Grivory GV

The proven material

for metal replacement
 Table of contents

2
3 Introduction / Grivory – nomenclature

4 Characteristics and properties of Grivory grades

6 Properties

10 Design data – short-term behaviour

12 Design data – long-term behaviour
14 Special reinforcement materials
19 Resistance to weathering
20 Resistance to heat ageing
21 Resistance to chemicals
22 Comparison with other materials

23 Grivory in contact with foodstuffs and drinking water

24 Behaviour in fire

25 Storage and drying

26 Processing – injection moulding
27 Post-treatment
28 Machining / use of reclaimed material

29 Services and technical support

30 Using our test laboratories
31 CAMPUS
32 Quality standards
33 Product lines
34 Delivery form
35 Index
36 EMS-GRIVORY worldwide

2
 Introduction / Grivory – nomenclature

Introduction The product portfolio of Grivory GV

Grivory® GV is the brand name of a group of engi-
neering plastics manufactured and marketed by EMS- Grivory GV: reinforced with glass fibres, very stiff
GRIVORY.
Grivory GVX: reinforced with glass fibres, maximum
stiffness, low warpage
The materials in this group are based on semi-crystal-
line polyamides with some partially aromatic content. Grivory GVL: reinforced with long fibres, very stiff,
Grivory GV is available in granular form for processing maximum notched impact strength
by injection moulding in generally available machines and energy absorption
and moulds. Grivory GVN: reinforced with glass fibres,
impact resistant
The grades of material within this group are differentia-
Grivory GM: reinforced with minerals, low warpage
ted by the type and composition of the base polymers
and their modification with reinforcing materials (glass Grivory GV V0: reinforced with glass fibres,
fibres, minerals), stabilisers and processing aids. halogen-free, self-extinguishing
Grivory GC: reinforced with carbon fibres, very stiff
Grivory GV is used for the manufacture of technical
Grivory G4V: reinforced with glass fibres,
components which are characterised by:
good surface quality,
good flow properties
• high stiffness and strength
• property values which are little influenced by the Grivory GVS: reinforced with glass fibres,
absorption of moisture good surface quality,
• high dimensional stability and low warpage very good flow properties
• good resistance to chemicals, typical of poly- Grivory GV EF: reinforced with glass fibres,
amides flows easily, good surface quality
• good surface quality Grivory GV FWA: reinforced with glass fibres,
• efficient, cost effective manufacturing approved for contact with
foodstuffs and drinking water
This strong profile of properties ensures that Grivory GV
is ideally suited for the replacement of metal. The impor- Grivory XE designates products which are newly being
tant parameters for metal replacement, such as stiffness launched onto the market.
and strength, are largely unaffected by the absorption
of moisture. Grivory GV is physiologically safe and can Nomenclature
be used in sensitive applications involving direct con- Example, reinforced:
tact with foodstuffs and drinking water.
Grivory G V - 5 H black 9915

Colour
Heat stabilised
50%
Reinforced
with glass fibres
Partially aromatic
polyamide

3
 Characteristics and properties of Grivory grades

4
Grade Grivory Characteristics and properties Processing / application segment

GV-2H Injection moulding grades with 20 – 60% by weight glass fibre Stiff, dimensionally precise engineered
GV-4H reinforcement. Stiff and strong, even after absorption of mois- parts for machine construction, the auto-
Basic grades

GV-5H ture. Good resistance to chemicals, dimensionally stable and motive industry and the electrical industry.
GV-6H low warpage. Heat-stabilised. Functional parts with system integration.
Substitution of metal die-cast alloys.
drinking water / foodstuffs

GV-2 FWA Injection moulding grades suitable for contact with foodstuffs Stiff, dimensionally precise engineered
GV-4 FWA and drinking water, with 20 – 60% by weight glass fibre rein- parts for sanitary fittings, the foodstuffs
GV-5 FWA forcement. Stiff and strong, even after absorption of moisture. industry and domestic appliances which
Contact with

GV-6 FWA Heat stabilised. Comply with EU guidelines for direct contact come into direct contact with foodstuffs
with foodstuffs, unrestricted FDA approval for contact with all and drinking water. Functional parts with
foodstuffs, approval in accordance with ACS, KTW, W270, system integration. Substitution of metal
WRAS and NSF for contact with drinking water. die-cast alloys.

GVN-35H Injection moulding grades with 35 or 50 per cent by weight Stiff, dimensionally precise and impact re-
Impact modified

GVN-5H glass fibre reinforcement. Stiff and strong, even after absorption sistant mechanical parts for the engineer-
of moisture. Impact resistant and heat stabilised. ing, automotive and electrical industries.
Functional parts with system integration.

4
Grade Grivory Characteristics and properties Processing / application segment

GVS-5H Injection moulding grades with 50 or 60% by weight glass fibre Stiff, dimensionally precise parts in indus-
Flow properties

GVS-6H reinforcement. Stiff and strong also after absorption of moisture. trial engineering, domestic appliances
surface quality

Improved surface quality and resistance to chemicals, dimen- plus the automotive, electrical and sani-
and high

G4V-5H sionally stable and low warping. Very good flow properties. tary fittings industries. Functional parts
G4V-6H Heat stabilised. with system integration. Replacement of
GV5H EF metal die-cast alloys.
GV-6H EF

GVL-4H Injection moulding grades with 40, 50 and 60% by weight long Stiff, dimensionally precise components in
GVL-5H glass fibre reinforcement. Stiff and strong also after absorption industrial engineering, the automotive and
GVL-6H of moisture. Good resistance to chemicals, dimensional stability electrical industries, with wall thicknesses
and very low warpage. High notched impact strength and en- from 2 mm. Functional parts with system
ergy absorption. Low creep behaviour, also at higher tempera- integration. Replacement of metal die-cast
Special reinforcement materials

tures. Heat stabilised. alloys.

GVX-5H Injection moulding grades with 50, 60, 65 and 70% by weight Stiff, dimensionally precise components in
GVX-6H glass fibre reinforcement. Stiff and strong also after absorption of industrial engineering, automotive and the
GVX-65H moisture. Good resistance to chemicals, high dimensional stabil- electrical industries. Functional parts with
GVX-7H ity and minimal tendency to warp. Excellent flow properties and system integration. Components under in-
surface quality. Low influence of fibre orientation results in high ternal pressure loading. Components with
transverse strength and stiffness. high dimensional stability and minimal
warpage. Replacement of metal die-cast
alloys.

GC-4H Injection moulding grade, GV reinforced with carbon fibres, Very stiff, very dimensionally precise en-
maximum stiffness, electrically and thermally conductive. Very gineered components in industrial engi-
low density, maximum specific stiffness. neering, the automotive industry, sport &
leisure, components in the explosion pro-
tection sector.

GM-4H Injection moulding grade with 40% mineral reinforcement, mini- Low warpage engineered components
Reinforced

minerals

mum warpage, high surface quality, high dimensional stability. with excellent surface, can be easily met-
with

al plated. Components for sanitary fittings

and the automotive industry.

GV-3H V0 Flameproof, halogen-free injection moulding grades with 30 Self-extinguishing, stiff, dimensionally
GV-4H V0 and 40% by weight glass fibre reinforcement. Self-extinguishing precise engineered parts in the electri-
(UL-94 V0). Stiff and strong even after absorption of moisture. cal industry. RoHS: Parts made of these
GVX-5H V0 Good resistance to chemicals, dimensionally stable and low materials comply with RoHS requirements
Flame retardant

GVX-5H FR warpage. Light natural colour, colourable. UL listed. (2002/95 IEC, Restriction of Hazardous
Substances).
WEEE (waste electrical and electronic
equipment): The “selective utilisation” re-
quirement in accordance with guideline
2002/96/EC concerning waste electri-
cal and electronic equipment does not
apply to parts made of these materials.

5
 Properties
Reinforced for injection moulding

Mechanical properties

Tensile E modulus 1 mm/min ISO 527 MPa

dry
cond.
6 GV-2H
GV-2H FWA

8200
7200
dry 145
Stress at break 5 mm/min ISO 527 MPa
cond. 125
dry 3
Strain at break 5 mm/min ISO 527 %
cond. 4
dry 50
Impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2
cond. 50
dry 35
Impact strength Charpy, -30°C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2
cond. 35
dry 7
Notched impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2
cond. 7
dry 6
Notched impact strength Charpy, -30°C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2
cond. 6
dry 225
Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPa
cond. 200
Thermal properties
Melt temperature DSC ISO 11357 °C dry 260
Heat deflection temperature HDT/A 1.80 MPa ISO 75 °C dry 230
Heat deflection temperature HDT/C 8.00 MPa ISO 75 °C dry 65
Therm. expansion coefficient, long. 23–55°C ISO 11359 10 /K
-4
dry 0.10
Therm. expansion coefficient, trans. 23–55°C ISO 11359 10-4/K dry 1.00
Max. working temperature long-term ISO 2578 °C dry 100 –120
Max. working temperature short-term ISO 2578 °C dry 220
Electrical properties
dry 33
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm
cond. 33
Comparative tracking index CTI IEC 60112 cond. 575
dry 1012
Specific volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ω m •

cond. 1012
Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ω cond. 1013
General properties
Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry 1.28
Flammability (UL 94) 0.8 mm IEC 60695-11-10 Rating - HB
Water absorption 23°C/r.h. ISO 62 % - 5
Moisture absorption 23°C/50% r.h. ISO 62 % - 1.5
Linear mould shrinkage long. ISO 294 % dry 0.15
Linear mould shrinkage trans. ISO 294 % dry 0.75
MH,
Product designation as per ISO 16396 PA66 + PA6 I/X 14-080,GF20

6
 GVN-35H
GV-4H GV-5H GV-6H GVL-4H GVL-5H GVL-6H GVX-5H GVX-6H GVX-65H GVX-7H
GVN-35 FA

14000 18000 22000 14300 17500 22500 18000 22500 25500 28000 10500
13000 17000 21000 13000 16500 21000 17000 22000 25000 27500 9000
230 250 260 240 270 290 250 290 300 290 170
210 220 240 205 235 255 220 260 280 260 140
3 2.5 2 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.5 4
3 2.5 2 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.5 5
90 90 80 85 105 115 80 75 75 60 85
90 90 80 80 100 110 75 70 70 60 85
70 80 80 75 90 95 65 70 70 60 80
70 80 80 75 90 95 60 70 70 60 80
13 15 14 30 35 40 15 15 15 15 15
13 15 14 30 35 40 15 15 15 15 15
11 13 13 30 35 40 15 15 15 15 13
11 13 13 30 35 40 15 15 15 15 13
255 280 315 265 290 315 290 320 345 370 215
230 255 290 250 270 290 265 305 330 360 185

260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260
235 235 235 255 255 255 245 250 250 250 235
145 165 175 210 220 225 175 205 215 220 70
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.15
0.90 0.90 0.90 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.30 0.90
100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120
220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220

33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 35
33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 35
600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 575
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 10
10 10
10 10
10 10
1012
1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1010 1010 1010 1010 1012
1013 1013 1013 1013 1013 1013 1012 1011 1012 1010 1013

1.47 1.56 1.69 1.47 1.56 1.69 1.56 1.69 1.79 1.85 1.40
HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB HB
4.5 4 3.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.2 2.9 4.5
1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.5
0.10 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.15
0.60 0.40 0.30 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.45
MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MH,
14-140,GF40 14-190,GF50 14-220, GF60 14-140, GF40 14-190, GF50 14-220, GF60 14-190, GF50 14-220 N, GF60 14-250 N, GF65 14-280, GF70 14-110 N, GF35

The “conditioned” test values were determined using test specimens stored in accordance with ISO 1110

7
 Properties
Reinforced for injection moulding

Mechanical properties

Tensile E modulus 1 mm/min ISO 527 MPa

dry
cond.
8
GVN-5H
black

15500
14500
dry 230
Stress at break 5 mm/min ISO 527 MPa
cond. 190
dry 3.0
Strain at break 5 mm/min ISO 527 %
cond. 4.0
dry 95
Impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2
cond. 95
dry 85
Impact strength Charpy, -30°C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2
cond. 85
dry 16
Notched impact strength Charpy, 23°C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2
cond. 16
dry 14
Notched impact strength Charpy, -30°C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2
cond. 14
dry 265
Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPa
cond. 235
Thermal properties
Melt temperature DSC ISO 11357 °C dry 260
Heat deflection temperature HDT/A 1.80 MPa ISO 75 °C dry 240
Heat deflection temperature HDT/C 8.00 MPa ISO 75 °C dry 165
Therm. expansion coefficient, long. 23–55°C ISO 11359 10 /K
-4
dry 0.15
Therm. expansion coefficient, trans. 23–55°C ISO 11359 10-4/K dry 0.90
Max. working temperature long-term ISO 2578 °C dry 100 –120
Max. working temperature short-term ISO 2578 °C dry 220
Electrical properties
dry 35
Dielectric strength IEC 60243-1 kV/mm
cond. 35
Comparative tracking index CTI IEC 60112 cond. 575
dry 1012
Specific volume resistivity IEC 60093 Ω m •

cond. 1012
Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 Ω cond. 1013
General properties
Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry 1.55
Flammability (UL 94) 0.8 mm IEC 60695-11-10 Rating - HB
Water absorption 23°C/sat. ISO 62 % - 4.0
Moisture absorption 23°C/50% r.h. ISO 62 % - 1.3
Linear mould shrinkage long. ISO 294 % dry 0.05
Linear mould shrinkage trans. ISO 294 % dry 0.40
MH,
Product designation as per ISO 16396 PA66 + PA6 I/X 14-160, GF50

8
 G4V-5HS GV-5HL GV-6HL GV-3H GV-4H
G4V-5H G4V-6H GVS-5H GVS-6H GC-4H GM-4H
black black black V0 V0

16500 18000 20000 17000 22000 17000 22000 10500 14000 31000 7000
16500 18000 19500 16000 21000 16000 21000 9500 12000 28000 6000
230 230 250 250 260 220 215 130 150 260 100
200 200 220 220 240 200 195 110 120 225 80
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 3.0
2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 5.0
75 65 80 90 80 70 60 50 40 40 80
75 65 70 80 75 60 50 45 40 40 100
60 60 - 75 80 50 50 50 40 45 75
50 50 - 60 65 40 40 45 40 50 90
15 14 13 15 15 14 13 8 8 7 6
14 14 13 15 15 13 12 8 8 7 6
15 14 - 15 15 15 14 8 8 8 8
14 14 - 15 15 14 13 8 7 8 7
290 300 - 280 315 270 305 250 265 250 265
275 280 - 255 290 250 285 220 230 220 230

235 235 235 260 260 255 255 260 260 260 260
215 215 225 240 240 230 235 220 220 235 105
165 170 160 185 200 170 180 105 115 175 60
0.10 0.15 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.90
0.60 0.60 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.90
140 140 140 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120 100 –120
220 220 220 220 220 220 - 220 220 220 220

35 35 35 33 33 29 25 35 35 - 26
35 35 35 33 33 28 25 35 35 - 26
600 600 600 600 600 225 225 600 600 - 600
10 10
10 10
10 10
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 12
10 12
< 50 1012
1010 1010 1011 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 < 50 1012
1012 1012 1012 1013 1013 1013 1013 1013 1013 1010 1013

1.59 1.70 1.71 1.58 1.71 1.60 1.73 1.40 1.53 1.34 1.45
HB HB HB HB HB HB HB V0 V0 HB HB
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.6 4.5 4.5
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.80
0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.85
MH, MH, MH, MH, MH, MHL, MHL, MH, MH, MH, MH,
14-160, GF50 11-190, GF50 14-220, GF60 14-190, GF50 14-190, GF60 14-190, GF50 14-220, GF60 11-110, GF30 14-160, GF40 14-250, CF40 14-070, MD40

The “conditioned” test values were determined using test specimens stored in accordance with ISO 1110

9
 Design data – short-term behaviour

10
Mechanical properties as a function of temperature

Stress-strain diagram Stress-strain diagram

Grivory GV-5H / GV-5 FWA – dry Grivory GV-5H / GV-5 FWA – conditioned
300 -40°C
300
-40°C
-20°C -20°C
0°C
250 23°C 250 0°C
23°C
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]

200 60°C 200

60°C
150 150
80°C
100°C 80°C
100 120°C 100 100°C
120°C
200°C
50 50 200°C

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Strain [%] Strain [%]

Stress-strain diagram Stress-strain diagram

Grivory GC-4H – dry Grivory GC-4H – conditioned
350 350
-40°C -40°C
-20°C -20°C
300 300 0°C
0°C
23°C
250 250
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]

23°C
60°C
200 200
80°C
150 150 60°C
100°C
80°C
100 120°C 100 100°C
120°C
50 200°C 50 200°C

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Strain [%] Strain [%]

Stress-strain diagram Stress-strain diagram

Grivory GM-4H – dry Grivory GM-4H – conditioned
140 140
-40°C -40°C
-20°C
120 -20°C 120
0°C 0°C
100 23°C 100
Stress [MPa]

Stress [MPa]

80 80 23°C
60°C
60 60
80°C
60°C
40 100°C 40 80°C 100°C
120°C 120°C
20 200°C 20 200°C

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Strain [%] Strain [%]

10
 Mechanical properties as a function of temperature

Tensile E modulus Grivory GV-5H Tensile E modulus Grivory GC-4H

A: dry, B: conditioned A: dry, B: conditioned
25000 35000

30000
20000
Tensile E modulus [MPa]
Tensile E modulus [MPa]

25000
15000 A
20000
B
10000 A 15000
B 10000
5000
5000
0 0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Temperature [°C] Temperature [°C]

Grivory shows similar strength values

Tensile E modulus Grivory GM-4H to those of die-cast alloys
A: dry, B: conditioned A: -20°C, B: 23°C, C: 80°C, D: 130°C
8000 400
7000 350
Tensile E modulus [MPa]

Stress at break [MPa]

6000 300

5000 250
A 200
A B
4000
150
3000 B
100
2000 C
50 D
1000 0
0 Grivory GV-5H Die-cast Die-cast
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 dry zinc aluminium

Temperature [°C]

11
 Design data – long-term behaviour

12
The long-term static stress of a material under different curves for each plastic material can be plotted. The
mechanical loads, characteristic time-elongation (creep) creep is a function of stress and temperature.

Creep curves for Grivory GV-5H Creep curves for Grivory GV-5H
at 23oC/50% r.h. at 80oC
1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0
Elongation [%]

Elongation [%]

100 MPa
40 MPa
0.8 0.8

0.6 80 MPa 0.6 30 MPa

0.4 60 MPa 0.4 20 MPa

40 MPa
0.2 0.2

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time [h] Time [h]

Creep curves for Grivory GV-6H Creep curves for Grivory GV-6H
at 23oC/50% r.h. at 80oC
1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0
Elongation [%]

Elongation [%]

0.8 0.8

0.6 100 MPa 0.6 40 MPa

80 MPa
0.4 0.4
60 MPa 30 MPa
0.2 40 MPa
0.2
15 MPa
0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time [h] Time [h]
Creep curves for Grivory GVX-5H Creep curves for Grivory GVX-5H
at 23oC/50% r.h. at 80oC
1.2 1.2

1.0 1.0
Elongation [%]

Elongation [%]

60 MPa
0.8 0.8
100 MPa 50 MPa
0.6 0.6
80 MPa 40 MPa

0.4 60 MPa
0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time [h] Time [h]
12
 Creep curves for Grivory GC-4H Creep curves for Grivory GM-4H
at 23°C/50% r.h. at 23°C/50% r.h.
2.0
1.2
1.8
1.0 1.6
1.4
Elongation [%]

Elongation [%]

0.8 1.2
1.0 30 MPa
0.6 100 MPa
0.8
0.4 80 MPa 0.6
20 MPa
60 MPa 0.4
0.2 0.2 10 MPa
40 MPa

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time [h] Time [h]

Flexural fatigue strength

Dynamic, long-term stress may lead to failure of a mate- breakage occurs after a certain number of load cycles.
rial. Depending on the level of cyclic mechanical stress,

Flexural fatigue strength (Wöhler curves)

as per DIN 52442 at 23°C
Frequency 8 Hz
A: Grivory GV-5H cond.
160
B: Grivory GC-4H cond.
140 B
C: PA GF50 cond.
Stress at break [MPa]

D: PA12 GF50 cond.

120 E: GVL-5H cond.
C
D
100
A
E
80

60

1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07

Number of cycles until breakage

13
 Special reinforcement materials

14
EMS-GRIVORY offers special materials with enhanced
properties and characteristics compared to the stand-
ard grades of Grivory GV.

Grivory GVL
Grivory GVL is a group of materials in which the par-
tially aromatic polyamide matrix has been reinforced
with long glass fibres. This allows the characteristic
properties of Grivory GV to be maintained, e.g. high
stiffness and strength after moisture absorption, good re-
sistance to chemicals and dimensional stability as well
as very low warpage. However, Grivory GVL neverthe-
less exhibits the capacity to absorb much higher energy
levels in the case of impact stress. This is demonstrated The fibre-felt structure increases the resistance to crack-
significantly in the case of the impact penetration test in ing and prevents cracks from spreading much more ef-
accordance with DIN 53373. Compared to Grivory fectively than materials reinforced with short glass fibres.
GV-5H, Grivory GVL-5H exhibits a three times higher In an impact penetration test, the test plate is not punc-
energy absorption. tured. Instead it shows an area with hinge fractures.

Impact penetration energy This improved energy absorption is also exhibited at

DIN 53373/23°C lower temperatures down to -30°C. This is shown in
12 the following notched impact strength diagram as per
ISO 179/2.
Impact penetration energy [J]

10
Notched impact strength
8
Charpy, ISO 179/2, dry
6 35
Notched impact strength [kJ/m2]

4 30
23°C -30°C
2 25

0 20
Grivory GVL-5H Grivory GV-5H
15

10
This can be attributed to the structure of the long glass 23°C -30°C
fibres in the component. Unlike short glass fibres, the 5
long glass fibres form a 3-D fibre-felt structure in the
0
component. This becomes visible when a component of Grivory GVL-5H Grivory GV-5H
this type is pyrolised.

14
 The notched impact strength can be increased without The three-dimensional fibre-felt structure gives the matrix
any loss in the stiffness of the material. This is not pos- additional stability. This results in enhanced mechanical
sible with conventionally reinforced polyamides with performance, especially at higher temperatures. This
impact modification where the energy absorbing elas- improved performance is clearly visible in the stress-
tomer components always lead to a loss in stiffness. elongation diagram as per ISO 527.

Stress-elongation diagram
Combined stiffness / toughness 300

250 23°C
Notched impact strength

PA-GF mod. PA-LFT 200

Stress [MPa]

150

100
120°C
PA-GF 50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Stiffness [E modulus]
Elongation [%]

Grivory GVL-5H Grivory GV-5H

Grivory GVL exhibits an excellent heat deflection tem-
perature. Compared to Grivory GV, for Grivory GVL the Under constant load conditions, Grivory GVL exhibits
HTD/C as per ISO 75 is higher by 50°C. a greatly reduced creep tendency compared to pro-
ducts reinforced with short fibres. At higher tempera-
Heat deflection temperature tures, this difference is significant. After 10,000 hours
ISO 75 HDT/C (8 MPa) with a load of 40 MPa and at a temperature of 120°C,
250 Grivory GVL-5H creeps by only 0.25%.
Heat deflection temperature [oC]

200 Creep behaviour

Load: 40 MPa / 120°C
150 2.0

100
1.5
Elongation [%]

50
1.0
0
Grivory GVL-5H Grivory GV-5H 0.5

0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time [h]

Grivory GVL-5H Grivory GV-5H

15
 16
In a component, moulded from conventional short glass Grivory GVX
fibre reinforced material the fibres orientate themselves Grivory GVX is a material group in which the matrix
in the flow direction of the melt. This orientation of the and reinforcement material have been optimised for
glass fibres can result in warpage of the component. maximum stiffness and strength. In addition, the Grivory
The fibre-felt structure in components made of Grivory GVX products exhibit exceptionally good flow proper-
GVL results in improved isotropic distribution of the glass ties. As a result of the significant improvement in me-
fibres, and the tendency of the component to warp is chanical performance, the areas of application for
therefore reduced. metal replacement are being continually expanded.
Grivory GVX-7H achieves an E modulus of 28,000
Also due to the fibre-felt structure, components made MPa. After conditioning, this stiffness remains virtually
of Grivory GVL exhibit greatly improved fatigue behav- unaltered at 27,500 MPa. After moisture absorption,
iour under dynamic loading than grades reinforced with conventional polyamides lose approximately 35% of
short glass fibres. their dry as moulded stiffness.

With Grivory GVL, surfaces with comparable quality to E modulus

that of Grivory GV can be achieved. Grivory GVL can ISO 527 (1 mm /min, 23°C)
30000
be recycled and is also easy to process. The materials
in this group, with their enhanced properties, are used 25000
in the automobile, mechanical engineering, electrical/ + 55%
E modulus [MPa]

20000
electronics sectors as well as the sports and leisure in-
dustry. 15000

10000

5000

0
dry cond. dry cond. dry cond.

Grivory GVX-7H Grivory GV-5H PA66 GF50

Grivory GVX-7H exhibits an E-modulus which is up to

55% higher than that of Grivory GV-5H. This is a valid
comparison since Grivory GVX-7H has comparable
flow properties and can therefore be processed simi-
larly to Grivory GV with 50% glass fibre reinforcement.
Surface quality and warpage are also best in class,
making Grivory GVX products ideal for high-quality
metal replacement and, in particular, for very stiff, thin-
walled, complex components with long flow paths.

16
 Flow path length With a tensile strength of almost 300 MPa, Grivory
(wall thickness 1.5 mm, width 10 mm) GVX is at the forefront of thermoplastic materials. Grivo-
ry GVX holds its own in direct comparison with die-cast
GVX-5H metals and is vastly superior to die-cast zinc at higher
temperatures, for example. When combined with a de-
sign suited to plastic, structural strength which is com-
GVX-7H parable to that of metal components can be achieved.

GV-5H Breaking strength

ISO 527
0 100 200 300 400
Flow path length [mm] 350
300
Nominal pressure: 1’000 bar
Stress [MPa]

Mould temperature: 100°C 250

Melt temperature: 300°C 200
150
Compared to polyamides with conventional glass fibre 100
reinforcement, Grivory GVX grades have a significantly 50
higher strength in the transverse direction to flow. This is 0
particularly beneficial for components with internal pres- Grivory Grivory Zn, Al, Brass
sure loads, because in these parts high stresses often GVX-7H GV-5H die-cast die-cast
occur transverse to the fibre orientation. 23°C 80°C
E modulus
ISO 527 (1 mm /min, 23°C)
20000
E modulus [MPa]

15000
+ 26%
10000

5000

0
transverse parallel transverse parallel

Grivory GVX-5H Grivory GV-5H

The advantages of Grivory GVX compared to die-cast

metals are, above all, lower density, ease of process-
ing, system integration and more efficient manufacturing
with reduced post treatment and up to 40% cost savings.

17
 18
Warpage occurs with all reinforced plastics. Depend- A Moldflow analysis clearly demonstrates the difference
ing on the component, different shrinkage in the direc- between the warping of Grivory GVX (B) and a conven-
tion of, and transverse to, the orientation of the fibres, tional product with the same glass fibre content (A). The
results in deformation. With their optimised glass fibre low degree of warpage is not just theoretical. Test parts
reinforcement, Grivory GVX grades exhibit a signifi- and a large number of serial applications provide im-
cantly reduced tendency to warpage. Compared to pressive evidence of the low warpage of Grivory GVX.
standard materials with high levels of reinforcement,
shrinkage transverse to the orientation of the fibres has
been reduced by 25%. This results in components with Mobile phone cover, reduced warpage with GVX (B)
much less warpage.

Mobile phone cover with warpage (A)

18
 Resistance to weathering

Exposure to UV radiation causes changes in the physi- Grivory GV gloss

cal and chemical properties of all plastics, including after artificial weathering
polyamides. In particular, a combination of radiation, A: Grivory GV-5HL black,
oxygen in the air, moisture and temperature can lead B: Grivory GV-4H, GV-5H, GV-6H black
to chain scission, crosslinking and other oxidative pro- 100
cesses, resulting in a reduction of the working life of
the material. Resistance to weathering is dependent on 90
the structure of the polymer and the additives (glass,
mineral, carbon black, etc.). The effects of weathering
Gloss [%]

80
are observed mainly on the surface of the material, so
that the serviceability of a component is very dependent A
70
on its thickness.
60 B
Grivory GV exhibits good resistance to weathering and
is therefore well suited for many outdoor applications.
50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Grivory HL products have an optimised UV stabiliser Duration of weathering [h]
system. This makes them also suitable for use in appli-
cations under extreme climatic conditions, in particular Test method: ISO 4892-2
those involving high UV exposure. Test specimens: Tensile bars, 1 mm
Criterion: Gloss (60) in % of the original value
The working life of polyamide parts is determined both
in accelerated weathering test equipment (filtered xe- Tensile impact strength after weathering
non-arc light according to ISO 4892-2) and in outdoor
weathering tests (alpine climate at EMS). 100

In order to test weathering stability, 1-mm-thick test bars 80

are exposed to weathering in our material testing de-
Original value [%]

partment and their tensile impact strength is tested after 60

set periods of time. After 10,000 hours of accelerated
weathering, the impact strength values of black Grivory 40
GV products retain more than 80% of their original va-
lues; in the case of Grivory GV-5HL black, the figure 20
is 95%. It goes without saying that, thick walled parts
have a much longer working life in practical use. 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Time [h]

Grivory GV-5H black Grivory GV-5HL black

2,100 hours are the equivalent of approximately 1 year

of outdoor weathering in the alpine climate at EMS.
Test method: ISO 4892-2
Test specimens: Tensile bars, 1 mm
Criterion: Tensile impact strength in %
of the original value SRG 01/01

19
 Resistance to heat ageing

20
At elevated temperatures, ageing phenomena occur in Resistance to heat ageing
all plastic materials. Over time, these phenomena have Arrhenius diagram for
a negative effect on the properties of the material. Grivory GV-4H, GV-5H, GV-6H
Halbwertzeit Zugfestigkeit [h]
100000
These processes are of a chemical nature, such as oxi-
dation reactions, but may also be caused by physical
phenomena such as post-crystallisation or changes in 10000
morphology.
1000
In practice, specification of a temperature-time limit,
within which the properties of the thermally stressed
plastic material remain at an acceptable level, is of 100
great importance. 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Long-term temperature [°C]

Extensive testing of the temperature-time limits has been
carried out, resulting in the development of optimal for-
mulations which guarantee the successful use of Grivory Test method: ISO 2578
GV grades, even at high temperatures. Test specimens: ISO 3167 Type A, tensile bars 4 mm
Criterion: 50% reduction in tensile strength
The time or temperature at which the material has 50%
of the ultimate tensile strength remaining compared to
the original value can be read from the data presented
in an Arrhenius curve (scale: log [t]/[1/T].

20
 Resistance to chemicals

Grivory GV is generally resistant to a wide variety of Polyamides are dissolved completely by some ag-
organic solvents and alkalis. Fuels, oils and fats also gressive chemicals such as concentrated mineral ac-
have no effect on Grivory GV. ids, phenols and methanolic calcium chloride solution
as well as highly halogenated acetic acid. At elevat-
Strong acids cause relatively rapid hydrolytic degrada- ed temperatures, glycols and various other acids also
tion of all polyamides; Grivory GV is resistant to dilute attack the material aggressively.
organic acids when in contact with them for a short
time.
• Acetic acid o Nitric acid
•• Acetone •• Nitrobenzene
••• Aluminium salts o Oleum
••• Ammonia •• Oxalic acid
••• Amyl acetate • Ozone
•• Aniline ••• Perchloroethylene
•• Antifreeze ••• Petrol
••• Benzene ••• Petroleum ether
• Benzyl alcohol • Phenol
• Bromine ••• Potassium carbonate, saturated
••• Butane o Potassium permanganate 5%
•• Butanol ••• Propane
•• Calcium chloride, saturated ••• Pyridine
••• Carbon tetrachloride o Resorcinol
••• Caustic potash, 50% solution ••• Salicylic acid
o Chlorine ••• Sea water
••• Chlorobenzene ••• Silicone oil
• Chloroform ••• Soap suds
•• Citric acid ••• Sodium carbonate, saturated
••• Copper sulphate ••• Sodium chloride, saturated
o Cresol ••• Sodium sulphate, saturated
••• Crude oil ••• Styrene
••• Diesel ••• Sulphur
••• Diethyl ether • Sulphuric acid 10%
••• Engine oil o Sulphuric acid, concentrated
•• Ethanol •• Tartaric acid
••• Ethylene oxide ••• Tetralin
••• Fats ••• Toluene
o Fluorine ••• Transformer oil
• Formaldehyde •• Trichloroethane
o Formic acid conc. •• Trichloroethylene
••• Freon F12, liquid ••• Turpentine
• Freon F22, liquid ••• Urea
••• Glycerine •• Uric acid
••• Heptane •• Vinegar
••• Hydraulic oil ••• Water (23°C)
• Hydrochloric acid 1% ••• Wine
o Hydrochloric acid 10% ••• Xylol
• Hydrogen peroxide 20% •• Zinc chloride
••• Hydrogen sulphide
o Iodine tincture, alcoholic
••• Isooctane ••• resistant, only minor, reversible changes in dimension
••• Kerosene •• limited resistance; significant change in dimension
• Lactic acid after longer periods of time
•• Magnesium chloride, saturated
••• Methane • not resistant;
may still be used under certain conditions
•• Methanol
••• Mineral oil o soluble or strongly attacked within a short period of time

21
 Comparison with other materials

22
Thermoplastics E modulus [MPa x 1000] Grivory GV thermoplastic has better values for core
properties such as stiffness, strength and heat deflection
A 18 temperature than most thermosets. In terms of the electri-
A 17 cal characteristics, Grivory, being insensitive to mois-
ture, achieves the good insulation values of thermosets.
B 28
B 27.5 The advantage of less costly raw materials for thermo-
sets is often more than offset by the longer cycle times
C 17.5 and the outlay for post treatment (deflashing). Another
C 11.5 point in favour of the thermoplastic Grivory GV is the
fact that it can be recycled or reprocessed without prob-
D 16.8 lem.
D 12.5
Die-cast alloys
A: Grivory GV-5H dry, cond. C: PA66 GF50 dry, cond.
B: GVX-7H dry, cond. D: PA6 GF50 dry, cond. Grivory GV is ideally suited for the replacement of
metal, particularly for parts previously made of die-cast
Grivory GV is positioned in the range of high qual- alloys.
ity engineering plastics. As a rule, Grivory GV has the
characteristic properties of polyamides. In direct com- There are two reasons for this success:
parison with traditional materials based on polyamide The mechanical thermal properties of Grivory GV are
6 (PA6) or polyamide 66 (PA66), Grivory GV is charac- often fit for purpose to ensure reliable working as a
terised by the fact that, unlike most polyamides, its me- metal replacement material. An important role is also
chanical properties are hardly affected by the absorp- played by the weight advantage of parts made of Gri-
tion of moisture. Stiffness and strength values remain at vory GV and their resistance to corrosion.
a high level.
Manufacturing costs can be reduced by up to 50%
Thermosets through replacement of metals. The post treatment pro-
Even though processing technology (thermoset / ther- cesses typical for die-cast alloys – deflashing, coating
moplastic) is different, the quality of the finished prod- (paint) or subsequent thread cutting – are no longer nec-
ucts with regard to mechanical thermal properties may essary.
be compared.
Further and often substantial cost savings can also
be achieved through greater functional integration in
Material Breaking E modulus Heat deflection the part. Composite parts (metal/plastic) can often
strength [MPa] temperature
be replaced by just one material – Grivory GV. Simi-
[MPa] HDT/A [°C]
larly, subassemblies comprising a number of parts
Grivory GV 145–260 8200–22000 230–235
can be manufactured as a single injection moulded
Grivory GVL 240–290 14300–22500 255
component ready for serial production. Metal inserts
Grivory GVX 250–300 18000–28000 245–250
(bushing, threaded inserts) can often be eliminated.
Melamin
50–90 7000–9000 155–215
formaldehyde
Melamin phenol 55–85 7000–16000 155–200
Phenolic resins 35–70 8000–12000 110–250

22
 Grivory GV in contact
with foodstuffs and drinking water

EU Germany
In Directive 2002/72/EC and its supplements, the Eu- DVGW (German Technical and Scientific Association
ropean Union has stipulated the conditions to be fulfilled for Gas and Water) KTW (plastics in drinking water) re-
by polymers in contact with foodstuffs. The polymer commendations of the Federal Health Agency, DVGW
matrix of the Grivory grades satisfies the requirements Code of Practice W 270 “Microbial Enhancement on
of these guidelines for contact with foodstuffs. These Materials to Come into Contact with Drinking Water –
EU directives have largely been accepted by the EU Testing and Assessment”.
countries and Switzerland and incorporated in national
France
legislation. The national legislation can sometimes go
(ACS - Attestation de Conformité Sanitaire)
beyond the requirements of the EU directives.
UK
Materials may only be used if the additives they contain (WRAS - Water Regulations Advisory Scheme)
(lubrication agents, etc.) are also approved. The end
USA
products must also fulfil requirements with regard to the
(NSF 61- NSF International Standard 61 “Drinking Wa-
migration limit, i.e. the amount of a substance migrating
ter System Components – Health Effects”)
from the material into the foodstuff.
All Grivory GV grades also satisfy the requirements of
USA the following EU directives and regulations:
Products made of polyamides which are marketed Regulation (EC) No. 2037/2000 (ozone depleting sub-
in the USA and which involve contact with foodstuffs stances), Regulation (EC) No. 1895/2005 (BADGE,
must satisfy the guidelines within the Code of Federal BFDGE, NOGE), Directives 76/769/EEC (substances
Regulations (CFR) as issued by the Food and Drug Ad- classified as carcinogens and toxic to reproduction),
ministration (FDA). Relevant sections are Sections 21 94/62/EC (packaging), 2000/53/EC (ELV, direc-
CFR 177.1500 (6) for PA6, 21 CFR 177.1500 (1) tive on end-of-life vehicles), 2002/16/EC (epoxy de-
for PA66 as well as additional paragraphs for the ad- rivatives), 2002/61/EC (azo colourants), 2002/95/
ditives. EC and 2002/96/EC (RoHS and WEEE, electrical
equipment), 2003/11/EC (PBDE), 2003/53 (nonyl-
phenol), 2005/69/EC (PAH), 2005/80/EC (CMR),
Product EU FDA NSF 51 2005/84/EC (phthalates), 2006/122/EC (PFOS,
PFOA).
GV-2 FWA approved approved not listed Further certifications are available on request.

GV-4 FWA approved approved not listed

Product KTW ACS WRAS NSF 61
GV-5 FWA approved approved not listed
GV-2 FWA 23°C approved 23°C 23°C
GV-6 FWA approved approved not listed
GV-4 FWA 23°C approved 23°C 23°C

GV-5 FWA 23°C approved 23°C 23°C

GV-6 FWA 23°C approved 23°C 23°C

23
 Behaviour in fire

24
Standard products, low flammability Flame-retardant,
The following Grivory GV grades in all colours are self-extinguishing products
listed by UL in flammability class UL 94 HB under the The flame-retardant Grivory GV “V0” grades, reinforced
reference number EMS-CHEMIE E 53898: with glass fibres, are free from both halogens and red
phosphorus. They are self-extinguishing and are classi-
Grivory GV-2H fied in accordance with UL 94 V0. The “Yellow Cards”
Grivory GV-4H contain the UL-listed properties. The Yellow Cards for
Grivory GV-5H listed products are available over the Internet under refe-
Grivory GV-6H rence number EMS-CHEMIE E 53898:

Grivory GVS-5H Grivory GV-3H V0

Grivory GVX-7H 30 per cent by weight glass fibre reinforcement
Grivory GM-4H
Grivory GC-4H Grivory GV-4H V0
Grivory G355 NZ 40 per cent by weight glass fibre reinforcement
Grivory G4V-5H
Grivory GVN-35H Grivory GVX-5H V0
50 per cent by weight special glass fibre reinforcement

Grivory GVX-5H FR
50 per cent by weight special glass fibre reinforcement
V0 up to 3.2 mm

RoHS: the products Grivory GV-3H V0 and Grivory GV-

4H V0 satisfy the requirements of RoHS (2002/95/
EC, Restriction of Hazardous Substances).

WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment):

The “selective utilisation” requirement as per guide-
line 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic
equipment does not apply to parts made from Grivory
GV-3H V0 and Grivory GV-4H V0.

FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards): All

Grivory GV products satisfy the requirements of FMVSS
302 (ISO 3795, DIN 752000). Burning rates deter-
mined in a plate flaming test are below 100 mm/min.
for wall thicknesses > 1 mm.

24
 Storage and drying

Grivory GV is delivered ready dried in airtight sealed Circulating air ovens are not recommended for drying
packaging. Further drying is not necessary provided as – they can cause a higher moisture level of the granules
that the product is stored correctly. However, if sacks where ambient temperature and humidity are high.
are damaged as a result of incorrect storage, Grivory
GV must be dried again before use. Drying can be car-
ried out in a vacuum oven or a dry air dryer. Type of dryer Drying Drying time
temperature
Properly sealed, undamaged sacks can be stored for
years if sheltered from the weather. Storage is recom- Dry air
mended in a dry room in such a way that sacks are also dryer max. 80˚C 4–12 hours
protected from damage. Sacks which do become dam-
aged should be hermetically resealed immediately. Al- Vacuum oven max. 100˚C 4–12 hours
ternatively, it is better to transfer the material to a metal,
airtight container. It is important that the material to be
used is stored for approximately 1 day in the process- The drying time is very dependent on the moisture con-
ing area in order to ensure that the temperature of the tent. In case of doubt, drying should be carried out
granules reaches room temperature. This is particularly for about 12 hours. For dry air dryers, temperatures in
important during winter as it prevents the formation of excess of 80˚C can result in yellowing of natural or light
condensation on the surface of the granules when the coloured granules.
sack is opened.

The packaging should be opened shortly before pro-

cessing begins. If the top layer of granules is in contact
with the air for any length of time it may reach a critical
water content of ≥ 0.1%. Where long dwell times with
granules in the hopper are unavoidable, a hopper heat-
ing system or hopper dryer should be used.

25
 Processing – injection moulding

26
The processing melt temperature range for reinforced Mould design
Grivory grades lies between 280˚C and 300˚C. The Design rules typical for thermoplastics are valid for
recommended processing temperature for each Grivory mould design. Basically, all kinds of sprue system can
GV grade is given in the data sheets. be used for the processing of Grivory GV. Since poly-
amides solidity relatively quickly, the sprue runner must
It is possible to work at the upper limit of the recom- be large enough to compensate for shrinkage during
mended melt temperature (max. 310˚C) for parts with cooling in the holding pressure phase.
long flow distances and low wall thicknesses.
Mould temperature
Screw geometry As a rule, Grivory GV is processed with a mould tem-
Grivory GV can be processed without problem using perature of 80˚C to 120˚C. Mould temperatures of
a conventional universal three-zone screw with a non- around 120˚C should be used to achieve best surface
return valve. The effective screw length should be be- quality and parts which satisfy the requirements for high-
tween 18 D and 22 D. est hardness and strength.

A non-return valve is necessary in order to prevent the A good heating system combined with the correct
melt flowing back along the screw flight during injection mould temperature is a prerequisite for the manufac-
and the holding pressure phases. ture of high quality injection-moulded parts. The mould
temperature influences the freezing behaviour and the
Nozzle degree of crystallinity and thus the associated surface
An open nozzle may be used when processing Grivory quality, shrinkage, warpage, dimensional tolerances
GV. A nozzle of this type allows free flowing and is very and level of internal stress.
long lasting due to its simple structure. However, hy-
draulically controlled needle valve nozzles may prove
useful if the melt tends to flow out of the nozzle.

26
 Post-treatment

Bonding The choice of a suitable adhesive must be made sepa-

Grivory GV is one of those materials which are difficult rately for every application because, in addition to the
to bond with adhesives due to their excellent resistance material to be bonded, the joint geometry, bonding
to chemicals. However, strong and reliable adhesive gap and surface quality all have a major impact on the
bonds can be achieved with a careful choice of adhe- resultant bond. Our application development centre will
sive and suitable process technology. be happy to supply you with further information regard-
ing the choice of adhesive and suppliers.
Solvent adhesives based on phenol (resorcinol, cresol)
as well as reaction adhesives (single or two-component Welding
systems) are particularly suitable for adhesive bonding Very good welds can be obtained for moulded parts
of Grivory. made of Grivory GV using heated element welding,
ultrasonic welding, spin welding, laser welding and vi-
The most common reactive adhesives: bration welding technology.

Single-component systems: The best results in the weld zone are achieved using ul-
• cyanacrylate adhesives; methacrylate adhesives; trasonic welding, which makes this method particularly
particularly well suited for bonding Grivory to me- suitable for use with small components. Ultrasonic weld-
tal and for parts with a small surface area, very ing can be used for embedding threaded metal inserts
quick setting as well as for riveting and beading.

Two-component systems: Vibration welding offers more freedom for the combina-
• polyurethane adhesives tion of different thermoplastic materials. This includes,
• epoxy resin adhesives; longer pot life (hardening for example, the option of welding amorphous mate-
time), gap filling, large bonding areas rials to semi-crystalline ones. In particular, the bonding
of glass fibre reinforced Grivory with amorphous, trans-
A significant improvement in bond quality can be parent Grivory GTR 45 opens up interesting possibili-
achieved through pre-treatment. ties for construction engineers.

Type of pre-treatment: Screw fastening

• degreasing: use of organic solvents, e.g. acetone Parts made of Grivory can be fastened effectively with
• mechanical abrasion: brushing, grinding, sand- self-tapping screws. Threads can be integrated directly
blasting into the component.
• electrochemical: corona discharge, low-pressure
plasma
• thermal: flaming
• chemical: treatment with caustic substances; adhe-
sive manufacturers offer suitable primer systems

27
 Machining
Use of reclaimed material
28
Painting The following points should be observed:
Due to its excellent resistance to most solvents, Grivory
GV can be painted with one or several coats of dif- • Water absorption: moisture content
ferent kinds of paint to achieve a good cover without • Milling: dust content, maximum particle size
impairing the mechanical properties. Single and two- • Contamination by other polymers, dust, oil, etc.
component paints with their solvent content adjusted to • Proportion: percentage addition to original
suit the material to be painted are most suitable. material
• Changes in colour
Pre-treatment • Changes to mechanical properties
Special pre-treatment of Grivory GV is normally not
necessary, although certain additives such as lubricants Machining
may make painting more difficult. In these cases, im- It should be borne in mind that, for economical reasons,
proved paint adhesion can be achieved by pre-treating parts should be designed in order to make machining
moulded parts made of Grivory GV. unnecessary. If machining is used to make prototypes,
Methods of pre-treatment are given in the section “Bond- it should be remembered that the properties are not ne-
ing”. cessarily identical to those of an injection-moulded part.

Metal plating Method

Parts made of Grivory may also be metal plated by Unit Turning Milling Sawing Drilling
vacuum or, following the necessary pre-treatment, by Clearance angle – 5–10 3–15 15–30 5–10
galvanic processes. Excellent surface finishes can Rake angle – 2–10 5–15 3–6 6–15
be achieved for both reinforced and non-reinforced Cutting speed m/min 200–400 300–800 200–500 50–120
grades. Rate of feed mm/U 0.1–0.5 0.1–0.5 - 0.1–0.5
Point angle - - - - 90–120
General Circular pitch mm - 2–8 - -
Please contact our application development centre for
further information regarding post treatment of Grivory.
Due to the high degree of reinforcement of Grivory GV,
Use of reclaimed material GM and GC grades, the use of carbide-tipped tools is
Faulty parts can be reprocessed and recycled. recommended.

Laser marking and lettering

Grivory GV and GM grades can be modified to be suit-
able for laser marking and lettering if required.

28
 Services and technical support

We offer advisory services and know-how to our begun. These programs are also useful when changes
customers, starting from development and continuing to existing moulds are necessary because they provide
right through to serial manufacture of a part. Our cus- an extremely efficient way of finding a solution. The
tomer services provide quality, reliability and techni- variety of calculations which can be made ranges from
cal support. simple flow pattern simulations, taking into considera-
tion the influence of the cooling system, to qualitative
• We draw up and discuss with you a range of statements about shrink behaviour and the warping of
designs for your applications in order to find an shaped parts. Part design using FE analysis provides in-
optimum solution from both a technical and an eco- formation about highly stressed areas. This allows weak
nomic viewpoint. points in the design to be identified and corresponding
modifications to be made. Through the use of both the
• As a material specialist, we will provide you with NX-Nastron and CATIA 3D CAD systems, in combina-
a material recommendation that “fits”. We do this tion with the Parasolid, IGES and STEP interfaces, EMS-
by comparing and analysing possible materials, GRIVORY is able to use the customer’s own 3D CAD
thereby ensuring that we recommend the material data directly as the basis for CAE simulations.
which is best suited to your application.
Prototypes
• We also provide support in identifying and carry- The key to success is rapid realisation and quick im-
ing out tests suited to your application. Our modern plementation of a good idea! EMS-GRIVORY helps
laboratories can offer a wide and varied range of to reduce the effort involved in the manufacture of
mechanical, thermal, chemical and electrical tests. prototypes, thereby saving valuable time and reduc-
ing costs.
• Are you experiencing problems with material samp-
ling or the start of production? With our applica- We provide support with the manufacture of small
tions engineering know-how, we can offer you ex- series of prototypes for the first practical tests.
pert advice for process and mould optimisation,
and our Technical Customer Services department In our application development centre, we can also
can also provide on-site support. produce samples from metal die-casting tools direct-
ly, with small, reversible modifications.
CAE
Using computer-aided engineering systems, EMS-GRIV- Within the shortest possible period of time, we there-
ORY application development centre are able to offer fore offer you the opportunity to test initial prototypes
our customers a wide range of support services in this without the need to construct an injection mould in
sector. CAE systems used include the Moldflow pro- advance.
gram modules FLOW, COOL and WARP for the simu-
With these prototypes you can gain initial practical
lation of injection moulding processes as well as the
experience and incorporate this knowledge into sub-
finite element (FE) programs NX-Nastron and ANSYS
sequent project phases, thereby eliminating the need
for mechanical part design and layout. Rheological
simulation enables the optimum positioning of the gate
to carry out expensive modifications to manufacturing
to be determined before manufacturing of the mould is moulds shortly before serial production.

29
 Using our test laboratories

30
Material testing and quality control In addition, our materials testing department can make
The EMS-GRIVORY Business Unit has at its disposal use of a variety of additional equipment such as an
state-of-the-art, fully equipped laboratories for material EMS-P test unit (determination of the permeability of fuel-
testing and quality control. system components to petrol), a petrol circulation unit
(testing of the working life of plastic petrol lines under
Our instrument infrastructure allows us not only to de- extreme conditions), a hot air threshold pressure test (for
termine the standard mechanical, thermal and electri- testing of parts made using extrusion blow-moulding
cal properties of our materials for use in data sheets processes) and many more.
and approvals, but also to provide practical support for
research and development work, application develop- With these services, we can offer our customers ac-
ment and for our customers. tive support in the choice and development of materials
as well as component design and testing of finished
• Our mechanical testing laboratory is equipped parts.
with modern tensile testing machines, automated
impact testing apparatus and devices to determine
the creep behaviour of plastic materials in air and
liquid media. We also have a pneumatic flexural
strength apparatus and a dynamic compression-
tension machine available for testing the dynamic
short-term and long-term stress behaviour of Grivory
materials.

• The rheological laboratory of our materials testing

department is capable of supplying characteristic
property data for materials necessary for the simula-
tion of the injection-moulding processes.

• Laboratory tests are carried out to examine the

resis-tance to chemicals, heat and weathering and
provide important information about the use of our
materials in applications involving extreme condi-
tions.

• Chemical and process-engineering tests ensure that

the high quality levels of our products can be pro-
perly monitored and the consistent nature of proper-
ties is guaranteed.

30
 CAMPUS

CAMPUS The database programme and CAMPUS data can be

stands for Computer Aided Material Preselection by downloaded from our website (www.emsgrivory.com).
Uniformed Standards.
The very comprehensive “EMS Material Database” is
The database contains a careful selection of meaning- also available at the EMS-GRIVORY website. This facil-
ful test results which accurately describe the property ity not only enables you to quickly download technical
profile of a material. The test bars used to obtain these and safety data sheets, it also allows you to compare
test results are produced under standardised injection- products directly, carry out a simple search by product
moulding conditions. Testing is carried out according designations or polymer groups, or conduct a more ad-
to the international standards ISO 10350 and ISO vanced search for specific properties, product features,
11403. applications or specific authority approvals.

EMS-GRIVORY has taken an active part in the creation

of the CAMPUS database since 1989. Currently, our
testing laboratories have characterised more than 170
materials according to the CAMPUS profile regarding
physical, chemical and process-engineering proper-
ties. These are shown in both tabular form (mechanical,
thermal rheological and electrical property values) and
graphical form (stress-strain, creep, insertion/loss mod-
ule, viscosity, pvT).
Material descriptions, chemical resistance information,
typical applications and processing information supple-
ment the product profile.

31
 Quality standards

32
All EMS-GRIVORY production sites throughout the world Statistical process control is used for monitoring and im-
work in accordance with the same quality management proving our manufacturing processes. The accuracy of
system based on standards ISO 9001:2008 and ISO/ our inspection, measuring and test equipment is deter-
TS 16949:2009. They are certified by the Swiss Asso- mined in controlled tests.
ciation for Quality and Management Systems (Schweiz-
erische Vereinigung für Qualitäts- und Management-Sys- Continual improvement of products, services and
teme, SQS). Compared to ISO 9001 which is found productivity is the subject of official improvement pro-
worldwide, ISO/TS 16949, which was developed by grammes to which all of our employees are fully com-
the automotive industry, contains further-reaching and mitted.
more stringent requirements.
Our quality management system is above all at the serv-
Our management system is process oriented. Our ulti- ice of our customers, and our focus is based on their
mate aim is customer satisfaction. Our efforts are con- actual requirements and not on bureaucratic methods.
centrated on conformance with quality requirements
and the appropriate use of resources.

The quality planning cycle begins with market research

and ends with customer service. In the intermediate
development phase, research and manufacturing face
particular challenges.

Development projects are handled by inter-depart-

mental teams working according to the principles of
“simulta-neous engineering”. The team members do not
think and act solely within the confines of their own
departments but instead strive to attain a common goal.
Mo-dern technology (such as statistical test design) and
preventive methods (such as failure, probability and ef-
fect analysis) play a central role. The guiding principle
of project management is “avoiding mistakes instead of
correcting them”.

32
 Product lines

Product lines Grilamid

Technical polymer for highest demands.
Grivory HT
Enhanced performance at high temperatures. Grilamid® is the brand name given by EMS-GRIVO-
RY to its polyamide 12 products. These engineering
Grivory® is the brand name of a group of engineer- plastics have been successfully tried and tested for
ing plastics. Grivory HT is a material based on poly- more than 30 years in a wide variety of challenging
phthalamide (copolyamide PA6T/6I, PA6T/66, applications.
PA10T/X), manufactured and marketed by EMS-
GRIVORY. Grilamid TR
Transparent polyamide for highest demands.
Grivory GV
The proven material for metal replacement. Grilamid TR® is the brand name given by EMS-
GRIVORY to its transparent polyamides. Grilamid TR
Grivory® GV is the brand name of a group of en- grades are transparent polyamides for processing us-
gineering plastics manufactured and marketed by ing thermoplastic methods and based on aliphatic
EMS-GRIVORY. The materials in this group are based and cyclo-aliphatic units.
on semi-crystalline polyamides with some partially aro-
matic content. Grivory GV is available in granular form
for processing using injection moulding methods

Grilon
Premium polyamide

Grilon® is the EMS-GRIVORY brand name for engi-

neering plastics based on polyamide 6, polyamide
66 and polyamide 66/6 alloys. The products in this
group are semi-crystalline polyamide materials which
are characterised by many groundbreaking proper-
ties.

33
 Delivery form

34
Grivory GV is delivered as dry granules, packaged in The recommendations and data given here are based
moisture-proof sacks of 25 kg each. on our experience to date. No liability can be assumed
in connection with their usage and processing.
Pre-drying of material from unopened and undamaged
sacks is not necessary. Please note: EMS-GRIVORY cannot assess any possi-
ble future health risks which could be caused by the
Special colours or deliveries in large containers are long-term contact of our products with blood or tissue.
available on request. Our sales engineers will be For this reason, EMS-GRIVORY cannot promote medical
happy to advise you further. applications involving long-term contact of plastic with
blood or tissue.

Recycling of packaging material

The disposal markings on our packaging material are Domat/Ems, October 2014
criteria for sorting and guarantee typespecific disposal.

In some European countries, EMS-GRIVORY pays dis-

posal fees in advance, e.g. in cooperation with the
RIGK scheme in Germany where empty packaging con-
tainers can be returned free of charge.

Grivory link
For further information, please visit our website:

www.emsgrivory.com

34
 Index

ACS..................................................................23 Injection moulding......................................26 - mechanical..............................................6–9

Applications...............................................4, 5 Injection-moulding grades...................4, 5 - thermal......................................................6–9
Approvals......................................................23 Injection moulding, reinforced for......6–9 Prototypes.....................................................29
Arrhenius diagram..................................... 20 Injection moulding, reinforced
Automotive applications....................... 4, 5 with glass fibres, impact strength Quality control............................................30
modifications............................................ 6–9 Quality standards......................................32
Ball indentation hardness.....................6–9 Injection moulding,
Bonding.................................................. 27, 28 self-extinguishing..................................... 6–9 Reclaimed material....................................28
Introduction.....................................................3 Recycling, packaging.............................. 34
CAE................................................................. 29 ISO 9001.......................................................32 Resistance, chemicals.................... 4, 5, 21
CAMPUS database...................................31 ISO/TS16949:2002...................................32 Resistance to heat ageing......................20
Chemical resistance ........................ 4, 5, 21 Resistance, weathering.............................19
Colours............................................24, 25, 34 Laser marking and lettering................... 28 Rheological simulation.............................29
Comparative tracking index............... 6–9 Links.................................................................34 RoHS...................................................5, 23, 24
Creep....................................................................15 Long-term behaviour.................................12
Sanitary fittings applications...............4, 5
Creep behaviour........................... 5, 15, 30
Screw geometry..........................................26
Creep curves........................................12, 13 Machining....................................................28
Screw length................................................26
Creep tendency..........................................15 Market segments.....................................4, 5
Services...........................................29, 30, 32
Customer services...............................29, 32 Material testing...................................19, 30
Short-term behaviour................................ 10
Max. working temperature................ . 6–9
Specific surface resistivity......................6–9
Delivery form................................................34 Mechanical engineering applications .. 4, 5
Specific volume resistivity......................6–9
Density.......................................................... 6-9 Mechanical properties......................... 6–9
Sport & leisure applications ..................16
Dielectric strength....................................6–9 Melt temperature.....................................6–9
Sprue systems..............................................26
Domestic applications............................4, 5 Metal plating...............................................28
Static stressing ............................................12
Drinking water, contact with........... .......23 Moisture absorption....................... 6–9, 22
Storage..........................................................25
Drying..................................................... 25, 34 Moldflow................................................18, 29
Stress at break.......................................... 6-9
Mould design..............................................26
Surface resistivity......................................6–9
Electrical dielectric strength................. 6–9 Mould shrinkage..................................... 6–9
Electrical / electronic applications....4, 5 Moulds, prototypes...................................29 Technical support.......................................29
Expansion coefficient..............................6–9 Mould temperature...................................26 Tensile E modulus.................................... 6–9
Tensile (E modulus),
Fatigue strength...........................................13 Nomenclature............................................... 3 as function of temperature................. 6–11
FDA.................................................................. 23 Notched impact Tensile test..............................10, 11, 15–17
Flame-resistant products............................ 5 strength, as function Tests..................................................29, 30, 31
Flammability...............................................6–9 of temperature............6–9, 10, 11, 14, 15 Thermal expansion................................. 6–9
Flow path lengths.......................................17 Nozzle, injection moulding.....................26 Tracking index.......................................... 6–9
FMVSS............................................................24 NSF 61........................................................... 23
Foodstuffs, contact with........................... 23 UV radiation................................................19
Outdoor weathering.................................19
General properties..................................6–9 Volume resistivity...................................... 6–9
Grades.........................................................4–5 Painting..........................................................28
Post-treatment........................................27, 28 W270............................................................... 4
Hardness, ball indentation...................6–9 Processing, injection moulding..............26 Warpage.............................4, 5, 14, 16, 18
Heat deflection temperature...6–9, 15, 22 Product data.............................................6–9 Water absorption............................ 6–9, 28
Heat ageing.................................................20 Product portfolio........................................... 3 Weathering resistance.............................19
Properties, WEEE............................................................. 23
Impact strength, - general......................................................6–9 Welding........................................................ 27
as function of temperature .................. 6–9 - electrical...................................................6–9

35
EMS-GRIVORY worldwide
www.emsgrivory.com

EMS-GRIVORY - The leading manufacturer of high-performance polyamides

EMS-GRIVORY is the leading manufacturer of high-performance polyamides and the supplier with the widest range of
polyamide materials. Our products are well-known throughout the world under the trade marks Grilamid, Grivory and Grilon.

We offer our customers a comprehensive package of high-capacity and high-quality products along with segment-specific
advisory competence in distribution and application development. We maintain our market leadership through continual
product and application development in all segments.

EMS-GRIVORY Europe Italy Korea

Switzerland EMS-CHEMIE (Italia) S.r.l. EMS-CHEMIE (Korea) Ltd.
EMS-CHEMIE AG Via Carloni 56 #817 Doosan Venturedigm,
Business Unit EMS-GRIVORY Europe 22100 Como (CO) 415 Heungan Daero,
Via Innovativa 1 Italia Dongan-gu, Anyang-si,
7013 Domat/Ems Tel. +39 011 0604522 Gyeonggi-do, 431-755
Switzerland Fax +39 011 0604522 Republic of Korea
Phone +41 81 632 78 88 welcome@it.emsgrivory.com Phone +82 31 478 3159
Fax +41 81 632 76 65 Fax +82 31 478 3157
welcome@emsgrivory.com EMS-GRIVORY Asia welcome@kr.emsgrivory.com
China
Germany EMS-CHEMIE (China) Ltd. Japan
EMS-CHEMIE (Deutschland) Vertriebs GmbH 227 Songbei Road EMS-CHEMIE (Japan) Ltd.
Warthweg 14 Suzhou Industrial Park EMS Building
64823 Gross-Umstadt Suzhou City 215126 2-11-20 Higashi-koujiya
Germany Jiangsu Province Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0033
Phone +49 6078 783 0 P.R. China Japan
Fax +49 6078 783 416 Phone +86 512 8666 8180 Phone +81 3 5735 0611
welcome@de.emsgrivory.com Fax +86 512 8666 8210 Fax +81 3 5735 0614
welcome@cn.emsgrivory.com welcome@jp.emsgrivory.com
France
EMS-CHEMIE (France) S.A. EMS-CHEMIE (Suzhou) Ltd. EMS-GRIVORY America
855 Avenue Roger Salengro 227 Songbei Road United States
Boîte postale 16 Suzhou Industrial Park EMS-CHEMIE (North America) Inc.
92370 Chaville Suzhou City 215126 2060 Corporate Way
France Jiangsu Province P.O. Box 1717
Phone +33 1 41 10 06 10 P.R. China Sumter, SC 29151
Fax +33 1 48 25 56 07 Phone +86 512 8666 8181 USA
welcome@fr.emsgrivory.com Fax +86 512 8666 8183 Phone +1 803 481 61 71
welcome@cn.emsgrivory.com Fax +1 803 481 61 21
Great Britain welcome@us.emsgrivory.com
EMS-CHEMIE (UK) Ltd. Taiwan
Darfin House, Priestly Court EMS-CHEMIE (Taiwan) Ltd.
Staffordshire Technology Park 36, Kwang Fu South Road
Stafford ST18 0LQ Hsin Chu Industrial Park
Great Britain Fu Kou Hsiang
Phone +44 1785 283 739 Hsin Chu Hsien 30351
Fax +44 1785 283 722 Taiwan, R.O.C.
welcome@uk.emsgrivory.com Phone +886 3 598 5335
Fax +886 3 598 5345
welcome@tw.emsgrivory.com

EMS-GRIVORY,
a business unit of the EMS Group
5.010e 10.2017 PDF