Sudan University of Science and Technology

College of Engineering
School of Electrical and Nuclear Engineering

Password Based Circuit Breaker Using Arduino Uno

‫ﻗﺎﻁﻊ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺭﺩﻭﻳﻨﻮ ﺃﻭﻧﻮ‬

A Project Submitted in Partial Fullfillment for the Requirements of
the Degree of B.Eng in Electrical Engineering

Prepared By :

1. Ahmed Nazar Said Mohamed

2. Ali Abdalmajed Ali Ahmed
3. Mohamed Khalid Ibrahim Mohamed
4. Mosab Musa Elsadig Jala Aldeen

Supervised By
By :
Dr. Mustafa Altayeb

November 2020
 ‫ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫﷽‪>?@A‬‬

‫﴿وﻗُﻞ ﱠر ِّ‬
‫ب ْزدِّﱐ ﻋْﻠ ًﻤﺎ﴾‬ ‫َ‬
‫ﺻﺪقّ ﷲ اِّﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺳﻮرة ﻃﻪ اﻵﻳﺔ )‪(114‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
 DEDICATION

Every challenging work needs self-efforts as well as guidance of elders espe-

cially those who were very close to our hearts, to our beloved parents who

gave us their support, affection, love, encouragement and prays to complete

this dissertation work.

To those who helped us behind the seen and those who help us in the

shadow, our families, our friends, cheerleaders and everyone who values us

research and sees it as new way of improvement.

Along with all hard working and respected Teachers.

II
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, Thanks to ALLAH who made it much easier for us to go through

this journey. Deep sense of gratitude and Sincere Appreciation to our

supervisor (Ust. Mustafa

Altayeb) for providing patronizing affectionate guidance

and moral support during this research.

Profusely thanks to Sudan University for science and technology, the deep-

rooted educational institute for providing us with the entire infrastructure to

proceed with our research and extremely thanks to the electrical

Engineeringdepartment for their kind help and co-

operation throughout our study period.

Also thank and gratitude to all our teachers who contributed to our

education and to everyone who helped me in this study

Last but not least, thanks to all who paved the path before us

III
 ABSTRACT

The electric line man safety system makes use of a new concept of password.
It is found that fatal electrical accidents to the line man are increasing during
the electric line repair due to the lack of communication and co-ordination
between the maintenance staff and the electric substation staff. Hence to avoid
this we are implementing a password based circuit breaker. These passwords
provide total control to the system to turn on or off the supply to each line.
The maintenance staff e.g. line man has the control to turn ON/OFF the line.
If there is a problem in any particular section of the supply line, then staff
wants to turn off that line and repair it. For that the Using a matrix keypad he
can enter it in the system. Then the system compares the entered password
with the generated password. If the passwords are matched, then the supply to
that line will be made OFF. Now he can repair the line more safely and after it
is over he can turn on that line by using the password. This ensures security of
the worker because no one can turn on the line without his permission

IV
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﺣﻼ ﻟﻸﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺩﺧﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻭﻳﻨﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻁﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻣﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
‫ﺍﻻﻳﺔ‬ I
DEDICATION II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
ABSTRACT IV
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF FIGURES IX
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XI
CHAPTER ONE
INTROODUCTION
1.1 General Concepts 1
1.2 Problem Statement 1
1.3 Objective 1
1.4 Methodology 2
1.5 Aiming 2
1.6 Project Layout 3
CHAPTER TWO
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
2.1Introduction 4
2.2 Components of Electric Power Systems 4
2.3 A Modern Electric Power System Consists of Six 5
Main Components
2.4 Transmission Lines 5
2.4.1 Growth of the Transmission System 6
2.4.2 Short Transmission lines 7
2.4.3 Medium Transmission Lines 8
2.4.4 Long Transmission lines 9
2.5 Problems Facing Transmission Lines 9
2.6 Switchgear 11
2.7 AC Circuit-Breaker 11
2.8 Fault Clearing Process 12
2.9 The Trip-Circuit 13
2.10 Classification Based on Arc Quenching Medium 14
2.11Classification According to the Medium Arc 14
Extinction
2.12 Air Circuit Breaker 15
2.13Air Blast Circuit Breakers 16
VI
2.14 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit-Breaker 16
2.14.1 Physical Properties of SF6 Gas: 17
2.15 Minimum Oil Circuit-Breaker and Bulk Oil Circuit- 17
Breaker
2.16 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 18
2.17 Literature Review 19
2.17.1 Password Based Distribution Panel and Circuit Breaker 20
Operation for the Safety of Lineman during Maintenance Work
2.17.2 Electric Line Man Safety with Password Based 20
Circuit Breaker
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Arduino 22
3.3 Types of Arduino 22
3.4 Arduino Uno 22
3.4.1 Power USB 23
3.4.2 Power (barrel jack) 23
3.4.3 Voltage Regulator 23
3.4.4 Crystal Oscillator 24
3.4.5Arduino Reset 24
3.4.6 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, VIN) 24
3.4.7 Analog Pins 24
3.4.8 Main Microcontroller 24
3.4.9 ICSP Pin 25
3.4.10 Power LED Indicator 25
3.4.11 TX and RX LEDs 25
3.4.12 Digital I/ O 25
3.4.13 AREF 26
3.4.14Arduino IDE 26
3.4.15 Power 28
3.5 Relay 29
3.6 liquid crystal display (16 x 2) 29
3.7 Global System for Mobile Communications 30
3.7.1 Operation GSM 31
3.7.2 GSM Applications 31
3.8 Hexadecimal Keypad 32
3.9 Breadboard 32
3.10 Variable Resistance 33

VII
 CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT
4.1 Circuit design 34
4.2 The Method of Work 39
4.3 Result 40

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 42
5.2 Recommendations 42

REFERENCES 43
APPENDEIXES 44

VIII
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
NO NO
2.1 Power System planned 5
2.2 Short Transmission Lines 8
2.3 Medium Transmission Line π 8
2.4 Medium Transmission Line T 9
2.5 corona phenomenon 10
2.6 Trip circuit 14
2.7 Air break circuit-breaker 15
2.8 Air blast circuit-breakers 16
2.9 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 17
2.10 Minimum oil circuit-breaker 18
2.11 Vacuum circuit breaker 19
3.1 Arduino Uno 23
3.2 Arduino Uno Parts 26
3.3 Arduino IDE 28
3.4 Relay device 29
3.5 liquid crystal display (16 x 2) 30
3.6 GSM 31
3.7 Hexadecimal keypad 32
3.8 Breadboard 33
3.9 Variable Resistance 33
4.1 Arduino Uno connection in circuit 34
4.2 Circuit Diagram for LCD 35
4.3 LCD connection 35
4.4 Circuit Diagram for Variable Resistor 36
4.5 Variable Resistor Connection 36
4.6 Circuit Diagram for Keypad 4×4 37
4.7 keypad Connection 38
4.8 Circuit Diagram for Relay 38
4.9 Relay Connection 39
4.10 GSM Connection 39
4.11 Arduino IDE 40
4.12 Enter the password of the circuit 40
4.13 Sending message 41
4.14 Confirmation message 41

IX
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A.C: Alternating Current

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

USB: Universal Serial Bus

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

KM: Kilo Meter

KV: Kilo Volt

C.B: Circuit Breaker

IDE: Integrated Development Environment

X
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Concept

Safety of human life is of a paramount importance. In high current
switching system, switch gear protects electrical circuit. Security is the prime
concern in our day to day life. Everyone needs to be securing as much as
possible. The password based circuit breaker is a system that access only
specified. When operated manually we see fatal electrical accidents to the line
man are increasing during the electric line repair due to the lack of
communication and coordination between the maintenance staff and the
electric substation staff. In order to avoid such accidents, the breaker can be
so designed such that only authorized person can operate it with a password
[1].

1.2 Problem Statement

Provide confidence to protect engineers during maintenance work on
high voltage installations. It is found that fatal electrical accidents to the line
man are increasing during the electric line repair due to the lack of
communication and co-ordination between the maintenance staff and the
electric substation staff.

1.3 Objective
This proposed system provides a solution, which can ensure the safety of
the maintenance staff e.g. line man. The control to turn ON/OFF the line lies
with the line man only. This system has an arrangement such that a password
is required to operate the circuit breaker (ON/OFF). Line man can turn off the
1
supply and comfortably repair it, and return to the substation, then turn on the
line by entering the correct password. Since it has the provision of changing
the password, person can give any password of his will and have his work
done safer. In this proposed system the control (ON/OFF) of the electrical
lines lies with line man. This project is arranged in such a way that
maintenance staff or line man has to enter the password to ON/OFF the
electrical line. Now if there is any fault in electrical line then line man will
switch off the power supply to the line by entering password and comfortably
repair the electrical line, and after coming to the substation line man switch on
the supply to the particular in this project keypad is used to enter the
password. The password which is entered is compared with the predefined
password. If entered password is correct then the corresponding electrical line
is turned ON or OFF. In this project a separate password is provided to each
electrical line. Activation and deactivation of the line (circuit breaker) is
indicated by the load.

1.4 Methodology
Save life man by making such a protective system controlled through
SMS in this proposed system if there is any fault in line the lineman sends the
password due to which main line is switched off after that he works on online
solution and after that sends SMS and switch on the electrical line. The
maintenance staff line man has the control to turn ON/OFF the line, because
the line man has to put a request to the system to its working. If there is a
problem in any particular section of the supply line, then staff wants to turn
off that line and repair it.

1.5 Aiming
A protective system is not useful if it is not reliable. There are many
ways in which Reliability can be built into the system. Good engineering
2
judgment plays a great part in enhancing the reliability of the protective
system. Also The protective system must be attentive to the smallest fault
current. The Smaller the fault current it can detect, the more sensitive it is.

1.6 Project Layout

This project contains of five chapters:
 Chapter one gives background about the general concept of the project,
problem statement, objectives, aiming and methodology.
 Chapter two discusses some topics like transmission lines and their
problems and ways of protecting them as it also contains the types of
circuit breaker and the way it works and also contains literature review
to the project.
 Chapter three shows the explanation of the elements of the project.
 Chapter four presents the implementation circuit and working circuit.
 chapter five concludes the project, and recommendations.

3
 CHAPTER TWO
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

2.1 Introduction
An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to
supply, transmit and use electric power. An example of an electric power
system is the network that supplies a region's homes and industry with power
- for sizable regions, this power system is known as the grid and can be
broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission
system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers
and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and
industries. Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals,
commercial buildings and homes.
No power system can be designed in such a way that it would never fail.
So, one has to live with the failures. In the language of protection engineers,
these failures are called faults. There is no negative connotation to the word
fault in this context. What is more important is how to prevent the faults and
how to mitigate consequences of the faults. The ill effects of faults are
minimized by quickly isolating the fault y element from the rest of the healthy
system; thus limiting disturbance footprint to as small an area in time space as
possible [2].

2.2Components of Electric Power Systems

System consists electrical power from a huge number of elements
associated with each other and that are integrated and functionally to achieve
the objective for which it was set up the system, namely the production of
electric power and distribution to consumers using them as they need
purposes, where the system includes the ability of all machinery and
4
equipment and devices for power generation, transmission, distribution or
control various changes within the system and monitor the performance of
parts of the system, or those that are used to protect the system components
from various errors, as well as instrumentation and communication devices.

2.3 A Modern Electric Power System Consists of Six

Main Components
I- The power station.
II- A set of transformers to raise the generated power to the high.
voltages used on the transmission lines.
III- The transmission lines.
IV- The substations at which the power is stepped down to the voltage on the
distribution lines.
V- The distribution lines.
VI- The transformers that lower the distribution voltage to the level used by
the consumer's equipment. The Figure (2.1) represents the power system.

Figure 2.1: Power System planned

2.4 Transmission Lines

The transfer of electrical power from generating stations to the
consumer is the main objective of the establishment of the transmission lines
must also maintain the value of the voltage at different points within a
5
particular transmission line is the means that have been on the way the
transfer of electrical power from areas of generation to areas of consumption
and the transmission line in mostly line antenna, and power system
performance depends mainly on the performance of the transmission line in
the system, and the important considerations in Contacts transmission lines
and voltage drop in the line missing the ability and efficiency of the
transmission line. It owns four electric transmission lines constants Are the
resistance and inductance, respectively, and the conductivity of parallelism
usually neglected connectivity to the small value.

2.4.1 Growth of the Transmission System

The 19th century inventors who first began to harness electricity to
useful purposes did so by putting their small generators right next to the
machines that used electricity. The earliest distribution system surrounded
Thomas Edison’s 1882 Pearl Street Station in lower Manhattan, and another
that Edison built in Menlo Park, New Jersey. These, like most of the systems
constructed during the next few years, distributed power over copper lines,
using direct current. This method of distribution was so inefficient that most
power plants had to be located within a mile of the place using the power,
known as the “load.” It appeared at the time that the power industry would
develop into a system of many small power plants serving nearby loads. All
the early power systems were what most people now refer to as distributed
generation systems: generators were located close to the machines that used
electricity.

At the start of the 21st century, the transmission system is a truly

interconnected network with more than 150,000 miles of high-voltage
transmission lines [3].
6
 An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power
transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large
distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples of
three) suspended by towers or poles. Since most of the insulation is provided
by air, overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost method of power
transmission for large quantities of electric energy. Towers for support of the
lines are made of wood (as-grown or laminated), steel (either lattice structures
or tubular poles), concrete, aluminum, and occasionally reinforced plastics.
The bare wire conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum (either
plain or reinforced with steel, or composite materials such as carbon and glass
fiber), though some copper wires are used in medium voltage distribution and
low voltage connections to customer premises. A major goal of overhead
power line design is to maintain adequate clearance between energized
conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact with the line,
and to provide reliable support for the conductors, resilient to storms, ice load,
earthquakes and other potential causes of damage. Today overhead lines are
routinely operated at voltages exceeding 765,000 volts between conductors,
with even higher voltages possible in some cases. Classified as electric power
transmission lines, according to:
I - The lengths to Short Transmission lines at least length of 88 Kilo
meter(km).
II- Medium and transmission lines ranging in length from 88 to 480 km.
III- And long transmission lines longer than 480 Km.
And each group is different from the other in a way to represent the
constants and take them into account or neglected, as the transmission lines in
a short while neglecting capacity transmission lines in the middle are taken
into account as a value focused at a certain point in line, but in the long
transmission lines was needed considering the distribution of amplitude along
the line where the rising value of the capacitive current on-line to increase the
length [4].
7
2.4.2 Short Transmission lines
Are the lines that have a length of less than 80 KM and effort to run
less than 20 kilo volt (KV), and the capacity to be very small so it can be
neglected, and so the performance of the transmission lines Short depends on
the resistance and inductance of the line. Figure (2.2) represents the short
transmission lines.

Figure (2.2): Short Transmission Lines

2.4.3 Medium Transmission Lines
Are the lines that have a length of between 80 KM to 200 KM and
effortless operation be between 20KV to 100KV in these lines because of the
effort and length have the effect of charging current remarkable so cannot
neglect capacity where the regular distribution along the line, are represented
by lines of transport medium in the form of π or T-shaped.
Representation of the transmission lines in the form of medium π:
In this way the capacity of the line is split into two halves, one half at the
beginning of the line and the other half at the end of the line. Figure (2.3).
represents medium transmission lines π type and Figure (2.4) represents the T
type.

Figure (2.3): Medium Transmission Line π

8
Representation of the transmission lines in the form of Medium-T: In this
way, is to focus capacity line at the middle of the line

Figure (2.4): Medium Transmission Line T

2.4.4 Long Transmission lines
Are the lines that have a length greater than 200KM and an operating
voltage greater than 100KV in these lines must be considered that the
impedance and Admittance regular distribution line can be considered a
component of several lines of short lines utmost associated with each.

2.5 Problems Facing Transmission Lines

The problems that occur in transmission lines are directly proportional
to the degree of insulation of the system and the accuracy of its protection,
such as dust and dirt, and their risk can be reduced by cleanliness or by using
high-insulation conductors.
Electric transmission lines can generate a small amount of sound
energy as a result of corona. Corona is a phenomenon associated with all
transmission lines. Under certain conditions, the localized electric field near
energized components and conductors can produce a tiny electric discharge or
corona, that causes the surrounding air molecules to ionize, or undergo a
slight localized change of electric charge. Utility companies try to reduce the
amount of corona because in addition to the low levels of noise that result,
corona is a power loss, and in extreme cases, it can damage system
components over time. Corona occurs on all types of transmission lines, but it
9
becomes more noticeable at higher voltages (345 kV and higher). Under fair
weather conditions, the audible noise from corona is minor and rarely noticed.
During wet and humid conditions, water drops collect on the conductors and
increase corona activity. Under these conditions, a crackling or humming
sound may be heard in the immediate vicinity of the line [5].
The efficiency of the system is based mainly on the continuity of the
service, avoiding faults that suppose economical losses for companies and
users. To maintainthis continuity, one of the main problems that have
beenfound is the effect produced by pollution in the insulatorsof electric lines.
This pollution is one of the main causesof flashover in the insulators. The
insulator begins to failwhen the pollutants that exist in the air settle in
thesurface of the insulator and combine with the humidity ofthe fog, rain, or
dew. The mixture of pollutants, plus thehumidity form a layer that can
become conductor andallow passing currents that will facilitate the
conditionsof short circuit. This is due to a decrease of the resistanceof the
insulator surface. Unless there is a natural cleaningor an adequate
maintenance, the electrical activity will beaffected by a possible flashover in
the insulator.In other words, the pollution degrades the insulators andaffects
severely to their electric characteristics, being oneof the main causes of miss -
operation of the insulators. Therefore, the electric companies should prevent
the interruptions of the service, produced by insulators contaminated [6].

10
 Figure 2.5: corona phenomenon

Lightning and thunder can destroy lines. Also, the winds can cause the
towers to fall, or too close to the lines, which can cause the insulation between
them to collapse.
Transmission lines due to their passing through different terrain areas,
which leads to their being affected by a great impact, so when designing
transmission lines, consideration must be given to:
 Humidity.
 Snow.
 the heat.
 Wind.
 Lightning.
These are affected by what is known as the Sag, the appearance of vibrations,
the convergence of the phases conductors from each other by an undesirable
distance, and other phenomena.
Accordingly, studying these factors and their effects is very important
when designing transmission lines to avoid the occurrence of unwanted
problems after construction, installation and use.

2.6 Switchgear
A switch is used opening and closing in electric circuit and a fuse is
device and a protective device the switching and protective device have been
developed in various forms. Switchgear is necessary at every switching point
in ac power system. Between the generating station and final load point, there
are several voltage levels and fault levels.

2.7 AC Circuit-Breaker
11
 Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed
to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current
flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation.

The circuit breaker serves two basic purposes:

(1) Switching during normal operating condition for the purpose of operation
and maintenance.

(2) Switching during abnormal condition such as short circuits and

interrupting the fault current.

The circuit breaker are automatic switches which can interrupt fault
currents in some applications like single phase traction system, single pole
circuit- breaker are used. The part of circuit breaker connected in one phase is
called the pole. A circuit breaker suitable for three phase system is called a
‘triple pole circuit breakers’.

Each pole of the circuit breaker comprises one more interrupter or arc
extinguishing chambers. the interrupters are mounted on support insulators.
The interrupter encloses a set of fixed and moving contact. The moving
contacts can be drawn apart by means of the operating links the operating
mechanism.

The operating mechanism of the circuit-breaker gives the necessary

energy for opening and closing of contacts of the circuit-breakers. The arc
produced by the separation of current carrying contacts is interrupted by a
suitable medium and by adopting suitable techniques for arc extinction. The
circuit-breaker can be classification the basis of the arc extinction medium.

12
2.8 Fault Clearing Process
During the normal operating condition, the circuit-breaker can be
opened or closed by a station operator for the purpose of switching and
maintenance. During the abnormal or faulty condition, the relays sense the
fault and close the trip circuit of the circuit-breaker. There after the circuit-
breaker opens, the circuit-breaker has two working positions, open and
closed.
These corresponding to open circuit-breaker contacts and closed
circuit-breaker contacts respectively. The operation of automatic opening and
closing the contacts is achieved by means of the operating mechanism of the
circuit-breaker. As the relay contacts close, the trip circuit is closed and the
operating mechanism of circuit-breaker starts the opening operation. The
contacts of the circuit-breaker open and arc is drawn between them. The arc is
extinguished at some natural current zero of A.C wave. The process of current
interruption is completed when the arc extinguished and the current reaches
final zero value [7]. The fault when the arc is extinguished and the current
reaches final zero value. The fault is said to be cleared. The process of fault-
clearing has following sequence Fault occurs. As the fault impedance being
low, the current the relay gets actuated the moving part of the relay move
because of the increase in the operating torque. the relay takes some time to
close its contact.
 Relay contacts close, the trip circuit of the circuit-breaker closes and
trip coil is energized.
 The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operation the
circuit-breaker contacts separate.
 Arc is drawn between the beaker contacts the arc is extinguished in the
circuit-breaker by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero as
the arc extinguished.

13
2.9 The Trip-Circuit
Control circuit discuss the equipment connected to circuit breaker as
shown in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6: Trip circuit

2.10 Classification Based on Arc Quenching Medium

The A.C circuit breaker can be classified on basis of rated voltage. circuit
breaker below rated voltage of 1000 V are called low voltage circuit-breaker
and above 1000 V are called high voltage A.C circuit-breakers.

2.11Classification According to the Medium Arc

Extinction
The type of the circuit-breaker is usually identified according to the
medium arc extinction:
 Air break-circuit breaker /miniature circuit breaker.
 Oil circuit breaker (tank of bulk oil).
 Minimum oil circuit breaker.
14
  Air blast circuit-breaker.
 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (single pressure or double
pressure).
 Vacuum circuit breaker.
2.12 Air Circuit Breaker
The air at atmosphere pressure is used as an arc extinguishing medium
in air-break circuit -breakers. These circuit –breaker employ the high
resistance interruption principle. The arc is rapidly lengthened by means of
the arc runners and arc chutes and the resistance of the arc is increased by
cooling lengthening and splitting the arc.
The arc resistance increases to such an extent that the voltage drop across the
arc becomes more than the supply voltage and the arc extinguished.
The air-break circuit-breakers are used in D.C circuit and A.C circuit up to
12kv. AC air-break circuit-breakers are widely uses in indoor medium voltage
and low voltage switchgear as shown in Figure 2.7[8].

Figure 2.7:Air break circuit-breaker

15
2.13Air Blast Circuit-Breakers
Air blast circuit-breakers were used before 1980s for 11 to 1100KV. A
compressor plant is necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver.
During the period 1950-1970s,air-blast circuit-breakers were preferred
for 220KV and above however today, SF6 circuit-breakers are preferred for
this range.For 11KV and 33KV application. as shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8:Air blast circuit-breakers

2.14 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit-Breaker

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good
dielectric and arc extinguishing properties. SF6 gas insulated metalclad
16
switchgear is also called Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) and is preferred for
12KV, 36KV, 72KV, 145KV, 245KV, 420KV and above.

in such a substation, the various equipment like circuit – breaker bus bars,
isolators load break switches. current-transformers, voltage transformers
earthling switches etc. are housed in separate metal enclosed modules filled
with sf6 gas. The sf6 gas provides the phase to ground insulation. As strength
of sf6 gas is higher than air, the clearances required are smaller. Hence the
overall size of each equipment and the complete sub-station is reduced. as
shown in Figure 2.9.

2.14.1 Physical Properties of SF6 Gas

 Color less

 Dour less

 Nontoxic pure SF6 gas is not harmful to health

Figure 2.9: Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

17
2.15 Minimum Oil Circuit-Breaker and Bulk Oil Circuit-
Breaker
In minimum oil circuit-breakers, dielectric oil is used as an arc
quenching medium and dielectric medium. Oil circuit-breakers were used for
voltage up to 145KV. This type of breaker has been replaced by sf6 breakers .
Oil circuit-breaker use dielectric oil (transformer oil) for the purpose of arc
extinction. In bulk oil circuit breaker, the arc-extinction takes place in a tank;
whereas in minimum oil circuit –breakers the arc-extinction takes place in
insulating housing enclosed in ceramic enclosures.
For MOCB rated up to 145KV single break designs prevail, for higher voltage
multibreak designs were common. Modular construction was adopted for
minimum oil circuit –breaker of 245KV and above. However, sf6 circuit-
breakers are now preferred entire range of breakers. As shown in Figure 2.10
[8].

Figure 2.10: Minimum oil circuit-breaker

18
2.16 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Vacuum interrupters are sealed units comprising a pair of fixed and

moving contact, metallic bellows, vapor condensing shield insulating
enclosure etc. vacuum interrupters are compact and give very long operational
life without any maintenance. They are popular for rating up to 36KV, 25KA
and are being widely used for indoor metal-clad switchgear, trackside sub-
station etc. Surge suppressors comprising non-linear resistors or resistance
capacitor combination are connected on load side of vacuum circuit-breaker
for limiting switching over-voltage. these are necessary for low-power factor
load switching. As shown in Figure 2.11.

Figure 2.11: Vacuum circuit breaker

19
2.17 Literature Review
In the recent years, researches have been focusing their work in the
area of staff safety. Maintenance of fault in electrical Line has always been a
challenge to the lineman. The safety and supply control system have to be
upgraded to provide a better safety to the maintenance staff. Time and again
there have been innovations in the control of circuit breaker and other control
system technologies for the secure and smooth functioning of substation and
its staff.
2.17.1 Password Based Distribution Panel and Circuit Breaker
Operation for the Safety of Lineman during Maintenance Work
AMIT SACHAN has designed this project is to acquire the remote
electrical parameters like Voltage, Current and Frequency and send these real
time values over GSM network using GSM Modem/phone along with
temperature at power station. This project is also designed to protect the
electrical circuitry by operating an Electromagnetic Relay. This Relay gets
activated whenever the electrical parameters exceed the predefined values.
The Relay can be used to operate a Circuit Breaker to switch off the main
electrical supply. User can send commands in the form of SMS messages to
read the remote electrical parameters. This system also can automatically send
the real time electrical parameters periodically (based on time settings) in the
form of SMS.
2.17.2 Electric Line Man Safety with Password Based Circuit
Breaker
SHUSMITA deb, P. DIVYA, Sindhu The system is fully controlled by
the 8-bit microcontroller of 8051 families. Then the program is stored in an
EEPROM, interfaced to the microcontroller and it can be changed any time
unlike a fixed one burnt permanently on to the microcontroller. A keypad is
used to operate the Remote and a relay to open or close circuit breaker, which
is indicated by a lamp.

20
 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
3.1 Introduction
The history of electrical-power technology throughout the world is one
of steady and, in recent years, rapid progress, which has made it possible to
design and construct economic and reliable power systems capable of
satisfying the continuing growth in the demand for electrical energy, In this
power system protection and control play a significant part, and progress in
design and development in these fields has necessarily had to keep pace with
advances in the design of primary plant, such as generators, transformers,
switchgear, overhead lines and underground cables, indeed, progress in the
fields of protection and control is a vital prerequisite for the efficient
operation and continuing development of power supply systems as a whole.
The word 'protection' is used here to describe the whole concept of protecting
a power system. The term 'protective gear' or 'protective equipment' is widely
used in that sense [9]. The purpose of an electrical power system is to
generate and supply electrical energy to consumers. The system should be
designed and managed to deliver this energy to the utilization points with
both reliability and economy. Severe disruption to the normal routine of
modern society is likely if power outages are frequent or prolonged, placing
an increasing emphasis on reliability and security of supply. As the
requirements of reliability and economy are largely opposed, power system
designs inevitably a compromise.
In this project we are easily break the load by keypad. Now if there is any
fault in electrical line then line man will switch off the power supply to the
line by entering password and comfortably repair the electrical line, and after
coming to the substation line man switch on the supply to the particular line
by entering the correct password.

21
3.2 Arduino
Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a universal serial bus
(USB) plug to connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets
that can be wired to external electronics such as motors, relays, light sensors,
laser diodes, loudspeakers, microphones, and more. They can either be
powered through the USB connection from the computer, from a 9volt
battery, or from a power supply. They can be controlled from the computer or
programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed to work
independently. The board design is open source. This means that anyone is
allowed to make Arduino-compatible boards. This competition has led to low
costs for the boards. The basic boards are supplemented by accessory shield
boards that can be plugged on top of the Arduino board. The software for
programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely available for
windows, mac, and Linux computers.

3.3 Types of Arduino

• Arduino Uno
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino LILYPAD
• Arduino Mega
• Arduino Nano
• Arduino Mini
• Arduino Mini Pro
• Arduino BT

3.4 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the atmega328.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 megahertz (MHZ) ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a
22
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC -to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the fetid USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the atmega16u2 (atmega8u2 up to version r2)
programmed as a USB-to serial converter, as shown in figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Arduino Uno

3.4.1 Power USB

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the usb connection
(1).

3.4.2 Power (barrel jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the ac mains power
supply by connecting it to the barrel jack (2).

3.4.3 Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to
the Arduino board and stabilize the dc voltages used by the processor and
other elements.
23
3.4.4 Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000h9h. It tells us that the
frequency is 16,000,000 hertz or 16 MHZ.
3.4.5Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the Uno board in two ways. First, by using the reset
button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to
the Arduino pin labelled reset (5).
3.4.6 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, VIN)
 3.3V (6): supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7): supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3
volt and 5 volts.
 GND (8) (ground): there are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of
which can be used to ground your circuit.
 VIN (9): this pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
 External power source, like ac mains power supply.
3.4.7 Analog Pins
The Arduino Uno board has five analog input pins a0 through a5.
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor
or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by
the microprocessor.
3.4.8 Main Microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume
it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino
is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of
the ATMEL company. You must know what IC your board has before
24
loading up a new program from the Arduino ide. This information is available
on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and
functions, you can refer to the data sheet.
3.4.9 ICSP Pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the
Arduino consisting of MOSI, miso, SCK, reset, VCC, and gnd. It is often
referred to as an SPI (serial peripheral interface), which could be considered
as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to
the master of the SPI bus.
3.4.10 Power LED Indicator
This led should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does
not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.
3.4.11 TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino Uno board. First, at the digital pins
0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the
TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed while sending
the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the
board. Rx flashes during the receiving process.
3.4.12 Digital I/ O
The Arduino Uno board has 14 digital i/o pins (15) (of which 6 provide PMW
(pulse width modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as
input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive
different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to
generate PMW.

25
3.4.13 AREF
AREF stands for analog reference. It is sometimes, used to set an
external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 volts) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.

figure 3.2: Arduino Uno Parts

3.4.14Arduino IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino
Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus.
It connects to the Arduino and Genuine hardware to upload programs and
communicate with them. A Programs written using Arduino software (IDE)
are called sketches. These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved
with the file extensionUno. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and
exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the
26
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and
upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language for a
compiler that produces binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel
provides a development environment for their microcontrollers, Automatic
control to regulate the voltage "AVR" Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written in the
programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages
Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text
cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace
matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click
mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also
contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino
IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many
common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are
compiled and linked with a program stub main () into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU tool chain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program argued to convert the
executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the
Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware. As shown in
Figure 3.3.

27
 Figure 3.3: Arduino IDE

3.4.15 Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non-USB) power can come either from an ac-to-dc adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the
GND and vin pin headers of the power connector. The board can operate on
an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7v, however, the
5v pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12v, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:

• vin. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
28
• 5v. This pin outputs a regulated 5v from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the dc power jack (7 - 12V), the
usb connector (5V), or the vin pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage
via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board.
We don't advise it.

• 3.3V. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum

current draw is 50 mas.

• gnd. Ground pins

3.5 Relay
A relay an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits
electrically and connect them magnetically. They are very usefully device and
allow one circuit to switch another one while they are completed separated.
The required current to run the relay coil is more than can be supplied by
various integrated circuits like operation amplifier, etc. Figure 3.4illustrates
relay device.

Figure 3.4: Relay device

29
3.6 Liquid Crystal Display (16 x 2)
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. LCD is finding wide spread use
replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because
of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast
to LEDs Which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the
central processing unit (CPU) of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast,
the led must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers,
which means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are
used for writing different messages on a miniature LCD. As shown in figure
3.5.

Figure 3.5: liquid crystal display (16 x 2)

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most
frequently used in practice. It is based on the hd44780 microcontroller
(Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It
displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical
symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up
on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right),
30
appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. Are considered as useful
characteristics [10].

3.7 Global System for Mobile Communications

The beginning of the 1980s it was realized that the European countries
were using many different, incompatible mobile phone systems. At the same
time, the needs for telecommunication services were remarkably increased.
Due to this, founded a group to specify a common mobile system for western
Europe. This group was named “group special mobile” and the system name
GSM arose.

Figure 3.6: GSM

3.7.1 Operation GSM

The basis of the GPS is a constellation of satellites that are
continuously orbiting the earth. These satellites, which are equipped with
atomic clocks, transmit radio signals that contain their exact location, time,
and other information.
The radio signals from the satellites, which are monitored and corrected by
control stations, are picked up by the GPS receiver. A global positioning
system receiver needs only three satellites to plot a rough, 2d position, which
will not be very accurate.
31
3.7.2 GSM Applications
 Mobile telephony.
 GSM-r.
 Telemetry system.
 Fleet management.
 Automatic meter reading.
 Toll collection.
 Remote control and fault reporting of dg sets.

3.8 Hexadecimal Keypad

Hexadecimal keypad is a standard device with 16 keys connected in a
4x4 matrix, giving the characters 0-9, a, b, c, d, * and #. Interfacing of hex
key pad topic 16f886 microcontroller is essential while designing embedded
system projects which requires character or numeric input or both. For
example, projects like digital code lock, numeric calculator etc. Here we are
using this to enter numeric password for turn on/off the circuit breaker. As
shown in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7: Hexadecimal keypad

32
3.9 Breadboard
Bread board is a flat board used a base for connecting electronic
components to build electronic circuits. And prototyping of electronic device.
It requires no soldering and is reusable, which makes it easy to use for
creating temporary prototypes and circuit design experiments.

Figure 3.8: Breadboard

3.10 Variable Resistance

The variable resistance is one of the types of resistors that control the
change of current flow by presenting a different set of values. The higher the
value of the resistance decreases the value of the current flowing through the
circuit and vice versa.

Variable resistors can control voltage in electronic circuits, so these

resistors are useful in applications that require voltage or current control.

33
 Figure3.9:Variable Resistance.
CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT

4.1 Circuit design

The Arduino Uno was connected to the execution board by soldering
input and output pins. As shown as in Figure4.1.

Figure 4.1: Arduino Uno Connection in Circuit.

34
 LCD 16×2 was connected at pins (5,4,6,11,10,9) on the Arduino Uno.
In addition to connecting LCD with variable resistance
resistance.. As shown as in
Figure4.2 and Figure4.3.
igure4.3.

#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(9, 11, 10, 6, 5, 4);

Figure 4.2: Circuit D

Diagram for LCD.

35
 Figure 4.3: LCD Connection.

The variable resistor was connected in the circuit where it was fed from
the Arduino Uno and connected with the LCD to control the LCD
illumination. As shown as in Figure 4.4 and Figure
F 4.5.

Figure 4.4: Circuit

Circui Diagram for Variable Resistor.
esistor.

36
 Figure 4.5: Variable Resistor Connection.

A keypad 4×4 was connected in the circuit where the keypad points
were connected as follows:
A5, A4, A3, A2, 3, 2, A0, A1.

#include <Keypad.h>

const byte ROWS = 4;

const byte COLS = 4;

char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'1', '2', '3', 'A'},
{'4', '5', '6', 'B'},
{'7', '8', '9', 'C'},
{'*', '0', '#', 'D'}
37
};

byte rowPins[ROWS] = {3,2,A0,A1};

byte colPins[COLS] = {A2,A3,A4,A5};

Keypad customKeypad = Keypad(makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins,

colPins, ROWS, COLS);

Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 shown circuit diagram and connection
circuit.

Figure 4.6: Circuit Diagram for Keypad 4×4.

38
 Figure 4.7: keypad Connection.

Relay is plugged into the circuit as follow: GND goes to ground, VCC
goes to 5V, input pin receives the control signal from Arduino. As shown as
in Figure 4.8 and Figure
igure 4.9.

Figure 4.8: Circuit Diagram

D for Relay.

39
 Figure 4.9: Relay Connection.
Figure 4.10 shown connection circuit for GSM.

Figure 4.10: GSM Connection.

4.2 The Method of Work

First, the Arduino IDE program is loaded into the computer and
installed, then the components used in the work circuit are defined in the
40
manage libraries, and finally the code is loaded into the Arduino Uno. As
shown as in Figure 4.11 and Figure 4.12.

Figure4.11: Arduino IDE.

Figure 4.12: Enter the password of the circuit.

4.3 Result

When the correct password is entered, GSM sends a message to electric

substation staff. As shown as in figure 4.13. figure4.14 show the message.
41
 Figure 4.13: Sending message.

Figure 4.14: Confirmation message.

42
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
The project titled “alert messages to the power circuit for line man
security” is a model for reducing fatal accidents with the help of Arduino
UNO and GSM modem.
For repairing the electric lines, the lineman and his safety plays a major
role Technology is ruling the world now days, but it should not erase
problems for our development. Human safety is the most important factor.
We have completed the project as per the requirements of our project.
Finally, the aim of the project to avoid the fatal accidents for line man.

5.2 Recommendations
 In future can send an SMS to switch on the power circuit after the
control panel accept to return the circuit breaker.
 can place sensors for each and every line to detect the fault and
automatic Send fault SMS to lineman for repair of line.

43
REFERENCES
[1] 1Mrs.S. KALPANA, 2Mrs.Ch. JAYALAKSHM, “Password Based
Circuit Breaker Using DTMF Decoder for Electric Lineman Safety”, July
2016.
[2] Y.G. PAITHANKAR and S.R. BHIDE,” Fundamentals of Power System
Protection”, DELHI ,2003.
[3] ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION A PRIMER, June 2004
[4] T.A SHORT, “Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Washington
D.C”, 2004 by CRC press LLC.
[5] CORONA,www.velcon.com, November 2020.
[6] Switchgear and Protection, ’by GOBTA ‘’
[7] RAMOS HERNANZ,” Insulator Pollution in Transmission Lines”.
[8] Switchgear and Protection, ‘by GOBTA’.
[9] M. KAUFMANN, revised by G.S.H. JARRET, “Power System
Protection" the institution of electrical engineers, London, United
Kingdom,1995.
[10] Castellano. Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the
Creation of an Industry. World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-238-956-
5. Joseph A (2005).

44
 APPENDEIXES

ARDUINO CODE

#include <Keypad.h>
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial GPRS(7, 8);

LiquidCrystal lcd(9, 11, 10, 6, 5, 4);

#define Password_Length 8

int signalPin = 13;

//////////////////////
//////////////////////
String inputString = ""; // a string to hold incoming data
boolean stringComplete = false; // whether the string is complete
String incomingString ="";
int startIndex = 0;
int endIndex = 0;
///////////////////////
//////////////////////
char Data[Password_Length];
char Master[Password_Length] = "1234567";
byte data_count = 0, master_count = 0;
bool Pass_is_good;
char customKey;

45
const byte ROWS = 4;
const byte COLS = 4;

char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'1', '2', '3', 'A'},
{'4', '5', '6', 'B'},
{'7', '8', '9', 'C'},
{'*', '0', '#', 'D'}
};

byte rowPins[ROWS] = {3,2,A0,A1};

byte colPins[COLS] = {A2,A3,A4,A5};

Keypad customKeypad = Keypad(makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins,

colPins, ROWS, COLS);

void setup(){

lcd.begin(16, 2);
pinMode(signalPin, OUTPUT);
//////////////////////////////
/////////////////////////////
GPRS.begin(9600);
Serial.begin(9600);
GPRS.println("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(1000);
46
/////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////
}

void loop(){
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Enter Password:");
while(GPRS.available()) {
Serial.write(GPRS.read());
}
customKey = customKeypad.getKey();
if (customKey){
Data[data_count] = customKey;
lcd.setCursor(data_count,1);
lcd.print(Data[data_count]);
data_count++;
}
if(data_count == Password_Length-1){
lcd.clear();

if(!strcmp(Data, Master)){
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("sending message");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("..............");

for(;;){
while(GPRS.available()) {
Serial.write(GPRS.read());
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 }
sendSMS();
digitalWrite(signalPin, HIGH);lcd.clear(); delay(250);
lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("closeing circuit");
lcd.setCursor(5,1); lcd.print("breaker");
lcd.clear(); delay(50000);
lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("closeing circuit");
lcd.setCursor(5,1); lcd.print("breaker");
digitalWrite(signalPin, LOW);delay(500);lcd.clear();
}
////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////////
}
else{
lcd.print("error");
delay(1000);
}

lcd.clear();
clearData();
}
}
void clearData(){
while(data_count !=0){
Data[data_count--] = 0;
}
return;
}

48
//////////////////////////////
/////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////
void sendSMS(){
Serial.print("close circuit breaker");
GPRS.println("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(1000);

GPRS.println("AT+CMGS=\"+249990221966\"");
delay(500);
GPRS.print("close circuit breaker");

GPRS.write( 0x1a ); // ctrl+Z character

delay(500);
}

49