkuste (South Coast : Franco-Italian region)
WA Westadria (West Adriatic Italian coastline)
:

WK Wastkuste (West Coast : Norwegian coast south of Bergen to Swedish border)

EIn TEN

Notes:
<1>
1
#10 John covered the
larger Guards formations, con-
cluding with a look at the Guards
Mechanized Corps. Below is a
chart providing more information
on these Corps. This issue John
turns his attention to Guards divi—
sions and smaller Guards units.

XXX
1

3
DATE
11.42 ex1GdsRifleXX<1>

8.01.43
1.43

27.07.43
23.11.43
ex13TankXXX<2>
Soviet Guards - Part
Guardians of the Socialist State

. The
by John M.

Units: 13, 14, 15 Gds Mech X, 36 Gds Tank X

ex6MechXXX
Units: 10, 11, 12 Gds Mech X, 24 Gds Tank X
6.43 estdsMotRiileXXand49MechX
Astell
which appeared in TEN #10:
1st Guards Cavalry-
Mechanized Group was formed on
26 January 1945, from the tst (or
Pliev) Cavalry-Mechanized Group,
which itself was formed in late
October 1944. It appears to have
had the 4th and 6th Guards

Guards Mech. Corps Chart

NOTES

Units: 1, 2, 3 Gds Mech X, 9 Gds Tank X

21.10.42 ex22 Gds Rifle XX<1>
Units: 4, 5, 6 Gds Mech X, 37 Gds Tank X
18.12.42 ex4Mech XXX
Units: 7, 8, 9 Gds Mech X, 35 Gds Tank X

Units: 16, 17, 35 Gds Mech X, no? Gds Tank X <3>

ex 2Mech XXX
Units: 24, 25, 26 Gds Mech X, 57 Gds Tank X
ex3MechXXX
Units: 19, 20, 21 Gds Mech X, 1 Gds Tank X
2.09.44 ex5Mech XXX
Units: 18, 30, 31 Gds Mech X, 46 Gds Tank X

1 and 22 Gds Rifle XXs

were selected to convert to two mechanized
corps, probably to have these corps benefit from the veteran guardsmen.
The corps were probably designated Guards upon formation since the
original units of these corps were Guards.
<2> Although nominally a tank corps, 13 Tank XXX had converted
to the
mechanized corps organization prior to the Stalingrad offensive. Its 1.43
Guards award thus wasn‘t as much a reorganization as it was recognition for
its valor in the campaign.
<3> This Corps possibly had no tank brigade, but had a number of
separate tank regiments instead.
II
Page 17

- The 35th Guards Rifle Corps was

formed on 19 April 1943. Forma-
tion dates for Guards Rifle Corps
are often vague. The 15th, 29th,
32nd, and 33rd Guards Rifle Corps
were in existence in April 1943
and were likely formed then, pos-
sibly the 7th and 8th as well.
-The 1st and 2nd Guards Cavalry
Corps are correctly shown form-
ing in November 1941: both
formed on the 26th. Likewise,
August 1942 is correct for the 4th,
on the 27th. The 5th formed in
November 1942, possibly on the
15th. The 7th has its year correct,
1943, but it formed on 14th Janu-
ary, and not in February.
- The 9th Guards Tank Corps does
indeed have the 65th Guards Tank
Brigade and 33rd Guards Motor-
ized Brigade. However, the other
two Guards tank brigades in the
Corps are the 47th and 50th, not
the 66th and 67th.
- The 12th Guards Tank Corps
does indeed have the 49th Guards
Tank Brigade, as speculated.
However, the conjecture about it
having the 50th is wrong; it has
the 66th instead.
These updates have already been
added to the Guards tank brigade
listing below. Karl also reviewed
the rest of the article before pub-
lication and helped with thirty
items (mostly better dates) for
rifle and cavalry units. Thanks for
your help, Karl.
DIVISIONS
GUARDS RIFLE DIVISIONS
Rifle divisions were the backbone
of the Red Army, providing the
Update: infantry with the power to take
Cavalry Corps and the 7th Guards and hold ground. Similar to other
Ask and you shall receive. Karl Mechanized Corps from October
Gaarsoe has plugged some holes 1944 to the end of the war in
nations' infantry divisions, they
in the Guards listings from the were called "rifle' divisions for
Europe. propaganda purposes dating back
first part of the Guards article
to the Russian Revolution and
 9

12.42 6X30 RifleXX 43 or 44 estdsAan

a 128 28.12.43 ex 83 Mountain Rifle XX <9>
129 10.43? ex176RierXX?
Civil War. In the old Russian
army, an infantry unit was an
average formation, while a rifle
unit was supposed to be a crack
infantry formation. The Bolshe-
viks adopted "rifle" for all their
infantry forces to imply the super—
iority of communist troops over
imperialist forces.
At least 117 Guards rifle divisions
were formed during the war
against Germany, numbering con-
secutively from 1 to 110 and then
non-consecutively up to 129.
Most were formed from regular
rifle divisions, but any infantry
forces could become Guards
rifles. (Various airborne corps,
Guards airborne divisions, air-
borne brigades, and rifle brigades
all became Guards rifle divisions
during the war. Scorched Earth
shows only rifle divisions directly
becoming Guards. When a differ-
ent formation became a Guards
rifle division, SE places the
Guards division in the replace—
ment pool and assumes it will be
raised via replacements or via
disbanding other units.)
Rifle divisions underwent many
reorganizations during the war,
but always consisted of a core of
three rifle regiments, one artillery
regiment, and various support
units.
Rifle Division Notes:
<1> Since 19. 20 and 22 Gds Rifle
XX were formed on 17 March
1943, it's very
probable that 21
was also formed
on the same day,
even though direct
confirmation

formation, about

Scorched Earth, the original air-

borne corps (shown at brigade
level) are considered eliminated
in combat in the 1941 and winter
1941/42 fighting, with ten air-
borne corps being formed new in
1942. Rather than show them as
corps only to immediately convert
them to Guards divisions, these
units appear directly as Guards
reinforcements.
<3> The 42nd apparently was
formed before some of the lower-
numbered divisions.
<4> See the Guards motorized
rifle divisions listing for more
information on 2 Gds Mot Rifle
XX.

<5> After producing a wave of

ten airborne corps that became
Guards rifle divisions (see <2>
above), the airborne schools
immediately began producing
another wave of airborne corps
and maneuver airborne brigades,
which became ten Guards air-
is
lacking. This rea-
soning can be
applied throughout
the list for dates
between two defiv
nite dates, except
for the divisions
numbered above
97.

<2> An airborne
corps was a small
the size of a divi-
sion, consisting of three airborne
brigades. Thus, converting an
entire corps to a Guards division
made sense. The original five air-
borne corps had proven to be
excellent forces during 1941, and
in the winter of 1941/42 the
Soviets began replacing their
shattered first five corps and
forming five new corps. As these
became combat~ready, they were
designated Guards rifle divisions
and sent to the Stalingrad area. In
ments in January 1944.
<6>
Page 19

borne divisions, 1-10 (see the

Guards airborne divisions listing).
A second wave of six divisions,
11-16, had a more shadowy exis—
tence. Supposedly formed in June
1943, these units simply never
appear until they are redesig-
nated Guards rifle divisions in
12.43 or 1.44 and then sent off for
the 1944 fighting. In Scorched
Earth, these units are shown
directly as Guards rifle divisions
and appear in the replacement
pool in June 1943, for the Soviet
player to raise however he can.
It's still an open question if this is
best or if it would be better to
have them appear as reinforce-

Since Soviet sources state

that Guards divisions were
formed consecutively 1-110 and
then non-consecutively up to 129,
it sure seems likely there was no
111 Gds Rifle XX. Other divisions
listed as "not formed ?" are
guesses based on lack of evidence
of their existence. All "not
formed" Guards divisions are
placed in the replacement pool in
Scorched Earth. This allows for
the possibility of their being
raised should the Soviet player
find sufficient resources, similar
to the Germans having the poten~
tial to raise the 27th Panzer Divi—
sion.
<7> Scorched Earth shows the
112th as a Guards airborne divi-
sion, based on German intelli-
gence - there is no Soviet men~
tion of a 112th Guards, airborne
or otherwise. I'm coming to
believe that this was a mistaken
identification. and I'll probably be
deleting the 112th from the game
unless better evidence soon
shows up.
<8> One Soviet newspaper from
June 1945 claims the 7 and 249
Rifle XX's respectively became
the 118 and 122 Gds Rifle XX's,
but it's unclear if they became
Guards in June (post VE Day) or
earlier. No other source mentions
this.
<9> 128 Gds is a
Scorched Earth
mountain unit in
 the 1st Guards Motorized Rifle
Division in September.
<2> Don't bother looking for a
107 Mot Rifle XX in your
Scorched Earth OB. This unit is
actually the 107 Tank XX, which
the Soviets raised and sent to the
front as such. At the front, it lost
most or all of its 200 tanks, so the
Soviets decided to call it a motor-
ized rifle division.
AIRBORNE DIVISIONS
MOTORIZED RIFLE DIVISIONS became the 1st Moskva
in 1939, it Soviet airborne forces, like most
By the start of the war, the Proletariat Motorized Rifle Divi- airborne forces, were tough, hard-
Soviets had two different types sion in 1940, but it actually went fighting outfits. Similar to the
of motor-transported divisions: a to the organization of a motorized mid/late war Luftwaffe parachute
motorized division (for the 1940/ division, not a motorized rifle divisions, the Soviet airborne
41 mechanized corps) built around division. On 22 June 1941, it was forces were crack ground troops
two motorized rifle regiments, a part of 7th Mechanized Corps and rather than air—drop capable
tank regiment, and an artillery had 255 tanks, including 30 T-34s. forces. Many airborne units
regiment; and a motorized rifle became Guards rifle divi-
division (for independent opera- sions, as explained in
tions) built around three motor- notes <2> and <5> in the
ized rifle regiments, a tank batta- Guards rifle divisions
lion, and an artillery regiment. In notes. One wave of ten
theory, both were powerful for- Guards airborne divisions
mations (the motorized division was formed in late 1942
on paper had more tanks than a from new airborne corps
German Panzer division!), but the and brigades. Organized
lack of equipment, trained spe- around three airborne
cialists, and experienced officers rifle regiments and one
rendered most of these divisions artillery regiment, the
of little use. Sustaining high divisions fought on the
losses in the summer of 1941, ground with distinction to
almost all of these divisions lost the end of the war.
their vehicles and became rifle
divisions. Three fought with par- CAVALRY DIVISIONS
ticular distinction and became The Soviet Union, and
Guards motorized rifle divisions. Russia before it, had a
Not much is known about the
tradition of excellent
<1> cavalry, which continued
organization or exploits or the in World War II. The
Guards motorized divisions during Soviets had a variety of
1942. Presumably they were >
based on a version of the 1941 cavalry organizations,
1> from mixes of cavalry
motorized rifle division organiza- and tank regiments to
tion, but their degree of actual 1
mountain cavalry to light
motorization isn't known. divisions. As with other
(Scorched Earth is probably far 43 or 44 became 106 Gds Flifle XX
arms, the best cavalry
too generous showing them as divisions became Guards.
10's). In any event, they disap- NOTES: <1> See note <5» of the Guards Rifle
peared into other Guards forma- divisions listing.
tions in late 1942 and 1943. GUARDS BRIGADES
Guards Motorized Rifle Divisions Itwas detached from the Corps GUARDS RIFLE BRIGADES
Notes: (and I
think, had its T-34s The Soviets began raising rifle
<1> The 1 Mot Rifle XX was one removed) and sent to the front, brigades in earnest in the autumn
of the showcase divisions of the where it fought with skill. In of 1941, probably because they
Soviet Army. Originally the 1st August it was renamed the 1st were running out of resources and
Moskva Proletariat Rifle Division Tank Division, before becoming capable officers required for rais-
 Page 21

GEARDS EAVALRV DIVISIONS showed all five as

m
"buying" the “extra" division out
N oles: independent bri~ of the replacement pool. If this
25.11.41 exSCavXfiint GdsCavXXX gades in Scorched still doesn‘t satisfy you, then con-
35.11.41 ex90avXLin1GdsCavXXX Earth. (No doubt sider the fact that the Soviets
OB accountants will may actually have had even more
26.11 .41 ex50CavXX;inZGdsCavXXX notice that they get airborne brigades running around.
25.11.41 ex53 Cav XX;in2(3dsCav XXX the three brigades,
M41 ex3CavXX?;in3GdsCavXXX supposedly in a divi-
German intelligence identified 21

M
and 23 Gds Abn X's, although no
lispl‘hiiliww
25.12441 ex 14CavXX;in3 GdsCav XXX sion, AND all six of Soviet source mentions these.)
ex310avXX;in1GdsCavXXX the divisions formed
4422 9x11 CavXX ;in6GdsCavXXX
.

27418.42 ex120avXX;in4GdsCavXXX
by the brigades - a
free division! Count
<2> 1, 3, and 5 Gds Abn X's were
formed with cadre drawn from
ex 13CavXX;in4GdsCavXXX it as a gift. If you the Vyazma partisans. These par-
27:93.42 ex150avXX;inSGdsCavXXX find that unsatisfac- tisans had been formed from par-
21 {15,42 exffSCavXX;inSGdsCavXXX tory, then consider atroopers who dropped in the
that several of the
1 44437 ex83Cav XX;inGGds CavXXX
brigades that
Vyazma area during the Soviet
airborne operation in the winter
14 14.92.43 ex21CavXX;in7GdsCavXXX dropped in 9.43 got of 1941-42.
15 14512.43 eXSSCavmirflC-dsCavXXX smashed and had to
]§ 15,112.43 ex112CavXX;in7GdsCavXXX be rebuilt - equival- <3> One of the 11, 12, or 16 Gds
31 1g 23|3§ ex200avXX;in26dsCavXXX ent in the game to Abn XX.

ing the larger rifle divisions. Rifle GUARD RIFLE BRIGADES

brigades had all sorts of organiza—
tions, particularly in 1941-42, but
XX DATE NOTES:
usually had three or four rifle bat- 1 1.42 7 ex 29RifleX’?
talions. one or more mortar or 8.42 7 became 42 Gds Rifle XX ? <1>
other artillery battalions, and var- 2 5.01.42 ex71NavalRifleX
ious supporting units. The first 4.42 became 25 Gds Rifle XX
Guards brigades were drawn from 3 3.42 ex 75 Naval Rifle X
the victors of the first winter 21 .05.42 became27 Gds Rifle XX
counteroffensive, while later ones 4 3.42 7 ex38RifleX?
were formed from airborne troops 1.07.43 became 108 Gds Rifle XX (with 10 Gds Rifle X)
and battle-proven brigades. In 5 4.42 7
1943. almost all the rifle brigades, ex Abn <2>
including Guards, were converted
B .43 became 110 Gds Rifle XX (with 7Gds Rifle X)
to rifle divisions or were dis- 6 6.42 ? ex Abn <2>
banded to provide replacements 7.43 7 became 109 Gds Rifle XX (with 9 Gds Rifle X) ?
for the rifle divisions. 7 8.42 7 ex Abn <2>
8.43 became 110 Gds Rifle XX(withSGds Rifle X) 7
AIRBORNE BRIGADES 8 7.42 7 ex Abn <2>
In 1943 the Soviets began form- 7.43 7 inlo aGds Rifle XX ‘?
ing twenty Guards airborne bri- 9 7.42 ? ex Abn <2>
gades. Eighteen went into Guards 7.43 7 became 109 Gds Rifle
XX (with 6 Gds Rifle X) ?
airborne divisions (Divisions 11- 1 O 7.42 ? ex Abn <2>
16: see note <5> in the Guards 1 .07.43
rifle divisions notes), and two became 108 Gds Rflle XX (with 4 Gds Rifle X)
were independent units. Brigades
1 1 3.43 7 ex 66 Naval Rifle X
1-5 participated in the airborne 1 0.43 became 119 Gds Rifle XX
operation on the Dnepr River in 1 2 3.43 7 ex 93 Rifle X
September 1943. The only major 4.43 7 became 92 Gds Rifle XX (with 129 Rifle X) ?
airborne operation of the Guards 1 3 3.43 7 ex 97 Rifle X
forces, it was. at best, only partly 4.43 became 93 Gds Rifle XX (with 92 Rifle )9
successful. 14 3.43 ? ex 143 RileX
4.43 7 became 94 Gds Rifle XX (with 96 Rifle X) ?
Guards Airborne Brigades Notes: 1 5 3.43 7 ex 154 Naval Rifle X
<1> Presumably. three of the first
7.43 7 became a Gds Rifle xx 7
five brigades are part of a Guards
airborne division (11, 12, or 16), NOTES: <1> See note <3> of the Guards rifle divisions listing.
and the other two are indepen- <2> 5,6,7.8,9,10 Gds Rifle X were formed in the summer of
1942
dent. Which are which is unclear. I from 1,234, and 5 Maneuver Abn X and 4 Reserve Abn l l. I
Page 22

GUARDS MECHANIZED BRIGADES "ga p" numbe rs.

XX D AT E NOTES: MECHANIZED BRIGADES
1 1 1 .4 2 from pan of 1 Gds Rifle XX; in 1 Gds Mech XXX Mechanized brigades were orga-
2 11.42 frompartof1GdsRifleXX;in1GdsMechXXX nized around three mechanized
3 11.42 frompanot1GdsRifleXX;indesMechXXX battalions and one tank regiment,
4 10.42 7 from pan of 22 Gds Rifle XX 7; in 2 Gds Mech XXX providing a balanced force of
5 10.42 7 from pan of 22 Gds Rifle XX 7; in 2 Gds Mech XXX tanks and motorized troops. Most
6 10.42 7 from pan of 22 Gds Rifle XX ?; in 2 Gds Mech XXX mechanized brigades were sub-
7 12.42 7 ex 36 Mech X; in 3 Gds Mech XXX 22222222units of mechanized
8 12.42 7 ex 59 Mech X; in 3 Gds Mech XXX corps, and all Guards mechanized
brigades were subunits of Guards
9 12.42 7 ex 60 Mech X; in 3 Gds Mech XXX mechanized corps.
1 0 1.43 7 ex 51 Mech X; in 5 Gds Mech XXX
1 1 1.43 7 ex 54 Mech X; in 5 Gds Mech XXX TANK BRIGADES
1 2 1.43 7 ex 55 Mech X; in 5 Gds Mech XXX The debacle of 1941 showed the
1 3 1.43 7 ex 17 Mech X; in 4 Gds Mech XXX Soviets that they hadn't the
1 4 1.43 7 ex 61 Mech X; in 4 Gds Mech XXX resources or skills to handle large
1 5 1.43 7 ex 62 Mech X; in 4 Gds Mech XXX tank formations effectively, so
1 6 6.43 7 from pan 3 Gds Mot Rifle XX 7; in 6 Gds Mech XXX they organized their tanks in bri-
1 7 6.43 7 from part 3 Gds Mot Rifle XX 7; in 6 Gds Mech XXX gades and smaller formations.
Tank brigades had various organi-
18 9.44 7 ex9MechX?;inQGdsMechXXX zations in 1941-42, but eventually
19 11.43 7 ex1MechX?;inBGdsMechXXX became standardized on the basis
20 11.43 7 ex3MechX;in8GdsMechXXX of three tank battalions and one
21 11.43 7 ex10MechX?;in8GdsMechXXX motorized rifle battalion. Tank bri-
24 7.43 7 ex 18 MechX?;in7Gds Mech XXX gades, including Guards, served
25 7.43 7 ex34MechX?;in7Gds Mech XXX both as independent units and in
26 7.43 7 ex43MechX?;in7Gds Mech XXX tank and mechanized corps.
30 9.44 7 ex45MechX?;inQGds Mech XXX
31 9.44 7 ex 50 MechX?;inQGds Mech XXX Other Guards
35 44 or 45? ex 47 Mech X 7; in 6 Gds Mech XXX In addition to the major command
and combat units, the Red Army
formed many other Guard forma-
tions, from smaller combat units,
<4> See note <5> in the Guards support units, and air units.
rifle divisions notes for the 11-16
Gds Abn XX's. QQARD§ MQTORIZED RIFLE BRIGADES ‘

X DATE NOTES:
MOTORIZED RIFLE BRIGADES 1 1 .43 7 14 M01 Rifle X; in 1 Gds Tank XXX
Motorized rifle brigades first 2 77.43 7 Mot Rifle X; in 3 Gds Tank XXX
appeared in 1941 as motorized 3 2.01.43 31 Mot RilleX; in4GdsTankXXX
versions of the rifle brigades. 4 1 .43 7 25 Mot Rifle X; in 2 Gds Tank XXX
With the appearance of the tank
5 1.43 7 4 Mot Rifle X; independent
corps in 1942, most motorized 6 77.43 22 Mot Rifle X; in 5 Gds Tank XXX
rifle brigades became the motor—
ized infantry component of the 7 3.43 7 38 Mot Rifle X; in 20 Tank XXX <1>
corps, organized on the basis of 22 7.43 7 13 Mot Rifle X 7; in 6 Gds Tank XXX
three motorized rifle battalions. 2 3 7.43 7 52 Mot Rifle X 7; in 7 Gds Tank XXX
Similarly, most Guards motorized 2 7 10.43 7 6 Mot Rifle X 7; in 11 Gds Tank XXX
rifle brigades were components of 2 8 9.43 7 58 Mot Rifle X 7; in 8 Gds Tank XXX
the Guards tank corps. 29 10.43 7 30 Mot Rifle X ?; in 10 Gds Tank XXX
33 11.44 7 57 Mot Rifle X 7; in 9 Gds Tank XXX
The gaps in the numbering of 34 11.44 7 15 Mot RifleX?;in1ZGdsTankXXX
these brigades are due to how the
Soviets raised Guards motorized
rifle and mechanized brigades. Notes: <1> Note that this Guards brigade was a sub—unit of a non-
Originally, each type of brigade Guards tank corps.
had its own numbering sequence,
but after the number 7, the sequence. See the Guards mecha- Among the smaller combat units,
Soviets raised them both as one nized brigades listing for the many Guards tank regiments
 Page 23

Notes:
ex 4 Tank X'
became 018 Gds Mech XXX ?
ex 9 Tank X ?- n1
ex 8 Tank X '2- ni
became of7TarkXXX 77 exaTanklIl/aGdsMechXXX?;
h3GdsTankXXx
.of7Tank 7? exaTankIll/4GdsMechXXX?;
ex 132 Tank X?‘ inde ndent
became 01 24 Tank XXX
in 2 Gds Tank XXX
conv. of 24 Tank
ex 142 Tank X ?~ i nt
ex 132 Tank X ?'i nt
at times in 13 and 23 Tank
ex 46 Tank X ?- nt
ex 105 Tank X; independent
er in 20 Tank XXX
ex 17 Tank X 7' in 1 Gds Mech XXX
ex 35 Tank X ?- ndent
ex 133 Tank X~ inde ndent
ex 66 Tank X' in 4 Gds Tank XXX
ex 67 Tank in 4 Gds Tank XXX
‘

ex 174 Tank X in 4 Gds Tank XXX

ex 216 Tank X‘ in 1 Gds Tank XXX
ex 19 Tank X' in 1 Gds Tank XXX
ex 157 Tank X- in 1 Gds Tank XXX
ex 62 Tank X in 3 Gds Tank XXX
ex 87 Tank ' in 3 Gds Tank XXX
ex 45 Tank ' in 5 Gds Tank XXX
ex 69 Tank in 5 Gds Tank XXX
-

ex 102 Tank ' in 5 Gds Tank XXX

a Tank I I ?-
I

ex 52 Tank I I I
7-in 5 Gds Mech XXX
ex 54 Tank X- in 2 Gds Tank XXX
ex 1 Tank X' in 2 Gds Tank XXX
ex 121 Tank X'i ndenl ?
ex 28 Tank X ?' ndent
ex 146 Tank X ?' i nt
ex 61 Tank X‘ ndent
NoIes:
<1> Became part of 7 Gds Mech XXX, possibly after VE day. as it is part of this corps in the Manchurian campaign
of August 1945.

were formed. In the air, elite for- formed from rocket artillery units. convenience, as there would be
mations became Guards air divi- Smaller units - brigades, regi-
sions and Guards air regiments. no strength increase or other
ments, and battalions - included effect on the game when a regu-
all sorts of Guards. such as lar support unit became Guards. It
A host of support units became Guards artillery, antiaircraft, is also partly due to lack of infor-
Guards, from division on down. At engineer, and motorcycle units.
least six artillery divisions and six mation, as info on how many sup-
Except for artillery and rocket port units became Guards and
antiaircraft artillery divisions artillery divisions, Scorched which units became which Guards
became Guards, and seven Earth doesn't show any support is very sketchy. Q
Guards mortar divisions were units as Guards. This is partly for
 Page 24

§
Hexagon'War: Strategy and the Europa System

tion of some remote glacier

Mark
Europa players are, in general,
curious folk, slightly different
from your average wargamer. It
would be unusual. for instance, to
come across a Europe Afleme
player debating the exact number
of guns, tanks and men that make
up each counter. Europa players
are people who have discovered -
and relish - the wealth of detail
available in the highly-playable
Europa system.
The inclination towards detail
that draws players to the Europa
system also orients

hexes. Few other game systems,

their
thoughts. This emphasis on partic—
ulars is evident in both the end-
less rules-fiddling which Europa
players undertake and in the
nature of articles published by the
Europa magazine. Recent articles
have included an analysis of
assault gun counters and an essay
on terrain that corrects the loca—

especially at the Europa level, are

able to offer such in-depth looks
at game design and analysis.

However, this advantage pos-

sesses a corresponding disadvan~
tage - it draws players away from
the higher realms of military
operations, namely strategy. In
the pages of TEM, only one article
has appeared in recent issues that
dealt to any extent with strategy
(and that one, an excellent article
by Roy Lane, was entitled
”Russian Tactical Doctrinel“). This
can be compared with The Gen-
eral which manages to include an
article on Third Reich in most
issues, despite the fact that the
magazine covers a great many
games.
This fact raises many questions:
are the Europa games ill-suited
for strategic analysis? Is there a
realm for strategy in Europa? Do
Europa players dislike writing
articles on strategy? My answers
to these questions would be, in
order: "somewhat," 'yes," and
by

military concepts:
Pitcavage
"definitely." This article is the first
in a projected series which will
include strategic overviews of var-
ious Europa games. Hopefully,
these articles will generate good-
spirited debate and will open a
discussion of strategic avenues
available in the various games. If
they are wildly successful, they
might even give a dedicated coun-
ter of tank rivets something else to
think about for a while.
Before this discussion can go any
further, it is necessary to define
what strategy is. It is a nebulous
concept, difficult to pin down, and
often used to describe different
things. Allan Fl. Millet and William-
son Murray, editors of the 3-
volume series Military Effective-
ness la must-read for any serious
Europa enthusiast), provide the
following worthwhile working def-
initions of the various levels of

"One cannot assess military effec‘

tiveness without fundamental
judgments about the purpose of
military activity (national policy):
the translation of political objec-
tives into broad plans for military
activity (strategy): conceptions for
the use of military forces in the
destruction of enemy forces, the
resources for war-making, and
political will (operations); and the
techniques of the actual use of
firepower and maneuver to kill the
enemy and destroy enemy targets
Itactics).'1
How then, does Europa fit into this
national options. The German
player in Case White, for
instance, can't decide upon a
negotiated settlement before the
invasion, nor can a player with
Fire in the East and Near East
decide to invade Turkey in order
to outflank his opponent.
Nor can a Europa player, in gen-
eral, decide upon national policy.
Either national policy has already
been set before the game begins,
as in Case White, or the victory
conditions reflect the political
goals. There are numerous rea-
sons for this, from a desire to
reflect history to a concern for
playability. Certainly an Italian
player in Marita-Merkur would
set different goals than the his-
torical ones had he the choice.
This is not to say, however, that
even on the level of national pol-
icy a Europa player is completely
unable to make decisions. The
possibility of invading Switzer-
land in Fall of France, or Vichy
Syria in Western Desert. cer-
tainly falls into the realm of
national policy, to at least 3 lim-
ited degree. Nevertheless, one
would have to admit that the
Europa system has not been
designed to operate on such an
elevated level.
The next highest level, then, is
the area of strategy. the transla-
tion of political objectives into
broad plans for military activity.
Strategy can further be divided
into Grand Strategy and Petit
scheme? In what areas are players Strategy with no value judg-
able to make effective decisions? ments implied. Grand Strategy
The highest sphere, that of covers industrial mobilization,
national policy, is beyond the pale resource utilization, troop com»
of most Europa games. In almost mitment and other
every case, players of Europa battlefront decisions that would
games are locked into preset enable a country to achieve its
courses of action before a single political goals. Petit Strategy
non-

counter is lifted. This is not to say covers the use of the products of
that Europa players are devoid of Grand Strategy to achieve those
options any player can inform goals. The decisions in 1942 and
—

you to the contrary - but rather 1944 by Germany to increase its

that Europa players have a lack of industrial potential represent
*Grand Strategy; the Allied deci-
sion on a Second Front in France
in 1944 represents Petit Strategy.

Europa allows players to make

Petit Strategic decisions, but not
Grand Strategic ones. Perhaps the
foundation of Europa is the
detailed OB, which informs
players of reinforcements or with-
drawals. Generally, no provision
is given for the player to refuse to
withdraw certain forces, or to vol-
untarily withdraw others. Nor are
industrial or natural resources
taken into account in the games,
with the exception of the
abstracted factory and oilfield
rules in Scorched Earth and The
Ural: (and perhaps with good
reason; would pity the player
I

who had to worry about his baux~

ite).

Petit Strategy, on the other hand,

meisters have the power to plan
the campaign themselves, and
this area, Petit Strategy. is the
one most applicable to Europa.
There is one further area of strat-
egy that cannot be overlooked in
any discussion of any game,
Europa or otherwise, and this is
the area of Game Strategy. Gam-
ers are certainly familiar with
Game Tactics - in Europa this can
range from factor counting (an
odious and time consuming habit;
I
hope all gamers out there allow
only limited inspection of stacks)
to figuring out exactly how much
AECA needs to be included to get
the desired modifier and even to
arranging air-to»air combat
matches the best possible way.
Game Tactics range from the
harmless and perfectly natural -
who wouldn‘t use combat engi-
wanted.
Page 25
is awarded 30 victory points for
every six-month period in which
he is in control of Cyrenaica. An
Axis player on the retreat near
the end of this six-month period
might decide - and would be
smart to do so - to fight fiercely,
perhaps even sacrificing certain
forces, for the turn or two
required to rack up the victory
points, following which the forces
could retreat for as long as they

Does this equate historically? In

general, no. Although one can
make up historical rationales for
hanging on as long as possible to
this piece of land for that short
time period, there is no historical
equivalent. At the highest level of
command, Hitler fought against
any retreats whatsoever; lower-
down, Rommel was loathe to
waste troops on a hopeless stand.
is closer to operations in nature, neers if a city had to be But in game play - which is by
and as such, is more represented assaulted? - to horrible (people definition artificial - the decision
in the Europa games. The Europa who optimize every single com« might make sense.
games define themselves as being bat, and sometimes even write
operational in scope (see them down, are my personal pet The Marita-Merkur victory con-
Scorched Earth, p. 1), and their peeve). The term rules lawyer has ditions offer another case in
scale - divisions, regiments and been invented for masters of point. Although there were histor-
battalions - gives credence to that Game Tactics; perhaps the better ical conditions for invading Crete
claim. Nevertheless, as George term ought to be rules sergeant. in 1541, the only game reason to
OnNell might have said had he Regardless of whether or not one invade the island is to avoid a tie,
been a wargamer, some games is a user or abuser of Game Tac— or to increase your victory level.
are more operational than others. tics, they are a part and parcel of Therefore, if the German player
Certainly Scorched Earth con- every game - it is the nature of has been very successful he need
tains more than the purely opera- the beast. The more complicated not invade Crete at all - certainly
tional decisions to make. On such the game, the more involved the a warping of the historical ratio-
a large scale and covering an Game Tactics will become, and nale for Operation Merkur.
extended period of time, the Europa is a very complex game.
game allows players to make a It might seem that the existence
number of decisions that reflect Game Strategy is similar to, but of game strategies would be det-
historical imperatives. Does one not the same as, Game Tactics. It rimental to a game or game sys-
place the main effort in the north is unlikely that "Slick and Sick tem. To some extent this is true;
or in the south? Should the Tricks" would ever expound upon the examples listed above show
emphasis be on the destruction of an item of Game Strategy. Game that such strategies might well
enemy forces or the occupation of Strategy - as opposed to strategy produce ahistorical results. On the
territory? What troops should be - arises from the the fact that other hand, a wargame that did
in Finland, etc?
games are simulations designed not have game strategies - even
to portray various actual histori- very elementary ones - could
This is not always the case in cal occurrences, and as simula- hardly be considered a wargame.
Europa games. Players do not tions sometimes use artificial This is because game strategies -
always have the flexibility to means to achieve their ends. Thus unlike game tactics, which arise
make such decisions. The Allied there sometimes arises a differ- because of conditions in the rules
player in Fall of France, for ence between ‘game goals' and —
arise from victory conditions. If
instance, has his strategy planned the actual historical goals of the a game has no victory conditions,
before the game starts; the participants involved. or if it merely had a referee who
French player must move his told the the players at the end
mobile divisions into Belgium to An example might make the idea who won, then players would not
repel the supposed German main of Game Strategy more clear: In resort to using game strategies.
thrust. in general, though, Europa- Western Desert, the Axis player Likewise, if a player or players
Page 26

a
paid no attention whatsOever to
victory conditions, then the sig-
nificance of game strategies
would largely diminish.
This, of course, is unlikely to
occur. Virtually all people who
play wargames competitively use
the victory conditions of that
game. Even people who prefer or
resort to solitaire gaming usually
use the victory conditions to
measure how well each side per-
formed. Therefore, the existence
of game strategies is almost una—
voidable. This should not cause
too many problems - people who
are used to the idea of hexagons
and to the idea of "zones of con—
trol" ought to be able to handle
this concept as well. And luckily
for Europe's players, its games'
victory conditions are usually
such that game strategies are
kept to a reasonable minimum.
In conclusion, I'll answer the
question that some of you must
be asking about this article:
"Okay, but what's the point?“ My
purpose was to show where
Europa fit into a strategic con—
text, and to provide a context to
discuss Europa strategy in
future. For astute readers, this
article ought to provide several
the

kernels of thought, but I'll high-

light one, since it is of relevance
to all Europa players: If Europa
games are at heart operational
trained units several years later
that they actually did in '44-45?
Every participant of the war
based some of its force-raising
decisions on the results of previ-
ous campaigns. What is the other
alternative - a force pool where
each player can decide what type
of unit to produce? Would this be
Europa ?
There are many more questions
that can be asked about Grand
Europa, but these are enough for
now. For the future, look forward
to an analysis of Marita-
Merkur.
Footnotes:
1. Allan Fl. Millet and Williamson
Murray, "The Constraints of the
Waging of War: Military Effec-
tiveness in the Twentieth Cen—
tury", unpublished manuscript.

Italy's dream of empire turned to nightmare in the

mountains of Albania. The Italian army,
cautiously advancing into Greece in October 1940,
was sent reeling back into Albania by merciless
Greek counterattacks. During the winter, the
Greek offensive ground to a halt as both sides
exhausted themselves. Behind the scenes, the
Germans and British jockeyed for influence with
the other Balkan states, striving for the best
position in the coming showdown in the spring. . .
Balkan Front recreates the campaigns in the
Balkans from October 1940 to the summer of
1941. Balkan Front is a complete revision of
Marita-Merkur, bringing the state of the art
Europa rules to this classic game. From the box to
the rules, counters, and maps, everything has
been updated and upgraded for this collectors
edition.
0 One and a half "new style" maps
covering Yugoslavia, Albania, and
games, how much/little will Greece
Europa have to be changed in
order to become Grand Europa?

.
720 counters covering the campaign
How can the same framework
that produces such excellent forces of Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia,
campaign games be used to pro— Germany, Britain, Hungary, and - for
duce a game of, essentially, the first time Bulgaria
—

Grand Strategy? The problems of

translation are of necessity enor- State of the art rules, based on the
mous. For example, the orders- award-winning Scorched Earth and
of-battle (the heart of the Europa forthcoming Second Front Rules.
system) are historical orders of
battle. That is, their sources are
the historical campaigns them-
selves.
. 7+ scenarios, covering the grand
campaign and the individual campaigns
in Greece, Yugoslavia, and Crete.

.
But what happens if a game of
Grand Europa develops ahistori- Political rules cover the web of Balkan
cally? What if, for example, the duplicity and intrigue, from unstable
Germans manage to do better Yugoslavia to territory-hungry Bulgaria.
than they did historically? If that
is the case, do the Germans still Balkan Front is under preparation and will be
get the quickly-raised and poorly- released this spring by Game Research/Design.
0 Copyright 1990, Game Research/Design. All rights reserved.
 Page 27

Touring the Europa Seashore

With Occasional Excursions Further Afield
by A.E. Goodwin

This issue Arthur takes us to Swe— 1B:0331, 0332, 0232, 13:0201, Roxen (13:0132/0232l.
den, which appears on Maps 13, 0102, and 10A:5103, 5003, and Skagen (10A24801/4802),
53, 10A, and 13. 4904. and Store Le/Foxen (10A:4508/
4507/4407/4406).
The Stockholm River. Hex Torne River. One of the largest
5325026 is unique among the rivers in Sweden, the Torne A look at a modern map of Swe-
Europa maps in having a river (which runs along the border den shows several more lakes,
running through the center of the between Sweden and Finland), but there has been a lot of dam
hex. This quite accurately depicts got left off the maps. | recom- construction since WWll; the lakes
that Stockholm (the city) actually mend adding it to the maps. It listed above were extant prior to
is divided in half by the river, but would run along the Swedish/ the war.
makes it very hard to determine Finnish border to just south of hex
what effects the river should 5B22104 and then NW in a The lake currently shown adjacent
have on movement and combat. straight line to the large lake next to hex 58:2324 should be
John Astell indicates that the to Kiruna (the Tornetrask). replaced by separate lakes at
river was deliberately drawn in hexsides 2324/2424 and 2324/
this manner in order to allow Vaster/Oster Dalaven. The river 2323. The lake currently shown on
access to Lake Malaren while at currently shown adjacent to the map is actually a composite of
the same time showing the river hexes 5323732 and 3733 is incor- two lakes: Kvarbergsvaffnet and
has no effect on movement or rect. Just south of Lake Siljan (the Stormjorm; however, Kvarbergs
combat. (The many bridges in lake next to 53:4209) the Dalaven vaffnet basically runs east-west.
Stockholm effectively negate the river splits into its two major parallel to the border, while
river's effect on movement, while branches - the Vasterdalaven and Stormjorm runs north-south fur-
its combat effects are included in the Osterdalaven, with the Oster ther inland. (Note: the reason for
the combat modifier of the full branch plotting just to the west of advocating the breakup of this
city hex.) hexes 4129, 4029, 3930, 3830, "lake" is not because it is a com-
3731, 3630, 3531, and 3431 (final posite (many of the "lakes" on the
Sodertorn. Almost all Swedish hexside at 3431/3432) and the maps are actually composites of
maps of period show hexes Vester branch plotting just to the two or more lakes separated by
18:0226, 0227, 0126, and 0127 as south and west of hexes 4130, only very minor gaps which at
the separate island of Sodertorn. 4131, 4132, 4032, 3932, 3832, Europa scale effectively do not
Close study shows that the fjord 3732, and 3632 (final hexside at exist); rather it is to better show
between hexes 0227/0228 actu» 3632/3733). Of the two branches, these lake‘s effect on movement.)
ally extends deep into the coast the Oster is the more important
almost up to the rail line in hex and should be the one shown. Swedish Rail Lines. The eastern
0127. Similarly, an arm of Lake
Malaren extends south to just coast of Sweden between Karlsk-
Swedish Lakes. A number of rona and Norkopping is shown as
north of that same rail line. The large lakes got left out of Swe- devoid of rail lines which makes it
rail line then crosses either a river den. These include: difficult to keep units in this area
or a canal which spans the gap Sitasjaure (58:1112/1113), in supply in poor weather. As per-
between the fjord and the arm of Vastenjaure (58:1314/1414), iod maps show the entire area
the lake. This island figures prom— Virihaure (53:1414/1515), crisscrossed with railroads
inently in most Swedish defense Peskehaure (53:1516/1616), (including one which runs the
plans also, as it is here that Swe- Paittasjarvi/ Kaalasjarvi (53:1310/ length of Oland island), this would
den planned to make a final stand 1410/1409/1510), seem incorrect. At a minimum I
if invaded. recommend adding a Karatjaure (58:1713/1813), think that the Nassjo-Kalmar line
I

minor river running west of hexes TjeggelvasNuolojaure (58:1614/ (the most important of the rail
0127 and 0227 to show this. 1715/1714/1814/1813/1914). lines in the area) should be added
Storvindeln (58:2016/2117/2116), to the maps. This would run
Gota Ship Canal. The Gota Ship St. Blasjon (58:2222/2223),
Canal which cuts across central through hexes 13:0504, 0603,
Hetogeln (5B:2423/2524). 0703, 0802, 0903, 1002, and
Sweden is not shown and proba- Hotagen (58:2524/2624/2623), 1102.
bly should be. This begins at hex- Torrojen (53:2526/2527/2626),
side 1B:0330/0331 and then runs Dalaven (58:4527/4626/4526/4625 The plotting of two of the Swed-
north of the chain of hexes & 4526/4525), ish transportation lines seems to
be off. The Harnosand-Backe line Orusthjorn. The current depic» (13:0625, clear terrain) and Hol-
ran along the west bank of the tion of the island shown in hexes mon/Angeson (58:3414, clear
Angerman river and thus should 10Az4808, 4809, 4909, and 4910 terrain).
run through hexes 58:3420, 3321, (actually the two islands of Orust
3221, 3122, and 3021 and the and Tjorn) is ambiguous and Map Overlap Problems. Hexes
junction currently shown in hex could be cleaned up by deleting 13:0201 & 0200 are shown as
18:0231 actually occurs at Nor- the portions of the island group clear terrain while the corre-
kopping. shown in hexes 4808, 4809, and sponding hexes on map 13 (0232
4909 and redrawing the island to & 0233) are shown as woods.
Backe. The reference city of fit entirely within hex 10A:4910. Since map is
Backe is misplotted and should be
13 generally
in hex 53:2921. (This city is 18 acknowledged as in need of revi-
Additional Swedish Islands. Add sion, go with the terrain on 18.
miles south of the rail junction islands of Gotska Sandon Q
shown in 58:2821.)

Lake Crossings. The following lake hexsides should be crossable by ground units:
.liLnsL Location Reason
Causeway 58:2014/2015 Arjeplog bridge
Causeway 58:2619/2620 Volgsjon bridge
Narrow Strait 58:2822/2823 Stronmsund ferries
Causeway 53:2727/2627 Kallsdetet bridge
Narrow Strait 53:3126/3026 several ferries
Narrow Strait 58:3126/3127 several ferries
Narrow Strait 53:4527/4626 Dalaven ferries
Narrow Strait 53:4526/4625 Dalaven ferries
Causeway 582492814827 Strangnas/Enkoping highway
Narrow Strait 53:4928/4927 several ferries
Narrow Strait 53:5027/5026 several ferries
Causeway 53:4931/4830 St. Sundby bridge
Causeway 18:0432/0333 landbridge-lakes St. Rangen/Jarnjunden
Causeway 13:0432/0433 landbridge-lakes Jarnjunden/Asunden
Causeway 18:0432/0533 Rasobro bridge acro ss lake Asunden
Narrow Strait 13:0402/0302 Somme ferry
Causeway 13:0804/0805 Vaxjo bridge
Causeway 13:1005/1006 Asnen bridge
Narrow Strait 13:0807/0708 Bolmen ferry
Narrow Strait 10A:4505/4507 Lelangen ferries
Narrow Strait 10Az4507/4407 Sunningen ferry
Narrow Strait 10Az4407/4406 Grunnerud ferry
Sea Crossings. The following sea hexsides should be crossable by ground units.

JILL
Narrow Strait
Location
53:2709/2608 Lulea ferry
Causeway 58:2608/2609 Coast Highway bridge
Causeway 58:2711/2710 Coast Highway bridge & Pitea ferry
Narrow Strait 53:3315/3414 Holmon/Angeson ferries
Causeway 53:3419/3420 Nyland bridge
Narrow Strait 58:3520/3420 Lunda St Frano ferries
Narrow Strait 58:3520/3521 Harnosund ferry
Narrow Strait 53:3722/3622 Alnon ferries
Causeway 53:5126/5026 maze of bridges & ferries
Narrow Strait 18:0227/0228 several ferries
Narrow Strait 13:0229/0330 Broviken ferry
Narrow Strait 13:0330/0430 Slatbaken ferry
Narrow Strait 13:0926/0925 Farosund ferry
Narrow Strait 13:1102/1201 Kalmar/Oland rail ferry
Narrow Strait 10A:5009/491o Tjorn ferries
Narrow Strait 10A24909/4910 Orust ferries
Causeway 10A:4809/4910 Orust bridge
 Page 29
Unplayable Coastal Hexes. The following coastal hexes are recom-
mended for change to full sea hex status (and thus unplayable by
ground units):
unabn Ragga
58:3415 artificial one—hex bastion
53:4524 artificial one-hex bastion
58:4623 miniscule
58:4723 artificial one—hex bastion
53:4923 artificial one-hex bastion
1820931 exaggerates island‘s size
1B:1031 exaggerates island's size
1B:1132 exaggerates island's size
18:0826 exaggerates island's size
1B:1227 exaggerates island's size
1311305 deletion makes it easier to see Karlskrona is a port
13:1313 artificial one-hex bastion
13:0210 miniscule
10A:4710 artificial one»hex bastion
10A:4704 miniscule
Page 30

The Spanish Army of The End of The Monarchy

by John J. Gee
The reign of King Alfonso Xlll of including the ability to subordi- many units in the Spanish Army
Spain ended abruptly but without nate civil government in times of in 1936 as there were in 1931,
bloodshed in April of 1931. His unrest. Among the powers of the there were only 17,859 fewer
Army did not lift a finger to office of Captain-General was the enlisted men. The remaining units
defend him. Although ostensibly a administration of the military were actually up to strength and
parliamentary monarchy, Spain "courts of honor". a semi- TO&E. The Navy scrapped old
had been ruled throughout the independent judicial system ships and a number of new ves-
Twenties by a rather benign mili- which dealt with cases involving sels were started.
tary dictatorship under General military officers, making them
Primo de Rivera. With the disloca- largely exempt from Spanish civil Some new units made their
tions caused by the Great Depres- law. appearance. Spain's few armored
sion and the widespread disgust vehicles were concentrated in
with his regime, the General was In 1931 the army had a strength two armored and one armored car
forced to retire and nationwide of 258,413, including 17,849 offi- regiment. Six machine gun batta-
elections were held for the first cers - one for every 14 enlisted lions, a bicycle battalion, and two
time since 1917. The vote was so man. The Army's units were mere antiaircraft battalions were
overwhelmingly in favor of the shells, at 1/3 to 1/2 their theoreti- formed. Two guard battalions
various left parties that a Repub- cal strength, supplying employ- appeared to take the place of the
lic was proclaimed in many of the ment for an inflated officer corps. old Royal Guard, a Presidential
large cities. After gauging his The Navy had kept ships in com- Guard and the Ministry of War
level of support with the military mission which would have been Battalion. The Army's air compo—
the King simply drove to France in scrapped twenty years before in nent became an independent Air
his sports car. any other country, having more Force, new aircraft were ordered
admirals than the powerful navy and bases constructed. Service
The neutrality of the armed forces of Great Britain. outside Spain was made volun-
in 1931 was unusual in Spanish tary, making the garrison of
history, especially in view of the THE ARMY ON THE EVE OF THE Morocco an all volunteer profes-
hostility of many prominent CIVIL WAR sional force.
republican politicians towards One of the aims of the new
military institutions. The Army Republican government was the But Spain was experiencing
had overthrown or attempted to reform of the Spanish Armed intense social upheavals in the
overthrow governments it didn't Forces, especially the Army. The five years of the Republic (as was
like many times in previous years Army was the most political and most of Europe) and conservative
-there had been 43 military upris- corrupt service and it was impera- elements of Spanish society felt
ings from 1814 to 1923. It tive that it be made into a modern threatened. Further, the armed
appeared there was sentiment for and efficient force subject to the forces resented the manner in
change in the officer corps too as will of civil authorities. Starting in which the reorganizations and
the idea of military dictatorship 1933 and continuing through 1935 reforms had been carried out,
had been discredited by the cor- the army was completely restruc- needed as they were. Monarchist
ruption and inefficiency of the tured. The Army was reduced by and other conservative officers
Primo de Rivera regime. 34 infantry regiments, 12 light were dropped and replaced with
infantry battalions, 4 mountain commanders considered to be
Certainly change was needed in battalions and 18 cavalry regi- more friendly to the new govern-
the armed forces. In 1930 the ments. Apparatus for mobilization ment. With amazing insensitivity,
Army had 16 divisions in Spain and expansion of the army was all merit promotions gained under
with another 4 in Morocco, at created. in a reform as much the Primo regime were canceled,
least on paper. There was no political as military the office of thereby demoting many officers
corps organization; indeed, no Captain-General was abolished, promoted during the Moroccan
infrastructure existed for expan- as was the rank of Lieutenant campaign, the only combat vete-
sion of the army had a foreign General. The number of divisions rans in the Spanish Army. When
war occurred. Spain was divided was reduced to 11, eight infantry the elections of February 1936
into eight "Captain-Generalcies", and one cavalry in Spain and two were largely won by socialist par-
a medieval office which had a in Morocco. 74 generals and 3,361 ties, a significant part of the offi-
large degree of civil power in other officers were retired. But cer corps entered into a great
addition to its military authority although there were about half as conspiracy to overthrow the gov-
 Page 31

ernrnent of Spain. 24 MG, and 28 mortars. Machine tery) of four guns; three baterias
gun battalions had a TOE of 450 made up a grupo, three grupos
The actual coup d‘ etat occurred in men with four LMG's, 24 MG's made up a light regiment,
Morocco on July 17th 1936, garri- and four mortars. Colonial regi- although in practice the third
sons revolting the next day in ments consisted of three infantry grupo was not active like the third
Spain proper. But the coup failed battalions, called tabors, with a battalion of infantry regiments.
in much of Spain, loyal troops TOE of 450 each and 3/4 the Guns for the third grupo did exist,
overpowering rebels in most of weapons allotment of a metropol- but not the other equipment
the large cities and much of the itan battalion, the Mehal'la units, necessary to mobilize them. The
east remaining firmly in govern- however had no infantry guns. heavy and mountain regiments
ment hands. Many of the Navy's had only two grupos. The coast
vessels were seized by the ships' The standard infantry weapon of defense regiments were each of
crews and their officers killed or the Spanish army was a domesti— unique composition, depending on
imprisoned. What Spain had then, cally produced 7 mm Mauser the nature of the area they were
instead of yet another Army take- M—1893, bolt action rifle. The to defend. The mobile units in
over, was a civil war, with the most common machine guns were Morocco had a different composi-
armed forces divided between the the Hotchkiss 7mm M-25 and the tion, they had seven batteries, six
two sides. heavy Hotchkiss M-14. There light and one heavy.
were a few 9mm Star S135 and
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE Gollat submachine guns with the The most common artillery piece
SPANISH ARMY W 1936 elite infantry units: Foreign in the Spanish Army, as with
Legion, light infantry, naval infan- many armies of the period, was
Infantry and Cavalry try and mountain battalions. The the French 75mm Schneider
At the start of the Civil War the mortars were either 50mm or M-06. Approximately 60% of all
Spanish Army had 40 regimentos 81mm Spanish Valeros, which Spanish artillery was made up of
de infanteria (infantry regiments). were copies of French Brandt this gun. It was to make up two of
two tercios de la Legion Extran- designs. Most of the infantry guns the three grupos of the mobilized
jera (Foreign Legion regiments). a were ancient 70mm Schneider light artillery regiments, but in
batallon ciclista (bicycle batta» M-08 mountain guns, elite units practice was the entire equipment
lion), eight montana (mountain) being equipped with new 45mm of most of them. The light batter-
battalions, six cazador (light Arellano L-32's. ies in Morocco and on the islands
infantry) battalions, six amentral- had the modern Spanish-built
ladora (machine gun) battalions There were 10 cavalry regiments Vickers 105mm M-22 gun-
and two guard battalions. There in Spain, with 12 squadrons of howitzers; the mountain regi—
were also colonial troops consist- Regulare cavalry organized in six ments and the grupo in Asturias
ing of five regiments of Moroccan tabors and a regiment of Mehal‘la had 105mm Schneider M-19
Hegulares (regulars), five regi- cavalry in Morocco. Each regi- mountain guns. The heavy regi-
ments of the army of the puppet ment on the peninsula was sup- ments had one grupo of 150mm
Caliph of Morocco, the Mehal'la posed to have four squadrons, Krupp M-13 guns and one grupo
and a battalion of infantry in the with a total strength of 1200 with of domestically made 155mm
colony of lfni. There were three a heavy weapons allocation of 16 Schneider M-1917 howitzers.
battalion-sized units of naval LMG's, eight MG's and two mor- There were 192 mostly fixed
infantry. tars. The Regulare tabors had a weapons in the four coast
strength of 450 with half the defense regiments, 132 of these
Each Spanish regiment had two heavy weapons allocation of a being large calibers from
battalions with a strength of regiment. The cavalry used the 101.6mm to 381mm. Many of the
around 700 men each and theo- same weapons as the infantry, larger pieces were very old, origi-
retically sufficient weapons to their rifle being a carbine version nally having been mounted in turn
equip a third battalion. Each batv of the infantry weapon. of the century warships. There
talion was made up of four rifle were some mobile batteries of
companies, one machine gun com Artillery 127mm Elswick Mark | guns and a
pany and a heavy weapons pla- The artillery was organized into few antiaircraft pieces. The only
toon. Foreign Legion tercios were 17 Iigero (light) regiments, two antiaircraft weapons possessed in
made up of three battalions, montana (mountain) regiments, any numbers were Danish 20mm
called banderas consisting of four pesadolheavy) regiments, Madsen M-33's and French Hotch-
three rifle companies and a two agrupaciones movi/es (mobile kiss 13.2mm antiaircraft machine
machine gun company. The infan- units) in Morocco, four costa
try battalions were equipped with guns. There were no antitank
(coast defense) regiments and a guns in Spain in 1936.
19 light machine guns, eight number of independent units,
heavy machine guns, eight mor» including two defensa contra avi— Specialist Troops
tars and one infantry gun each. ones (antiaircraft) battalions. The Spain's miniscule motorized
The bicycle battalion had 28 LMG, basic unit was the bateria (bat- forces were organized into two
 Page 32

E
carro de combate (tank) regiments
and one grupo de autoametralla-
dares-canon (armored car unit).
The armored regiments only had
20 operable tanks between them,
10 Renault FT-17's, five Schneider
M-16's and five Trubia A-4's, a
domestically produced tank based
on the FT-17 armed with two
8mm machine guns. The armored
regiments also possessed about
62 Latil armored personnel car-
riers. Originally purchased for the
artillery, these were armed with
one machine gun and carried
eight troops and two crewmen at
a top speed of 30 kph. The Grupo
de Autoametralladoras-canon
was equipped with 28 new
armored cars. These were Span-
ish-made, based on the 1932
Dodge 1-ton truck and were
armed with 2 Hotchkiss 8mm
machine guns.
Engineer units were equipped
with World War One French
equipment. There was one zapa—
dor (sapperl regiment of two bat-
talions and 12 independent batta-
lions, one for each division. There
was also a bridge-building batta-
lion.

Paramilitary units
Spain had large and

the army. The Guardia Civil was

well
equipped militarized police forces.
There were three separate organ-
izations, the Guardia Civil, Carab-
ineros and Guardia de Seguridad
y Asa/to. All three were better
equipped with small arms than
organized into 24 tercios of 213
companies, with a strength in
July 1936 of 34,320. It was the
police of rural Spain. The Carabi—
neros served as the border guard
and customs police of Spain,
fielding 15,790 men organized in
10 Zones with 110 companies.
The Guardia de Seguridad y
Asa/to (commonly called the Asa/-
tos) served as urban and riot con-
trol police. The Asaltos were a
recently formed force, created by
Distribution of the Spanish
Army - July 1936

EJERCITOTERRITORIAL
unit #
location
Army Troops
Armor

Zaragoza

lnfa ntry

Manresa
Bon Ciclista
(name)

1° Reg de Carros
Madrid
2° Reg de Carros

1° Bon Ametralladora
Castellon
2° Bon Ametralladora
Palencia
3° Bon Ametralladora
Almeria
4° Bon Ametralladora

Alcala de Henares
Bon Ministerio de la Guerra
Madrid
Guardia Presidential
Madrid
Cavalry

Valencia

Zaragoza

Valladolid
Artillery
1° Reg Artilleria Pesada
Cordoba
2° Reg Artilleria Pesada
Gerona
3° Reg Artilleria Pesada
allegiance

loyal

rebel
Grupo AutoametralladorasCanon
Aranjuez loyal

loyal

rebel

loyal

loyal

loyal

loyal

loyal

7° Reg Caballeria (Lusitania)

Sevilla rebel
8° Reg Caballeria (Taxdir)
loyal
9° Reg Caballeria (Santiago)
rebel
10° Reg Caballeria (Montesa)
rebel

rebel

loyal
1° Grupo Contra Aviones

2°
Carabanchel
2° Grupo Contra Aviones
Zaragoza
Engineers
Reg Zapadores

Bn

1°
Madrid
Ponloneros
Zaragoza
Division-Madrid
1° Reg lnfanteria
Madrid

Madrid
3° Reg lnfanteria
Badajoz

Vicalvaro
1° Bon Zapadores
Carabanchel
(Wad-Rae)

2° Reg lnfanteria (Leon)

1° Reg Artilleria Ligera

Getafe
2° Reg Artilleria Ligera

Division-Sevilla

Granada

Algeciras
loyal

loyal

5° Reg lnfanteria (Lepanto)

6° Reg lnfanteria (Granada)

Sevilla
7° Reg lnfanteria (Pavia)

8° Reg lnfanteria (Vitoria)

Malaga
3° Reg Anilleria Ligera
Sevilla
4° Reg Artilleria Ligera

3°
Granada
2° Bon Zapadores
Sevilla
Division-Valencia
9° Reg lnfanteria (Otumba)
loyal

rebel

loyal

rebel

loyal

loyal
(Castilla)
loyal
4° Reg lnfanteria (Covadonga)
Madrid loyal

loyal

rebel

rebel

rebel

loyal

rebel

rebel

rebel

the Republic as a counterweight Valencia

to the very right-wing Guardia San Sebastian loyal
loyal 10° Reg lnfanteria (Guadalajara)
Civil. They were dispersed in 117
4° Reg Artilleria Pesada
separate companies with strength Valencia loyal
of 17,500 in July 1936. Medina del Campo rebel
 Page 33

11° Reg lnfanteria (Tarifa) 23° Reg lnfanteria (America) 4° Reg Caballeria (Montejo)
Alicante loyal Pamplona rebel Barcelona loyal
12° Reg lnfanteria (Vizcaya) 24° Reg lnfanteria (Bailen) 5° Reg Caballeria (Espana)
Alcoy loyal Logrono rebel Burgos rebel
5° Reg Artilleria Ligera 11° Reg Artilleria Ligera 6° Reg Caballeria (Numancia)
Valencia loyal Burgos rebel Vitoria rebel
6° Reg Artilleria Ligera 12° Reg Artilleria Ligera Reg Artilleria a Caballo
Murcia loyal Logrono rebel Carabanchel loyal
Bon Zapadores
3° Bon Zapadores 6° Bon Zapadores
Valencia Pamplona rebel
loyal San Sebastian loyal
4° 1° Brigada Montana-Gerona
Division-Barcelona 7° Division-Valladolid
1° Bon Montana (Chiclana)
13° Reg lnfanteria (Badajoz) 25° Reg lnfanteria (San Quintin)
Barcelona Figueras loyal
loyal Valladolid rebel
14° Reg lnfanteria 2° Bon Montana (Asia)
(Alcantara) 26° Reg lnfanteria (Toledo)
Gerona loyal
Barcelona loyal Zamora rebel
15° Reg lnfanteria 3° Bon Montana (Madrid)
(Almansa) 27° Reg lnfanteria (Angel)
Seo de Urgel loyal
Tarragona loyal Caceres rebel
16° Reg lnfanteria 4° Bon Montana (Ciudad Rodrigo)
(Albuera) 28° Reg lnfanteria (La Victoria)
Lerida Salamanca
Barbastro loyal
loyal rebel
7° Reg Artilleria Ligera 1° Reg Artilleria Montana
13° Reg Artilleria Ligera
Barcelona Barcelona loyal
loyal Segovia rebel
8° Reg Artilleria Ligera 14° Reg Artilleria Ligera 2° Brigada Montana-Bilbao
Mataro loyal Valladolid rebel 5° Bon Montana (Flandes)
4° Bon Zapadores 7° Bon Zapadores Vitoria rebel
Barcelona loyal Alcala de Henares loyal 6° Bon Montana (Garellano)
5° Division-Zaragoza Bilbao loyal
8° Division-La Coruna
17° Reg lnfanteria (Aragon) 7° Bon Montana (Arapiles)
29° Reg lnfanteria (Zamora)
Zaragoza rebel LaCoruna Estella rebel
rebel
18° Reg lnfanteria (Gerona) 8° Bon Montana (Sicilia)
30° Reg lnfanteria (Zaragoza)
Zaragoza rebel Pamplona rebel
Lugo rebel
19° Reg lnfanteria (Galicia) 2° Reg Artilleria Montana
31° Reg lnfanteria (Burgos)
Jaca rebel Vitoria rebel
Leon rebel Brigada Asturias-Oviedo
20° Reg lnfanteria (Valladolid) 15° Reg Artilleria Ligera
Huesca rebel 32° Reg lnfanteria (Milan)
Pontevedra rebel Oviedo rebel
9° Reg Artilleria Ligera 16° Reg Artilleria Ligera
Zaragoza rebel 40° Reg lnfanteria (Simancas)
La Coruna rebel Gijon
10° Reg Anilleria Ligera loyal
8° Bon Zapadores Grupo Artilleria
Calatayud rebel Gijon loyal Oviedo rebel
5° Bon Zapadores Division Caballeria-Madrid Islas Baleares
Zaragoza rebel 1° Reg Caballeria (Villarrobledo) 36° Reg lnfanteria (Palma)
6° Division-Burgos Palencia rebel Palma rebel
21° Reg lnfanteria (Valencia) 2° Reg Caballeria (Calatrava) 37° Reg lnfanteria (Baleares)
Santander loyal Salamanca rebel Mahon loyal
22° Reg lnfanteria (San Marcial) 3° Reg Caballeria (Santiago) 4° Reg de Costa
Burgos rebel Barcelona loyal Mahon loyal
Page 34

Palma “—
1° Grupo Mixto Artilleria

1° Grupo Mixto Ingineros

Palma
Grupo Inginieros Villacarlos
Villacarlos
Islas Canarias
38° Reg Infanteria (Tenerife)
rebel

rebel

loyal
1° Tercio, Legion Extranjera
Tauima
2° Regulares (Melilla)
Nador
5° Regulares (Alhucemas)
Segangai
3° Bon Cazadores (Melilla)
Caliph of Morocco's troops:
1° Reg Infanteria (Tetuan)
Tetuan
2° Reg Caballeria (Melilla)
Melilla
3° Reg Infanteria (Larache)
Larache
Tenerife
Riff area 4° Reg Infanteria (Gomara)
rebel
39° Reg Infanteria (Canarias)
6° Bon Cazadores (Ceuta) Riff area
Villa Sanjurjo 5° Reg Infanteria (Riff)
Las Palmas rebel Agru Artilleria Este
2° Grupo Artilleria dispersed in small detachments
Tenerife 6° Reg Infanteria (Kert)
rebel
3° Grupo Artilleria Bon Ametralladora Este
Other colonies:
Las Palmas rebel Bon lfni
Grupo Inginieros Tenerife 6 squadrons of cavalry lfni
Tenerife rebel Policia Saharana
Grupo Inginieros Las Palmas Bon Zapadores Este
Spanish Sahara
Las Palmas rebel Guardia Colonial de Guinea
Naval Base Protection Division Marruecos Guinea
33° Reg Infanteria (Cadiz)
Oeste-Ceuta
Cadiz rebel 2° Tercio, Foreign Legion AIR FORCES
34° Reg Infanteria Dar Riffen The Spanish Air Force, Servicio
(Sevilla) Aeronautica Militar, had about
Canagena loyal 1° Regulares (Tetuan) 300 aircraft in July of 1936, with
35° Reg Infanteria Alcazaba another 93 in the Naval Air Arm.
(Merida)
El Ferrol 3° Regulares (Ceuta) Very little of this material was of
rebel any real military use, the best air-
1° Reg de Costa Ceuta
craft being the 27 Vickers Vilde-
Cadiz rebel 4° Regulares (Larache) beest torpedo bombers of the
2° Reg de Costa Alcazarquivir Aeronautica Naval. In operable
condition there were about 110
El Ferrol rebel 1° Bon Cazadores (San Fernando) Breguet XIX light bombers, 70
3° Reg de Costa Alcazarquivir Nieuport—52 fighters, and 10 Fok-
2° Bon Cazadores (Las Navas) ker VIIB/3m three engine bomber/
Canagena loyal transports. Both the Air Force and
Forces of Public Order Larache the Navy operated examples of
Guardia Civil: 4° Bon Cazadores (Cerinola) the Dornier DO-15 Wal flying
113 companies remained loyal, Tetuan boat bomber, with 18 between
107 companies rebelled them. The Navy also had some 40
5° Bon Cazadores (Serrallo) Savoia 5-62 single engine patrol
Carabineros: aircraft. There were about 80
Ceuta
69 companies remained loyal, transport aircraft in civilian hands
Agru Artilleria Oeste
40 companies rebelled in Spain and its territories, 20 or
Asaltos: dispersed in small detachments so were multi-engine aircraft
Bon Ametralladora Oeste including Douglas DC—2's, Fokker
93 companies remained loyal,
18 VIIB/3m‘s, Dornier Wal's and Junk-
companies rebelled 6 ers G-24's.
squadrons of cavalry
EJERCITO DE AFRICA The larger concentrations of
Bon Zapadores Oeste
all units rebelled Spanish military aircraft in July
1936 were:
Division Marruecos Este- Cartagena: 5 DO-15, 26 Wide-
FORCES UNDER
Villa Sanjurjo THE C(10NIAL OFFICE
beest, 17 Savoia—62
Madrid: 18 Nieuport-52, 27
 Page 35

Breguet XIX, 6 Fok- Jaime I x 15.75'; 25.5 knots (origi-

ker F—Vll Santander loyal nally); armament 9/152mm, 4/
Sevilla: 18 Breguet XIX 3 prd AA, 4/MG,4/TT
Eastern Morocco: 6 DO-15, 9 15,452 tons; dimensions 435‘ x
Breguet XIX, 4 Fokker F-VII 78.75' x 25.5'; 19.5 knots; Awaiting disposal in Cadiz, its
armament 8/305mm, 20/ engines were completely useless.
Air reinforcements started arriv» 102mm, 2/76mmAA, 2/3pdr Used as a floating battery, it was
ing for the Insurgents almost later re-built and joined the Insur-
AA,10/MG; 19.5 knots.
immediately after the revolt in gent fleet in early 1938.
the form of 20 Junker 52's from
Germany and 12 Savoia 81's from Originally three in the class,
Espana was renamed in 1931 with Destroyers
Italy. This was a significant Churruca
increase in strength in the context the fall of the Monarchy. They
of Spain's new civil war. were the smallest Dreadnought- Cartagena see below
type battleships ever built. At the Almirante Valdes
THE SPANISH NAVY IN 1936 beginning of the Civil War the Cartagena see below
The Navy was the most modern Jaime I was in service, while Sanchez Barcaiztegui
of the Spanish armed services. Espana was decommissioned, Cartagena loyal
Significant construction had been awaiting disposal, with only two
of its four main armament turrets Almirante Ferrandiz
undertaken in the late 1920's and
early 30's, and the Spanish Navy functional. Cartagena loyal
of 1936 consisted largely of new Lepanto
ships. In this period five cruisers, Cruisers Cartagena loyal
18 destroyers, 9 submarines and Libertad (ex Principe Alfonso) Almirante Antequera
six minelayer/gunboats were laid El Ferrol Santander
loyal loyal
down, although many of these Almirante Miranda
craft were not to be completed Almirante Cervera
until after the Civil War. Spanish El Ferrol rebel Cartagena loyal
designs were very much Miguel de Cervantes Jose Luis Diez
influenced by British practice, El Ferrol loyal Cartagena loyal
British firms owning 25% of the Alcala Galiano
company that built all Spanish 7475 tons, dimensions 379.5' x Canagena loyal
warships.
54' x 16.5', 33 knots. armament
Spain had four major naval bases: 8/150mm, 4 /102mm AA, 2/ 1590 tons, dimensions 333' x
El Ferrol, Cadiz, Cartagena and apdr AA, 12 TT. 31.75' x 10.5' ; 36 knots; arma—
Mahon on the island of Menorca. ment 5/120mm, 1/76mm AA, 6
The vast majority of naval offi- Based on the British "E" class ‘IT.
cers supported the rebellion, but cruisers, their construction
the majority of the Navy marked a renaissance of sorts in
remained in government hands. Based on the British "Scott" class
The rebellion largely fizzled at Spanish ship building. Completed leaders, these were excellent
1926 to 1931. Cervera was in dry modern destroyers. Churruca and
Cartagena and Mahon, while it dock when the Fleet was ordered
succeeded at El Ferrol and Cadiz. Almirante Valdes initially joined
The ships at El Ferrol and Cadiz to sea by the government. the insurrection, but their crews
were ordered to sea by the gov- rebelled against their officers and
ernment on the 18th of July, MendezNunez returned to Cartagena after a few
those which didn't leave either Guinea loyal days. Other units of this class
through inability or the efforts of were still under construction.
the officers were captured by the 4650 tons, dimensions 462' x 46'
rebels. Alsedo
X155; 29 knots. armament 6/
DISPOSITION AND CHARACTER- 152mm, 4/3 pdr AA, 4/MG, 12/ Cartagena loyal
ISTICS 0F SPANISH WARSHIPS TT. Did not leave Guinea for Spain Lazaga
IN 1939 until September 3rd. Cartagena loyal
ship Velasoo
location El Ferrol rebel
allegiance Republica (ex Fteina Victoria)
Battleships Cadiz 1145 tons; dimensions 283' x 27'
rebel x 15'; .34 knots; armament 3/
Espana (ex Alfonso XIII)
El Ferrol rebel 5502 tons; dimensions 462' 102mm, 4/20mm AA, 4/TT
x 50'
Page 36

Gunboats
Castillo
Cadiz
Canalejas
Las Palmas
Data
Ceuta

M
Based on British World War |
destroyers, completed in early
20's.

1314 tons; dimensions 251‘ x

33.75' x 11.75'; 15 knots;
armament 4/102mm, 2/47mm
AA

Completed 1923 to 24:

Laya

811
x
Algeciras
Lauria
Cadiz
tons; dimensions 213' x 30'
9.5'; 14 knots; armament 4/
76mm,2/MG
Pre-World War gunboats, their
I

two sisters scrapped early 30‘s.

rebel

rebel
rebel

loyal

rebel
Submarines
0—1

Mahon
3-3 a 4
to C-6
Carlagena

916/1290 tons; dimensions 247‘

x 21' x 13.5‘; 16/85 knots;
armament 1/76mm AA, 6 TT.

Built 1925 to 1931 under license

in Spain from Electric Boat, they
were similar to U.S. submarines
of the era.

3-12.5

Palma
& 6

491/715 tons; dimensions 210'

17.5' x 11‘; 16/105 knots;
armament 1/76mm AA, 4/TT.
improvements of earlier U.S.
built submarine, the "Isaac
Peral.‘ Completed early 20's.

Spain also had 13 old small tor-

pedo boats, spread out around

ASTURIAS 00mm
GALICIA .Ln‘n
M
all loyal

all loyal

all loyal

x
various ports in Spain. 6 joined
the rebellion. Originally armed
with 3/47mm and 3 TT each, many
had been disarmed and used as
minelayers and other auxiliary
purposes.
Under Construction
El

All
Ferrol:
Heavy Cruisers- Canaries and
Baleares (improvements of the
British "County“ class)

Minelayer/Gunboats- Jupiter, Vul»

cano, Neptune, Marta, Eolo, and
Triton

these vessels fell into the

hands of the insurgents. Also at El
Ferrol was the gunboat Zacatecas
under construction for Mexico.

Cartagena:
Destroyers- Gravina, Escano,
Ciscar, Jorge Juan. Ulloa, Alava
and Liniers (Churruca class)

Submarines-
All
the government.

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ANDALUSIA 9W5, Mr
“T“ Mil-e: Mmri|
“mm:

ALGERIA
 — Page 37

EXchange
Letters should be addressed to "Scherazade" on the tape deck Victor Hauser
EXchange, P.0. Box 2431, Ope- (especially when chasing around I
read with interest Deen Wood's
lika, AL 36801, and should include lraq and Persia) and also excerpts rejoinder in TEN #8's 'EXchange"
the sender's address and tele- from Richard Rogers' “Victory at to John Astell's prospective bad-
phone number. Not all letters can Sea" works, like "Mediterranean weather combat modifications.
be used. Those that are will often Mosaic." For the Russian Front, He concludes that poor weather is
be edited and excerpted. anything by Tchaikovsky, Prokofv not the real problem, but rather
iev's "Alexander Nevsky," and that logistics and railroad engi»
Peter Robbin‘s "Ghost" answer Sibelius's 'Finlandia.‘ also have
I
neering are. To the extent that
from last issue has been reclassi— the standard collection of German Deen identifies logistics and rail—
fied from Most Secret to Highly marches (by Bundeswehr bands), road regauging as two areas for
Interesting, so we will start with including the famous (remember further refinement in the Europe
it. the movie "The Battle of the rules set, agree with him. How
I

Bulge“) "Panzerlied." ever, do not agree with Deen's

I

Peter Robbins idea that weather should have no

I
know who your "ghost" in TEN Third, back to the Australians. l effect on the combat capabilities
#10 is: It's Lord Haw-Haw, or Wil- found Stuart Lee's article most of ground units.
liam Joyce, the fascist propa» interesting and valuable, as he
gandist whose radio broadcasts has access to sources that are As a veteran of many games of
from Berlin amused the British. hard to find in the U.S. agree
I
FitE/SE, believe that John
I

He was actually born in Brooklyn, with his contention that the AIF Astell's recent thinking on the
but was English by parentage. divisions should be rated higher. subject provides a workable and
This resulted in his becoming a After all, the Australians, like the reasonable solution to handling
real ghost in 1946, when he was New Zealanders and the Canadi- combat in poor weather. Here is a
hanged by the British as a traitor. ans, had a high reputation as proposed ruling whose time has
combat troops in both World definitely arrived!
James Broshot Wars. think that they deserve a
I

First the contest. The “Ghost of higher rating on that basis alone, Mud weather (as found on the
Europan is a tank that never made as well as for having bigger divi- East Front) really does affect
it to Europe. It is a "Cruiser Tank sions. would like to point out
I
ground units adversely in offen-
AC (Australian Cruiser) I, Senti- that the MTO infantry divisions of sive action to a greater degree
nel.“ Designed and built entirely the Second Front material have than in defense. And this has
in Australia, only 66 were manu- been uprated with the 51$t (High- little to do with reduced air power
factured between August 1942 land) Infantry Division now as a 1 and logistics. Indeed, the reasons
and July 1343. The AC weighed
I
x 9-8 lnf XX. As Stuart points out, are strictly physical. First, the
28 tons, had a crew of 5 and was this division was originally the
armed with a Zpdr 00F gun and 2 troops are soggy, dirty, and irrita-
second line Territorial 9th Infantry ble, thus lowering their morale.
Vickers .303 calibre machine guns. Division which absorbed the rem- Secondly, when one's horses,
It is notable, besides its unique nants of the original 51st Division trucks, and tanks are drowning in
background, for having a one- (lost in France) and was redesig- mud, movement and support for
piece cast hull and a power plant nated. Surely some strength revi- attacks are literally replaced by
composed of three American Cad- sions for the NF are in order. the battle against Nature. This
illac Vv8 engines coupled in the reaches its climax in the case of
form of a clover leaf. Proposed My first impressions of SF include artillery. All studies on the causes
variants were the AC ll (AC built
I
puzzlement at the absence of the of casualties in combat conclude
from American supplied compo- "Atlantic Wall;" concern over the that it is the artillery which does
nents) and AC IV (armed with a U.S. OB (what about all those most of the killing in battle, by
17pdr gun). It was the intended Tank and Tank Destroyer Groups far. My personal opinion is that, if
equipment for the Australian 1st that Shelby Stanton lists as being anything, artillery is underrated in
Armoured Division. used as staff and administrative importance in Europa (although
headquarters and not as combat I'm not certain what percentage
Second, a somewhat belated units); and lastly appreciation and of most units‘ combat factor is
response to "music to play Europa amazement over the efforts of attributable to artillery). In any
by." have always liked to play
I
the designers. case, for an offensive to succeed,
'WitD" with Rimsky-Korsakov‘s one‘s artillery must not only be
Page 38

“
supplied, it must also be able to
quickly relocate to support a
friendly advance. A defensive
position is not nearly so adversely
affected. Thus, when the artillery
is rooted (literally) in place, any
offensive will quickly stall except
against the most feeble resis-
tance. Only the most well-trained
and disciplined of troops have any
chance of overcoming such for—
midable handicaps and succeed-
ing in an offensive of any magni-
tude in the mud. am aware of
I

only one or two big offensives

even being attempted (much less
successfully executed) in the Rus
sian mud during the war. And
think that it is this fact, as much
as anything else, which John is
trying to address with his new
I
-

As a final thought,
-——-
offensive action taking place in
good weather.
I

Deen's comments even though

appreciated
didn't agree with his main conclu-
sion, because they were thought
provoking. felt compelled to
I

explore the rationale for John's

proposal more deeply, and in the
end found the effort rewarding.
am now more satisfied with
John's basic proposal than was,
intuitively, at first.
Nelson Isada
How about Scorched
without the ants?
Gary Helmer
I

Earth
)
I
tions that rely solely on cities
taken and do take into account
losses sustained bear little resem»
blance to military reality. Assume
that through good play, perhaps
some Soviet tactical mistakes,
and some luck with the weather
the Germans actually take Mos-
cow in late 1941, but get their
Panzer spearheads shredded in
the process. German victory?
According to the HE victory con-
ditions, yes, but what kind of
shape would the Wehrmacht then
be in to face the campaigning
season of 1942? How long could
they hold it with their best units
decimated and exhausted? What
price "victory"? Are any geo-
graphic objectives so important
Regarding John Astell's ideas that the losses sustained in taking
proposal. As such, might add
I
about negative die mods in poor them are totally irrelevant?
that these effects should be less weather: yes, yes, yes! With a According to the victory condi-
notable in urban areas, particu- game system and CRT that is tions as they stand, yes, but I

larly those under "siege", (i.e. somewhat top—heavy in favor of think that the answer from mili-
position warfare). So maybe the attacker, this is badly needed tary history in general and this
small-scale battles (compara- to produce the historical Iulls that campaign in particular is a
tively) for major city and fortress occurred during these periods.
hexes might be exempted from resounding NO! The point of all
this is that some combination of
the minus-two mud modifier. As for the idea to upgrade Finnish losses and geographic objectives
divisions to 8-8, another big captured would more accurately
The problems in snow weather thumbs up. feel, as does John,
I
determine the level of victory or
differ somewhat from those of that they have been sadly under- defeat achieved. You could also
mud, but the end result is similar rated and should also probably have the concepts, as some
since the reasons are still physi- move as light infantry. have yet
cal. The primary degrading factor
I

games do, of "player victory" and

to see a FitEISE game where the "historical victory“ as separate,
here is the numbing cold. This Soviet player, although getting
manifests itself in several ways, yet related, conditions which
his butt kicked everywhere else would be incorporated for those
but most importantly in reduced on the map, doesn't throw in who are heavily into competition.
efficiency because of the need for some boys to go chew on the (As an aside, believe the fall of
I

bulky protective clothing, as well Firms in '41. There must have Moscow, although a severe blow,
as the greatly reduced times that been some reason the Soviets would probably not have brought
troops can be exposed to the ele- didn't do this historically, and this down the Soviet government and
ments and be expected to move. may be enough to make it a less war would have continued.
Put more simply, one cannot attractive proposition. Napoleon took it in 1812 from a
count on one's troops being able
to attack for very many hours government that probably had
As to all the furor about the Ger- less popular support even than
each day due to the exhausting mans now doing better with some Stalin, and look what happened to
effects of extreme cold. Here of the rules changes in SE, well, him. This last point can, obvi-
again, the defensive is usually they should! With 20/20 historical ously, be debated endlessly.) Q
afforded greater shelter, thus hindsight a competent German
greater relative advantage. player is not going to repeat the
Although snow's physical effects well—known strategic blunders of
are inherently more life- this campaign, and consequently
threatening, they don't have quite
the stopping power of mud on
should more often than not do Opponent's Wanted
better in '41 than historically. I

offensive mobility. Thus, a minus- agree with John's rules about the Patrick Carroll is looking for oppo—
one combat modifier in snow RR engineers, etc., and
suggest nents in the Gaithersburg, MD
weather (the above comment that the problem, if there is one, area. Call (301) 869-1450 in the
about position warfare applies does not lie in the new rules, but evenings or (301) 990-9704 during
here as well) does not seem out rather in the victory conditions, the day.
of line at all when compared to especially in FitE. Victory condi-
 Page 39
_RU_LES-C(-)URT
by Rick Gayler
Send all rules questions to: Rick Scorched Earth (Rule 2884)
Gayler, P. O. Box 2431, Opelika, - Why is it you can fight in the
AL 36801. Include a SASE for dark in the Arctic? (t is dark If the ships are in part when the
return mailing. If possible, cite the almost 24 hours a day during the Axis gain ownership of the hex
rule number and frame your ques— winter up there you know. (Rule they must roll for scuttling at the
tions in a "yes," 'no" or multiple 30) instant the hex becomes Axis-
choice fashion. "Design questions” owned. If at sea in the hex they
will be answered only as time and WW ll armies could and did fight are not effected. Note that if a
resources permit. in darkness, both in the Arctic and ship is scuttled, and the battle
Europa Basic Concepts elsewhere. While night combat against the hex it was assigned
- A construction unit begins build- was no prize, neither was it to support that turn has not yet
ing a fort in the initial phase. Dur- impossible. And remember that been resolved, then its gunfire
ing the ensuing movement phase during the summer it is light support would be negated. If it
may that same construction unit almost twenty-four hours a day in escapes to sea, it remains in the
build a temporary airfield in the "The Land of the Midnight Sun." hex and supports its assigned
hex it occupies? (usually Rule 14) Should we allow two combat hex as planned.
phases then? The fact that
No, an engineer unit may partici- resource points must be spent for Although the rules don't say so
pate in only one construction task attacks in the Arctic clearly indi- explicitly, Rule 288, 2nd para-
at a time. Note that if a construc- cates that combat there at any graph implies that the Soviets
tion unit is only maintaining a time is difficult. But there should must declare at the end of their
temporary airfield it may under- be no restrictions against fighting turn whether each of their ships
take other construction in the hex, in the dark. is in port or at sea. (Note that
such as upgrading its temporary Axis transports must always end
airfield to permanent status or - Rule 34E1 states that "Soviet their turn in port per Rule 2831.)
building a fort, as the mainte- (motorized and mechanized) divi- This is required information for
nance of the temporary airfield sions may not be rebuilt to their properly handling AA fire, air-
does not constitute "construction." original strength when at cadre naval interaction, Baltic restric—
strength." Rule 34E2 states, "In tions, scuttling and replenish-
- How much ATEC does one point addition, cadres of (Soviet tank) ment.
of heavy position AA have? divisions may not be rebuilt to
full strength." Does this mean - Can one replace a Soviet 3-6
Folks who paid attention last that all of the Russian c/m cadres Rifle Division, convert it to a 4-6
issue know the answer to this that start the game may not be Rifle Division and then convert it
one. Units which do not count built up to divisional strength or to a 5—6 Guards Rifle Division all
toward the stacking limit are not that they may only be built up in the same initial phase? (Rule
counted in ATEC calculations, so once? 34)
the answer is "none.”
Soviet c/m divisions which start John Astell was toying with a
- Suppose a construction unit is the game as cadres may not be rule for inclusion in Scorched
undertaking a two-turn task and in built up to full strength. C/m divi- Earth which would limit a unit to
the initial phase of its second turn sions which start at full strength, "doing only one thing at a time."
of construction it suddenly finds but are reduced to cadre through However, in the end he decided
itself out of supply. Would con— losses, may not be rebuilt to full it wasn't worth adding a special
struction be suspended until the strength. C/m divisions and divi- rule to limit this (and such a rule
unit was placed back in supply (or sional cadres which are com- would have been hard to write,
even negated), or would the item pletely eliminated may not be as well). As it doesn't seem to
be completed on schedule? (usu— replaced at all. (Exceptions: give any special advantage to
ally Rule 14) Guards and foreign contingent c/ the Soviets to allow this, let's
m divisions and cadres may be keep it simple and permit it.
Construction would continue nor» replaced and rebuilt.)
mally. It is only required that the And, in conclusion, from The
construction unit be in supply - Soviet naval units (ships) are in Selected Sayings of Marshal
when the item is started and the a hex which is subsequently
RP spent. To rule othen/vise would taken by the Axis. Do the ships Ruhlsmonger:"ltalian pilots
green are " better than Russian
open a whole Pandora's box of have to roll for scuttling immedi- pilots Red.
exceptions and interpretations. ately, and if not then, when?
 Symbol Type 9553.35.11“: AECA AECD mac I m
1

6—] Armored. Tank, Panzer F F F O

LightTank, Light Panzer. Reconnaissance,
Armored Cav, Mech Cav. All
British
Others
F
F
F

1/2
F
Neut
.
O
E
:3:
[a Flamethrower Tank, Flammpanzer
lal Engineer Tank
Neut.
1/2
1/2
1/2
Neut
1/2
.0
:E
E Mechanized, Panzergrenadier 1/2 1/2 F O
m Mechanized Commando
E (I) AssauItGun,TankDestroyer
Neut. Neut. Neut. O
F 1/2 F O
8
E Sturmpanzer F 1/2 F O

E
‘2'
Motorized, Motorized Infantry
Motorcycle
Neut
Neut.
Neut
Neut.
Neut
Neut
O
O

E Other Motorized Units2 Neut. Neut. Neut 0

[TI Field Artillery

Em Siege Artillery
Neut. Neut. Neut.
Neut. Neut. Neut.
.
C

3
m
.5, Railroad Artillery Neut. Neut. Neut. O
[3| Rocket Artillery Neut. Neut. Neut. O

.
a[i]
1:] Mortar Neut. Neut. Neut.
Mixed SEE RULE 14 O
Alarm - - -

[7| Cavalry —
- —
O

3 V-Weapons - —
-

E WI Antitank - - Full

2m Heavy Antiaircraft —
- Full 0
gg
E":
Assault Engineer - - 1/2
Port Fortification - - - O

m Amphibious Assault Engineer, Commando Assault Engineer - - 1/2

[E] Railroad Engineer
Port Construction
-

-
-

-
-

-
.
O
Pipeline Construction - - - C
All remaining units have no AECA, AECD, ATEC. or heavy eqtipment.

X
:
E
Infantry Eta Marine Security
Mountain? Alpine
m Naval Troops Punitive

[D Jager, Sharpshooter [Z] Bicycle E Training ‘

E] Static, Coastal
[m Fortress
IE Machinegun
‘1] High Mountain
E
IE
Reserve? Replacmt,

Light Antiaircralt E2:

Commando,
Ranger. Raider
Parachute Commando

m Punitive Fortress
E Police Engineer

E Border
E Political Police Construction
Notes: 1. Per SE. 2.Per SE. 3. Units with the mountain symbol (3) and another symbol are mountain
units. such as mountain commando. 4. Units with the training symbol and another symbol are training
units. 5. Units with the reserve symbol and another symbol are reserve units.
 Page 41

EUROPAFEST | I

PROGRESS REPORT
by Mark Swenholt
PROGRESS TO DATE: information can be provided on bring a copy of the game for use,
Work continues on the second the new registration form in this preferred scenario start date,
Europafest. Key items of informa- issue of the magazine. We need it preferred side, and when you will
tion can be found on the enclosed to plan out our space require- be available (Thursday night, Fri-
pre~registration form as to the ments. day AM, Friday noon, etc.).
day, date, time, place and cost of
attending. You should note that there are Above all, please bring games.
now only 55 spaces left for the We can sort out a hell of a lot of
I
have some people already pre- Europafest Dinner. It is first come, teams Thursday night in hotel
registered using the form, but first served (pardon the pun) for rooms, or Friday morning, but we
need some additional information this dinner. can't play if we don‘t have the
that was not included in the last games to play with.
issue of the magazine. What is How preregistration works: I
enter
needed is knowledge of what the names, addresses, events The Thursday night access for
eventls) you will be playing. This you're playing, whether you're set-up is not confirmed. We hope
attending the ban- it will be available, but can not
All new - all cotton - all
quet, etc. on my com- get the hotel to confirm for some
yours puter. I
then pass time yet. A way to quickly get set
for only $9.95 everything to the up if Thursday night does not
The 1990 Europa T-Shirt with the DallasCon folks for work out is to putty up the start-
newest logo on it, pictured below. entry into their data- ing units as corps on the corps
base. You should get marker displays and use copies of
The Shirt is U.S. Army brown. a card back from Dal- the play aids kit maps to docu-
We have two sizes, large and lasCon confirming ment the corps counters' |oca~
Xlarge. Please indicate your your pre-reg. Don't tions for your initial setups.
choice when you order from us. panic yet if you
haven‘t seen a confir~ Checks and mailing address:
mation. This is a bit As before, my mailing address is
early for the normal Europafest II, 4437 Denver Drive,
DallasCon pre-reg.

@iv
Plano, TX 75093. Make your
process. You should checks payable to: DallasCon.
be getting something Thanks, and will report to the
I

back by at least the readers in the next issue.

end of June.
The first pre-reg. I
V——_'—.
So, you want to refuse my kipper
inspectors the right to inspect
got said "I want to your kippers before you send
play FitE/SE; don'tI
them to Germany? Well, we are
have a team." This going to send some reinforce—
reinforced a suspicion ments with the next group of kip-
I
had that we will per inspectors and we will see,
need at least one Norway. That's right, get to
I

"walk-on" FitE/SE. play Narvik, the new version, at

Order your T-Shirt from us by
I

will have one set up, Europafest. Any of you dopes

sending name, address & $9.95 but am still counting
I
out there (except Frank Chad-
+ $1 shipping and handling to: on most events being wick) want to try and stop my
GRD arranged beforehand. kipper inspectors from inspecting
I
will be happy to co- your Nowvegian kippers will have
PO BOX 591 ordinate the arrang- to deal with our reinforced Kipper
GRINNELL, IA 50112 ing of teams. On your Inspector Korps, including our
ALLOW 4-6 WEEKS DELIVERY pre-reg. specify the para-kippers and mountain-kipper
game of interest, inspectors and, and; well you'll
whether you can see when you get there. WJH
 @uropafeét
Site : the LeBaron Hotel, Dallas Texas
Dates : August 3 - 4 - 5, 1990
Admission : $16 for pre-registered attendance;
$18 at the door.
It is getting closer to the event and we need to know
some more information please. When
you send in this form, please check the appropriate boxes. Thanks.

E] I AM WITH A TEAM AND WE ARE PLAYING:

I: I

I
AM NOT WITH A TEAM
WANT TO PLAY:

SIDE OF CHOICE:
I
WILL BE AVAILABLE:

I WILL BRING THE FOLLOWING GAMES TO THE CONVENTION

MAIL PRE-REGISTRATION TO:

EUROPAFEST TWO - 4437 Denver Dr.

Plano, TX 75093. ,

name:
address:

zip code
phone
(optional) _ _
Our annual Europafeast dinner this year
will be $18 for a Prime Rib dinner.
Pre-registration D $ 16
Annual Dinner D $ 18
MAKE YOUR CHECKS
PAYABLE TO DALLASCON Total enclosed $
 Europa Part5 ' order from: Game Title Fall of France
GR/D - PO Box 591 Game Number 820
' IA 50112
Grmnell’ Item Ordered Price
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Many
Game Title Their Finest Hour 30* 5-00
TOTAL THE Game Number 823 Cntr Sheet 23 5.00
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E—
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INFORMATION Game Title Scorched Earth Game Title Fire In The East
ON THE BACK Game Number 829 Game Number 826
OF THIS LIST.
ow ow
MEMBERS Item Ordered Price Man Item Ordered Price Man
OF THE ox 5. ox
EUROPA Ax rt .00 arts
ASSOC. a u e . ntr eet
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 To Use This Order Blank: Game Title Mar-Merkur
Each game has it components available listed Game Number 808
below it. Those items that
are shaded out are NOT How
available. Indicate the number of each item you Item Ordered Price Manv
want in the "How Many" column. it parts become Box 4.00
unavailable between the time you order and the Cntr Sheet 20 ;»

time we receive your order, we will issue

you a
refund voucher good for cash or products from
Cntr Sheet 21 5.00
GR/D. Allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. Cntr Sheet 22 5.00
Ma- 14
Game Title Narvik Ma
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MMeet 43
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 Now, and for the future, Europa. . .

Europa on line
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 a game of
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-t:auie system. is easy to learn and inn to play. Gamers eau start playing
Within 20 minutes, but the box is lilled with hours of enjoyment.
Aspiring generals among its can play the eampaign game. Using the
game rules and eounters. two players plan out their forces and buy the
t'titnpment they need with a budget agreed upon belorehand. Then both
sides. pursue ultimate Vietory in a series of battles where each individual
triumph builds on the last.
Test at Anna.
29 seenan‘os of modern warfare.
lGrptlge mlebook. azrpagc scenario book.
SIX maps. 480 diereut Counters, Dice
Boxed. GDW: 0112. $24.00.

LAST BATTLE
WWlll Man-to-Man/Tank-to-Tank Battles
A detailed stand-alone boardgame of tactical battles using the latest in
battlefield equipment. anti a support system for resolving combat in the
Twilight: 2000 role-playing game. Based on the awardeinning Team
Yankee tactical game system. Last Battle deals with the individual soldier on
the battlefield of tomorrow. Data cards provide the statistics and capabilities
of modern lighting vehieles, while counters represent soldiers who crew the
tanks in battle Special rules relleet the realities of urban fighting. artillery,
anti morale. Includes hints on playing the game using realistie taeties.
Last Battle Man to man eurnlmt lll \Vnrld War Ill
lti page itileliouk in page st't‘naiios book
Ea \elut lt‘ data t.\l(l\ six game maps hen the eul eotinter slit‘t‘h. Dxee Boxed. (ilm'. asst
$11 on

lllllltlh residents please add (i‘/a‘,£ sales tax.

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shipping and handling based on the subtotal value: 10‘}? (84.00
erte for 0

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ina\initinil.
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