Unit: 5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Contents Area: Work done by a constant force and a variable force, Power, Work-energy theorem; Kinetic
and Potential energy, Conservation of energy, Conservative and non-conservative forces, Elastic and inelastic
collisions (6)

5.1 Work: When the body is displaced by applying certain force that is known as work or work done. It is
also defined as the dot product of force and the displacement vector.
It is also defined as the dot product of force and the displacement vector.
If W is the work done, F is the force vector and d s is the F
displacement vector,
W = F ⋅ ds … … … (1)
W = F ds cosθ … … … (2)
θ
Where θ is the angle between force F and displacement d s . dS
Unit of work:
(i) The absolute units of work are erg in C.G.S. system and
Fig. Showing work done by the force
joule in S.I.
W = F×s. When F is in Newton and s in meter, W is in Joule (S.I.).
1 Joule = 1 Newton×1 m. Work done is said to be one Joule (J) if a force of one Newton displaces the
body through a distance of 1 m along the direction of force. 1 J = 1 Nm.
1J = 1 N×1 m = 1kgms-2×m = 1 kgm2s-2
Relation between Joule and ergs:
1J = 1 N×m = 105 dynes ×102 cm = 107 dyne cm = 107 ergs.
∴ 1J = 107 ergs.
Dimensional formula of work:
W = F×s. The dimensional formula of F = [MLT-2] and that of s is [L]. Hence, the dimensional
formula of work is W = [MLT-2][L] = [ML2T-2].

5.2 Graphical method- Work done by constant force:

Suppose a constant force F displaces a body by s horizontally. Work done
A B
by the force can be found by drawing a graph, taking displacement along
x-axis and the force F along the y-axis. This graph is called force Force (F)
displacement graph. It is a straight line parallel to the x- axis as shown in
fig.
Area of rectangle OABC = OA×OC O C
= Force × displacement Displacement (D) →
= work done Fig. showing work done
The area enclosed by the force displacement graph AB with the x-axis by constant force
gives the work done.
5.3 Work done by force:
5.1.1 Work done by constant force: If the work is done by the constant force that is known as the
work done by constant force.
F
If W is the work done, F is the force vector and d s is the
displacement vector,
W = F . d s … … … (1)
W = F ds cosθ … … … (2) θ
dS

Fig. Showing work done by the force

2 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

Where θ is the angle between force F and displacement d s .

Special cases:
(1) When the direction of force F and displacement vector d s are in same direction then θ = 0°.
W = F ds cos0°
θ = 0o F
ds
= F ds × 1
Fig. Positive work done
∴ W = F ds

As the direction of force F and d s are in same direction the work is maximum.
Examples of positive work done:
(a) When a body falls freely under gravitational pull, the work done by gravity is positive.
(b) When a horse pulls a cart on a level road, the work done is positive.
(c) If a spring is stretched, the force applied and displacement are in the same direction. So, work
done is positive.
In the above examples, F and d s are in same direction.
F
(2) When the direction of force F and displacement vector d s are
perpendicular to each other then, θ = π/2.
W = F ds cos π/2

= F ds × 0 θ = 90 o
ds
∴W=0
When the direction of force F and displacement vector d s are Fig. Zero work done
perpendicular to each other then, work done is minimum.
Examples of zero work done:
(a) As said earlier, when a coolie travels on a platform with a load on his head, work done by the
coolie is zero.
(b) When a body is moved along a circular path with a string, the work done by tension in the string is
zero.
(c) When a person does not move from his position but he may be holding any amount of heavy load,
the work done is zero.
In the above examples, F and d s are perpendicular to each other, while in third example, d s is
zero.
(3) When the direction of force F and displacement vector d s are in opposite to each other then, θ = π.
W = F ds × cos π = F ds × -1
θ = 180 o
F ds
∴ W = - F ds
Fig. Negative work done
When the direction of force F and displacement vector d s
are in opposite to each other then, the work done is
negative.
Examples of negative work done:
(a) When a body is made to slide over a rough surface, the work done by the frictional force (not
applied force) is negative.
(b) When a positive charge is moved towards another positive charge, the work done by electrostatic
force between them (not applied force) is negative.
(c) When the body is lifted upward then the work done by the gravity is negative.
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 3

In the above examples, F and d s are opposite in direction.

5.4 Work done by a variable force: A force has both magnitude and direction. A varying force means, a
force whose magnitude and direction change continuously.
Suppose a body is displaced from the point A to B under the action of a varying force. The direction of the
force is given by the arrow mark.
To find the work done we divide the path length AB into a large number of very small displacement ∆s. It is
assumed that the force remains constant over these small displacements ∆s1, ∆s2, ∆s3, … … …∆sn. The force
which causes the displacement ∆s1 is F1 acting at an angle θ1. Then small work done by the force F1 is ∆W1 =
F1cosθ1⋅∆s1. Similarly, ∆W2 = F2cosθ2⋅∆s2, ∆W3 = F3cosθ3⋅∆s3. and so on. So, the total work done is given
by,

F1 F1

θ1
∆S1 ∆S n
A B Fn B θ Fn
F2 A
n

W = ∆W1 + ∆W2 + ∆W3 + … … … + ∆Wn

= F1cosθ1⋅∆s1 + F2cosθ2⋅∆s2 + F3cosθ3⋅∆s3 + … … … Fncosθn⋅∆sn
= Σ (Fcosθ)∆s
When the value of the displacement ∆s → 0 and there are infinite number of small displacements then the
total work done may be written as,
B

∫
W = Fcosθds.
A

If the initial position of the body is x1 and the final position is x2 then,
x2 x2

∫ ∫
W = Fcos θds = F ⋅ ds
x1 x1

x2

∫
∴ W = F ⋅ ds
x1

Hence, this gives the work done by the variable force.

5.5 Graphical method- Work done by a variable force:
F( x ) F( x )

area F(x) ⋅ ∆x Q Q
B
A
P P

O x1 D C
x2 X O x1 x2 X
→
∆X
Displacement Displacement
4 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

Consider a particle moving along x-axis under the action of a force which varies in magnitude. To find the
work done a graph is draw by taking the displacement along x-axis and the force along the y-axis. PQ is the
graph so obtained. The force varies along the x-axis. This is represented as F(x) which means the force F is a
function of x only. The body gets displaced from x1 to x2. The displacement between x1 to x2 is divided into a
very large number of infinitesimally small displacements ∆x, so that the force F(x) remains constant over this
displacement ∆x. The work done to displace the body by ∆x is ∆W = F(x)∆x.
The area of the strip ABCD = F(x) ∆x = work done.
The force displacement graph PQ is divided into a large number of such strips and area of each strip is found
out. Then the total work done is given by the area enclosed by the graph PQ with the x-axis as shown in
fig.(b).

Total work done = W = Σ ∆W = ΣF(x) ∆x = total area enclosed by the graph PQ with the x-axis from x1 to x2.

When there are an infinite number of strips ∆x → 0 and the total work done is given by
x2

∫
W = F ⋅ ds
x1

Hence, this relation gives the work done by variable force.

5.6 Work done in terms of change in kinetic energy: If the work is done by the variable force that is
known as the work done by variable force.
Let a body is acted by the variable force such as in the case of compressing the spring. And the graph of force
with displacement is given as shown in figure.
Let the body be displaced from initial position x1 to final position x2 as shown in figure. Let any instant of
point as represented by the point on the graph the force acting is F and displaces the body by infinitesimally
small displacement ‘dx’ so that the force acting may be taken as constant for the displacement.
Let dW be the small work done by displacing dx and applying variable force F.
dW = F dx … … … (1)
Again, F = kx … … … (2)
From equations (1) and (2), we get
dW = kx × dx … … … (3)
Integrating from the limit x1 to x2, we get
x
x
2
x
2
x
2  x2  2  x2 x2  1 1
W = ∫ dW = ∫ kxdx = k ∫ xdx = k   = k  2 − 1  = kx 22 − kx 12
x
1
x
1
x
1  2  x  2 2  2 2
1

1 1
W= kx 22 − kx12 … … … (4)
2 2
This relation gives the work done in terms of change in kinetic energy.
Units: W = F × s = ma × s = kg ms-2 × m = kg m2 s-2
∴ W = kg m2 s-2
Dimensions: W = F × s = ma × s = [M][LT-2] ×[L] = [ML2T-2]
∴ W = [ML2T-2]
5.7 Energy: It is defined as the capacity of doing work. There are two types of energies, i.e., (1) kinetic
energy & (2) potential energy.
5.7.1 Kinetic energy: It is defined as energy possessed by the body by the virtue of its motion.
Let W be the work done, F be the force and s be the displacement,
W = F × s = ma × s
W = mas … … … (1)
We know, v2 = u2 +2as
Or, v2 = 0 + 2as
Or, v2 = 2as
∴ a = v2 / 2s … … … (2)
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 5

From equations (1) & (2), we get,

W = m × v2 / 2s × s
∴ K.E. = ½ mv2 … … … (3)
This relation gives the kinetic energy.
Next method: If dW be the small work done by displacing ds and constant force F.
dv ds
dW = F ds = mads = m × ds = m dv
dt dt
∴ dW = mvdv
Integrating both sides from the limit 0 to v, we get
v
v v v  v2 
W = ∫ dw = ∫ mvdv = m ∫ vdv = m   = ½ mv2
0 0 0  2 0
∴ K.E. = ½ mv2 … … … (4)
This relation gives the kinetic energy.
Units of Kinetic energy: K.E. = ½ mv2 = kg × (ms-1)2 = kg m2s-2 (In S.I. system)
K.E. = g × (cms-1)2 = gcm2s-2 (In CGS system)
Dimensions of Kinetic energy: E = ½ mv2 = [M] [LT-1]2 = [ML2T-2]

5.7.2 Potential energy: It is defined as the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position.
Let W be the work done by displacing s and applying force F.
W = F × s = mg × s = mg×h
∴ W = mgh … … … (1)
Next method: Let dW be the small work done by displacing ds and applying force F.
dW = Fds = mgds
dW = mgds … … … (1)
Integrating both sides from limit 0 to h, we get
h h

W = ∫ dW = mg ∫ ds = mg[s]0h = mg[ h − 0] = mgh

0 0

∴ P.E. = mgh … … … (2)

This relation gives the potential energy.
Units of potential energy: Potential energy (P.E.) = mgh = kg× ms-2 ×m = kg m2 s-2 (In S.I. system)
P.E. = mgh = g × cms-2 × cm = gcm2s-2 (In CGS system)
Dimensions of potential energy: (P.E.) = [M][LT-2 ]×[L] = [ML2 T-2]

5.15 Work energy-theorem: It states that total work done on a body is equal to the change in its kinetic
energy.
If dW be the small work done by displacing ds and the force F
dv ds
dW = F ds = ma×ds = m × ds = m dv
dt dt
∴dW = mvdv
Integrating both sides from the limit u to v, we get,
v
v v v  v2 
W = ∫ dW = ∫ mvdv = m ∫ vdv = m   = 1 mv 2 − 1 mu 2
u u u  2 u 2 2
∴ W = ½ mv2 - ½ mu2 … … … (2)
This relation gives the work done by the variable force.
Here, ½ mv2 is the final kinetic energy and ½ mu2 is the initial kinetic energy.
Special cases:
(1) When u > v then the work is done on the body and the body loses the kinetic energy.
6 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

(2) When u < v then the work is done by the body and the body gains the kinetic energy.
(3) When u = v then the work is not done by the body or on the body, i.e. work done is zero.

5.16 Explosive force: The force developed by moving object or explosive bodies is known as explosive
force. The force developed by (a) bullet fired by gun (b) explosion of bomb & (c) rocket launching.
5.17 Explosive energy: The energy developed due to explosion of explosive body is known as explosive
energy.
5.18 Explosive momentum: The momentum developed due to explosion is known as explosive
momentum. When the bullet is fired by gun then the momentum developed in gun & bullet is known as
explosive momentum.
5.19 Mass energy relation of explosive body: Let m & M be the masses of smaller & larger mass, v & V
be their velocities after explosion.
Kinetic energy of smaller mass, E1 = ½ mv2
Kinetic energy of larger mass, E2 = ½ MV2
1
mv 2
E1 2
The ratio of kinetic energy of smaller & larger masses, =
E 2 1 MV 2
2
E1 mv 2
∴ = … … … (1)
E 2 MV 2
Before firing bullet:
The velocity of smaller mass = u1 = 0
The velocity of larger mass = v1 = 0

After firing bullet:

The velocity of smaller mass = u2 = v
The velocity of larger mass = v2 = V

From conservation of linear momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Or, m × 0 + M × 0 = mv + MV
Or, 0 = mv + MV
MV
∴m=- … … … (2)
v
From equation (1) & (2), we get
E1 mv 2  MV  v2 v
= = - × =-
E 2 MV 2
 v  MV
2
V
E1 M M  v M
Or, = -×- = Q V = − m 
E2 m m  
1
E1 m
Or, =
E2 1
M
∴ E ∝ 1/m’ … … … (3)
This relation shows that energy of explosive body is inversely proportional to its mass.
5.20 Energy of smaller mass: Let m & M are the masses, v & V be the velocities of smaller & larger
masses respectively.
E1 1/ m M
= =
E2 1/ M m
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 7

m
∴ E2 = E1 × … … … (1)
M
M+m
The total energy of explosion E = E1 + E2 = E1 + E1  m  = E1 1 + m  = E1  
 
M  M   M 
 M 
∴ E1 = E   … … … (2)
M+m
This relation gives the energy of smaller mass.

5.21 Energy of larger mass: Let m & M are the masses, v & V be the velocities of smaller & larger
masses respectively.
E1 = 1/m = M
E2 1/M m
M
∴ E1 = E2 × … … … (1)
m
The total energy of explosion E = E1 + E2 = E2  M  + E2 = E2  M + 1 = E2  M + m 
m m   m 
 m 
∴ E2 = E   … … … (2)
m+M
This relation gives the energy of larger mass.
5.22 Power: It is defined as the rate of doing work.
Let P be the power and W be the work done,
dW d ( FS) dS
P= = =F =Fv
dt dt dt
∴ P=Fv

Units of power: P = F v = kg m s-2 × ms-1 = kg m2s-3 or watts (In S.I. system)

P = Fv = g cm s-2 × cms-1 = g cm2s-3 (In C.G.S. system)
Dimensions: P = F v = [MLT-2]× [LT-1] = [ML2 T-3]
5.23 Important relations: 1 Horse Power (H.P.) = 746 Watts
1000 Watts = 1 kWatts
1000 kWatts = 1 Mega Watts
1000 Mega Watts = 1 Giga Watts
5.24 Conservative force: If the work done by the force is independent with the path that force is known as
conservative force. For example, gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force etc.
5.25 Non-conservative force: If the work done by the force is dependent with the path that force is known
as non-conservative force. For example, frictional force, viscous force and elastic force etc.

5.27 Elastic and inelastic collision in one dimensional collision:

Momentum is conserved in all types of collision. But for kinetic energy it is not so, because, in a collision
part of the K.E. may be conserved into thermal energy or elastic potential energy of the particles deformed or
rotational energy.
Depending on whether or not the K.E. is conserved, collision is classified as (i) elastic and inelastic collision.

5.28 Elastic collision: If the conservation of momentum and conservation of energy follow that collision is
known as elastic collision. For example, collision of atomic particles.
In elastic collision, m1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 (conservation of momentum)
1 m u 2 + 1 m u 2 = 1 m v 2 + 1 m v 2 (conservation of kinetic energy)
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2
8 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

Where m1 m2 are the masses of two bodies, u1, u2 are the initial velocities of two bodies and v1, v2 are the final
velocities.
5.29 Elastic collision in one dimension: When two bodies moving along the same straight line collide with
each other without loss of kinetic energy and continue to move along the same straight line after collision, it
is said to be an elastic collision in one dimension. Consider two masses m1 and m2 moving along the same
straight line with velocities u1 and u2 respectively as shown in fig. The ball will collide only if u1 > u2.

m1 m2 m1 m1
m2 m2
u1 u2
A + B = A B = A v1 + B v2

Fig. Principle of conservation of linear momentum

After head on collision, they continue to move along a straight line in the same direction with velocities v1
and v2 as shown in figure. The two bodies will separate if v2 > v1.
From the law of conservation of linear momentum, we have
m1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 … … … (1)
Since, the collision is assumed to be elastic, kinetic energy is also conserved.
1 m u 2 + 1 m u 2 = 1 m v 2 + 1 m v 2 … … … (2)
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2
From equation (1), we get
m1 ( u1 − v 1 ) = m 2 ( v 2 − u 2 ) … … … (3)
From equation (2), we get
m 1 ( u 12 − v 12 ) = m 2 ( v 22 − u 22 ) … … … (4)
Dividing equation (4) by (3), we get
u 12 − v 12 v 22 − u 22
=
u1 − v 1 v2 − u2
Or , u1 + v 1 = v 2 + u 2
∴ u 1 − u 2 = v 2 − v 1 … … … (5)
This relation proves the relative velocity of approach before collision is equal to the relative velocity of
recession (or separation) after collision.
5.30 Velocities after collision: Velocities after collision: The velocities of masses m1 and m2 after the
collision are v1 and v2 respectively. Let us calculate the velocities.
From equation (5), u1 − u 2 = v 2 − v 1
∴ v 2 = u1 − u 2 + v 1 … … … (6)
Substituting the value of v2, in equation (1), we get
m1u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m 2 ( u 1 − u 2 + v 1 )
Or , m1 u1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m 2 u1 − m 2 u 2 + m 2 v 1
Or, v 1 ( m1 + m 2 ) = ( m1 − m 2 ) u1 + 2m 2 u 2
( m1 − m 2 ) u 1 2m 2 u 2
∴ v1 = + … … … (7)
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
From equation (5), u1 − u 2 = v 2 − v 1
v 1 = v 2 − u1 + u 2 … … … (8)
Substituting the value of v1, in equation (1), we get
m1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 ( v 2 − u 1 + u 2 ) + m 2 v 2
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 9

Or , m1 u1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 v 2 − m1u1 + m1 u 2 + m 2 v 2
Or, v 2 ( m1 + m 2 ) = 2 m1u1 + ( m 2 − m1 ) u 2
2 m1 u 1 ( m − m1 )
∴ v2 = + 2 u 2 … … … (9)
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
Different cases:
(i) When the two bodies are of equal masses i.e. m1 = m2 = m. In that case,
( m − m) u1 2mu 2
∴ v1 = + = 0 + u2 = u2
m+m m+m
∴ v1 = u 2
2mu 1 (m − m)u 2
∴ v2 = + = u1 + 0 = u1
m+m m+m
∴ v 2 = u1
That is the bodies exchange of velocities as a result of the collision; mass m2 acquires the velocity that mass
m1 had before collision and vice-versa.
Therefore, if two bodies of equal masses undergo elastic collision in one dimension, then after collision, the
bodies exchange their velocities. This result is made use of for slowing down neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
(ii) When the target body (i.e. m2 is in this case) is initially at rest. This is a very common practical
situation, for a moving object to strike one at rest. Substituting u2 = 0 in equation (6) and (7), we have
( m − m 2 )u 1 2 m1 u 1
∴ v1 = 1 ; v2 =
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
Some special cases in this situation are:
(a) When m1 = m2 = m, i.e., the two bodies are of equal masses. In this case, the values of v1 and v2 are:
( m − m) u1 2 mu1
∴ v1 = = 0; v 2 = = u1
m+m m+m
That is the striking mass m1 is stopped dead in its track and target mass m2 takes off with a velocity
equal to what mass m1 had before the collision. This effect is well known to billiard players.
Therefore, in a head on elastic collision (i.e. elastic collision in one dimension) of two identical
bodies, one originally at rest, the moving body stops and the other takes on its original speed.
(b) When m1 >> m2 i.e. a heavy moving body strikes a light body at rest. Putting u2 = 0 in equation (6)
and (7) and neglecting m2 as compared to m1 (i.e. m1 – m2 ≈ m1 and m1 + m2 ≈ m1), we have
m 2 m1
∴ v 1 = u1 × 1 = u1 ; v 2 = u 1 × = 2 u1
m1 m1
Thus, the velocity of the heavy incoming body is practically unchanged, whereas the light body
originally at rest, takes off with twice the velocity of the heavy one. This fact is a common
experience. Suppose a ping pong ball initially at rest is struck with a much heavier paddle. The ball
leaves the paddle and the paddle follows through at essentially the same speed it had before it hit the
ball.
(c) When m1 << m2 i.e. a light moving body strikes a heavy body at rest. Substituting u2 = 0 in equation
(6) and (7) and neglecting m1 as compared to m2 (i.e., m1 – m2 ≈ - m2 and m1 + m2 ≈ m1), we have
mu 2 m1 u 1
∴ v 1 = − 2 1 = − u1 ; v 2 = =0
m2 m2
Therefore, the massive object remains essentially at rest and heavy light incoming object rebounds with
essentially its speed but in the opposite direction. For example, a tennis ball colliding with a wall will hardly
effect the wall but will bounce back with nearly its incoming speed.
5.31 Non-elastic collision (In-elastic collision): If the conservation of momentum follows, but
conservation of energy does not follow that collision is known as in-elastic collision. For example, collision
of large particles.
10 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

In non-elastic collision, m1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 (conservation of momentum

1 1 1 1
m1 u 12 + m 2 u 22 ≠ m1 v12 + m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2
(Conservation of kinetic energy does not follow)

Where m1 m2 are the masses of two bodies, u1, u2 are the initial velocities of two bodies and v1, v2 are the final
velocities.
1 1 1 1
m1 u 12 + m 2 u 22 > m1 v12 + m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2
1 1  1 1 
Energy loss (Eloss) =  m1 u 1 + m 2 u 22  −  m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 
2

 2 2   2 2 
5.32 Principle of conservation of energy: It states that ‘The energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another’.

5.33 Conservation of energy of free fall: Let ‘m’ be the mass of body at
point ‘O’ at the height ‘h’ from ground ‘R’. P

Initially the velocity of the body is zero,

x
(1) At point P: (K. E.)1 = ½ mv2 = ½ m × 0 = 0
(P. E.)1 = mgh
∴Total energy (E1) = (K. E.)1 + (P.E.)1 = 0 + mgh
Q
∴ E1 = mgh … … … (1)

(2) At point Q: When the body drops from P to Q, it displaces x then

velocity, h
v2 = u2 +2as = 0 + 2as
∴ v2 = 2ax h′ = h − x
(K. E.)2 = ½ mv2 = ½ m × 2gx = mgx
(P. E.)2 = mgh = mg (h – x) = mgh – mgx
Total energy E2 = (K.E.)2 + (P. E.)2
= mgx + mgh – mgx R
∴ E2 = mgh … … … (2) Fig. Showing the conservation
(3) At point R: When the body reaches at point R, then the velocity is of energy of free fall body
given by,
v2 = u2 +2as = 0 + 2ah
∴ v2 = 2ah
(K. E.)3 = ½ mv2 = ½ m × 2gh = mgh
(P. E.)3 = mgh’ = mg × 0 = 0
Total energy E3 = (K.E.)3 + (P. E.)3 = mgh – 0
∴ E3 = mgh … … … (3)
From relations (1), (2), & (3) shows the total energy remains constant. This proves the conservation of energy
of free fall body.

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS

1. Distinguish between conservative & non-conservative force. [HSEB 2057]
Ans: Conservative force: The work done by the force is independent with the path, that force is known as
conservative force. The work done while moving from A to B along the path P is equal to in
magnitude but opposite in sign to work done when it moves from B to A along path Q. The work done
by the conservative force does not dissipate in the form of heat, light and sound, i.e. the electrostatic,
magnetic and gravitational forces are the conservative forces.
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 11

Non-conservative force: The work done by the force is dependent with the path, that force is known
as conservative force. The work done by the non-conservative force around the path is not zero.
If the body moves from A to B along the path P and B to A along the path Q under the action of non-
conservative force then WAB + WBA ≠ 0. The work done by the non-conservative force dissipates as the
heat, light and sound, i.e. the frictional and the viscous force in fluid are the non-conservative force.
2. ‘The earth moving round the sun is an orbit is acted upon by a force, hence the work must be
done on the earth by this force’ Do you agree with this statement? [HSEB 2063]
Ans: When the earth is moving round the sun then it is acted in outward direction but the centrifugal force
and inward direction by gravitational force. The force aced on the earth and displacement of the earth
for that instant are perpendicular to each other so the relation.
W = F ⋅ ds = Fds cos θ = Fds cos 90o = 0
3. Two bodies of different masses are moving with the same kinetic energy of translation. Which
one has more momentum? [HSEB 2064]
Ans: Let M and m be the masses and P1 and P2 be the momentum of the larger and the smaller masses
respectively.
2
1
(K.E.)1 = mv12 =
1
(mv)2 = 1 P12 = P1
2 2m 2m 2m
P12
(K.E.)1 = … … … (1)
2m
P2
(K.E.)2 = 2 … … … (2)
2M
Dividing equation (2) by (1) we get
P22
(K.E.) 2
= 2M
(K.E.)1 P12
2m
2
P 2m
Or , 1 = 2 × 2
2M P1
P12 m
Or, =
P22 M
P1 m
Or , = <1
P2 M
P
Or , 1 < 1
P2
∴ P1 < P2
Therefore, the momentum of the smaller mass is less than the larger mass when the kinetic energies
are same.

4. Distinguish between conservative and non-conservative forces? [HSEB 2066(Old)]

Ans:
S.No. Conservative force Non-conservative force
1 The work done by the body is The work done by the body is dependent
independent with the path is known as with the path is known as conservative
conservative force. force.
2 The gravitational force, electrostatics The frictional force and viscous force are
force, magnetic forces are the examples the non-conservative force.
of the conservative force.
12 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

5. What is work done by earth’s gravitational force in keeping the moon in the orbit?
Ans: The displacement of moon is perpendicular to earth’s gravitational force. So work done = F=
F×s×cos90° = 0. [Motion a situation when a body is moving under a force but the work done is zero?
6. A light body and a heavy body have equal kinetic energy. Which will have a greater
momentum?
Ans: Momentum of a body of mass m moving with velocity v is
1 1 m2 v2
p = mv, K. E. = mv 2 =
2 2 m
1 p2
K. E. =
2 m
∴ P = 2 m × K.E . … … … (1)
Here, K.E. is same for both. So, p is large if m is large. Thus momentum is greater for the heavy body.
7. A light body and a heavy body have the same momentum. Which one has more kinetic energy?
Ans: From the relation between kinetic energy and momentum. The momentum of the body is constant for
both bodies. The kinetic energy is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. So, the kinetic
energy of smaller is more than the larger body.
8. Can a body have (1) energy without momentum (2) momentum without energy?
Ans: (1) Yes. A body at rest at a height has potential energy, but its momentum is zero. (2) No. If the body
has momentum, it has energy.
9. Explain the energy conversion (1) in a hydroelectric power plant (2) in a thermal power plant.
Ans: (1) In a hydroelectric power plant, water stored at a height has potential energy. As waterfalls P.E. is
converted into K.E. of water which is converted into mechanical energy by the water turbines, which
drives an electric generator giving electric energy.
10. How does an arrow shoot from a bow get energy?
Ans: A stretched bow has P.E. This P. E. is converted into the K.E. of arrow.
11. Mountain roads are curved and not straight up the slope, why?
Ans: If the rod goes straight up the slope θ is large. The frictional force is µmgcosθ will be small [if θ large,
cosθ small]. Due to insufficient friction the wheel of the vehicle may slip on the road. If slope is large
power required will also be more.
12. What is the sign of work done (i) by a man lifting a bucket out of a well by means of a rope tied
to the bucket, (ii) gravitational force in the above case?
Ans: (1) Positive, as the body moves in the direction of lifting force.
(2) Negative, as the body moves against gravitational force.
13. Energy can be neither crated nor be destroyed. Then what happens to the energy spent against
friction?
Ans: The energy spent against friction is dissipated in the form of heat which is not available for doing
work.
14. When a ball is thrown up the magnitude of its momentum decreases and then increases. Does it
violate the law of conservation of momentum principle?
Ans: No. Here also the total momentum of the system is conserved. The system includes ball, earth and air
molecules.
15. In a perfect inelastic collision, the momentum is conserved even though the K.E. of the colliding
body decreases. Explain.
Ans: The difference in K.E. is conserved to heat. This heat increases the random motion of the molecules.
The net momentum of random motion is zero. Thus total momentum is conserved.
16. A compressed spring is placed in acid and dissolved. Where does the P.E. go?
Ans: The P.E. of the spring will be equal to the gain in K.E. of acid molecules.
17. What change is produced in the K.E. of a body if its mass and velocity are doubled?
1 1 1 1
Ans: K.E. = K = mv 2 , K.E.′=K′= m′v′ 2 = ( 2m)(2 v) 2 = 8 × mv 2 = 8K
2 2 2 2
Hence, the new kinetic energy is eight times the previous kinetic energy.
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 13

WORKED OUT EXAMPLES

1. Find the power of an engine in kilowatts which pulls a train of mass 600 tonnes up an incline of 1
in 100 at the rate of 60 kmhr-1. The weight of the engine is 200 tonnes and the resistance due to
friction is 50 Newton’s per tonne.
[Ans: 2000kW] [HSEB 2050]
Solution:The power of the engine (P) = ? (kwatts) FR
The mass of the train (m2) = 600 tonnes R
= 600 × 1000 P
5 F
= 6 × 10 kg α m
1
The inclination, sinθ = 1/100
-1
The velocity of the train (v) = 60 kmhr
60 ×1000 -1
= ms m2 θ
60 × 60
50 −1 mg sinθ+F′
= ms θ mg mg cosθ
3
O Q
The mass of the engine (m1) = 200 tonnes
= 200 × 1000
= 2 × 105 kg
The frictional force (F′) = 50 N per tonnes = 50 × 800 = 4 × 104 N
Total mass of train and engine (m) = m2 + m1 = 6 × 105 kg + 2 × 105 kg = 8 × 105 kg
We know, F = mgsinθ + F'
1
= 8 × 105 × 10 × + 4 × 104
100
= 8 × 104 + 4 × 104 = 12 × 104 N
50
The total power developed (P) = F × v = 12 × 104 × = 2 × 106 W = 2000 kW
3
Hence, the power of the engine in kilowatts is 2000 kW.
2. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun of mass 1kg with a velocity of 100 ms-1. Calculate the
ratio of the kinetic energy of the bullet and the gun.
[Ans: 100:1] [HSEB 2051]
Solution:
The mass of the bullet m 1 = 10g
(m1 ) = 10 g = 10 × 10 -3 kg = 10 -2 kg u1 = 0 m 2 = 1kg m 1 = 10g
+
The mass of the rifle (m 2 ) = 1kg
m 2 = 1kg v2 = ? v1 = 100 ms −1
Initial velocity of the bullet (u1) = 0 u2 = 0
Initial velocity of the rifle (u 2 ) = 0
Final velocity of the bullet (v1 ) = 100 ms -1
Final velocity of the rifle (v 2 ) = ?
From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
Or, m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2
Or, 10 -2 × 0 + 1 × 0 = 10 −2 × 100 + 1 × v 2
∴ v 2 = −1 ms −1
1
m v2
Kinetic energy of bullet 2 1 1 m1v12 10−2 × 1002
∴ = = = = 100 : 1
Kinetic energy of rifle 1 2
1 × (−1) 2
m 2 v 22 m 2 v 2
2
Hence, the ratio of kinetic energy of the bullet and the rifle is 100 : 1.
14 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

3. A car of mass 1000 kg moves at a constant speed of 20 ms-1 along a horizontal road where the
friction force is 200 N. Calculate the power developed by the engine.
[Ans: 4000 W] [HSEB 2058]
Solution:
Mass of car (m) = 1000 kg
Velocity of the car (v) = 20 ms-1
The frictional force (F′) = 200 N
Power of the engine (P) =?
The power of the engine (P) = F′× v = 200 × 20 = 4000 W
Hence, the power developed by the engine is 4000 W.
4. A train of mass 2×105 kg moves at a constant speed of 72 Kmhr-1 up a straight inclined against a
frictional force of 1.28×104 N. The incline is such that the train rises vertically 1.0 m for every
100 m travelled along the incline. Calculate the necessary power developed by the train.
[Ans: 6.56×105 W] [HSEB 2061]
Solution:
Mass of the train (m) = 2 × 10 5 kg FR
R
72 × 1000 P
Velocity of the train (vh) = 72 kmhr-1= = 20 ms -1 F
60 × 60 α
Frictional force (F′) = 1.28×104 N
The inclination, sinθ = 1/100
The power developed by the engine (P) =?
θ
We know, F – mg sinθ = F′ mg sinθ+F′
F = F′ + mg sinθ
= 1.28 × 104 + 2× 105 ×10×1/100 θ mg mg cosθ
4
= 1.28 × 10 + 2× 10 4 O Q
4
= 3.28 × 10 N
Again, we know, P = F × v
Or, P = 3.28 ×104 × 20
∴ P = 6.56 ×105 W
Hence, the necessary power developed by the train is P = 6.56 × 105 W.
5. A car of mass 1000 kg moves at a constant speed of 25 m/s along a horizontal road where
frictional force is 200 N. Calculate the power developed by the engine. [HSEB 2066(New)]
Solution:
Mass of car (m) = 1000 kg m = 1000 kg v = 25ms −1
Velocity of car (v) = 25 m/s
Frictional force (F′) = 200 N P=?
Power developed by the car (P) =? F′ = 200 N
Power developed by the car (P) = F′ × v = 200 ×25 = 5000 W
Hence, the power developed by the car is 5000 W.
6. A force of 20 N is applied to a body of mass 10 kg initially at rest on a smooth horizontal surface
for a time of 5 s. Calculate (i) the final velocity (ii) the distance travelled and (iii) the work done.
[(i) 10 m, (ii) 25m, (iii) 500 J]
Solution:
Force applied (F) = 20 N
Mass of the body (m) = 10 kg m = 10kg
Initial velocity (u) = 0
A F = 20 N B
Time taken (t) = 5 s
(i) Final velocity (v) =? u=0 s=? v=?
(ii) The distance travelled (s) =? W=?
(iii) Work done (W) =?
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 15

(i) Force applied, F = ma

F 20
Or, a = = = 2ms −2
m 10
∴ a = 2ms−2
Again, v = u + at = 0 + 2 × 5 = 10 ms−1
∴ v = 10 ms−1
(ii) Again, v 2 = u 2 + 2as
v 2 − u 2 10 2 − 0 2
Or, s = = = 25 m
2a 2×2
∴ s = 25 m
(iii) Work done W = F × s = 20 × 25 = 500 J
Hence, the final velocity is 10 ms-1, distance travelled is 25 m and work done is 500 J respectively.
7. An object A of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity of 6 ms-1. Calculate its kinetic energy and
momentum. If a constant opposing force of 20 N suddenly acts on A, find the time it takes to
come to rest and the distance through which it moves.
[Ans: (i) 180 J, (ii) 60 kgms-1 (iii) 3 s and (iv) 9 m]
Solution:
Mass of the object A, (m) = 10 kg m = 10kg
Velocity of the object (v) = 6 ms-1
F′ = 20 N A v = 6ms −1 B
Kinetic energy (K.E.) = ?
Momentum (P) = ? K.E. = ?
u = 6ms −1 v=0
The opposing force (F′) = 20 N momentum(p) = ?
Time taken to come to rest (t) =? t=?
Distance travelled (s) =? s=?
1 1
Kinetic energy (K.E.) = mv2 = × 10 × 6 2 = 180 J
2 2
Momentum of the object (P) = mv = 10×6 = 60 kgms-1
Let ‘a’ be the retardation when the opposing force is applied,
Force, F = ma
F 20
∴a= = = 2 ms−2
m 10
Again, v = u + at
Or, 0 = 6 + ( −2)t [ Q Re tardation ]
∴ t = 2s
1 2 1
Again, s = ut + at = 6 × 3 + × (−2) × 32 = 18 − 9 = 9 m
2 2
Hence, the kinetic energy is 180 J, momentum is 60 kgms-1 , time taken is 2s and distance travelled
is 9 m respectively.
8. A hose is towing a canal boat, the tow rope making an angle of 10° with the tow path. If the
tension in the rope is 20 N, how many joules of work are done while moving 50 m along the tow
path. [Ans: 984.8 J]
Solution:
The angle made (θ) = 10° T = 20 N
The tension of the rope (T) = 20 N θ
Work done (W) =? F = T cos θ
Displacement (s) = 50 m s = 50 m
W =?
The work done (W) = F×s = Tcosθ ×s = 20× cos10°×50 = 984.8 J
Hence, the work done is 984.8 J.
16 | PRINCIPLE OF ADVANCED PHYSICS I

9. A 4 kg ball moving with a velocity of 10 ms-1 collides with a 16 kg ball moving with a velocity of 4
ms-1 (i) in the same direction (ii) in the opposite direction . Calculate the velocity of the balls in
each case if they coalesce on impact and the loss of energy resulting from the impact.
[Ans: (i) 5.2 ms-1, 57.6 J (ii) - 1.2 ms-1, 313.6 J]
Solution:
Mass of first body (m1) = 4 kg
Initial velocity of first body (u1) = 10 ms-1
Mass of second body (m2) = 16 kg
Initial velocity of second body (u2) = 4 ms-1
(i) In the same direction
(ii) In the opposite direction
First common velocity (v1) =?
Second common velocity (v2) =?
Energy loss (Eloss) =?
First case:
From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v1 + m 2 v 2
m 1 = 4kg m 2 = 16kg m1 m2 m1
m2
A + B = A B = A B v
u2 =4
u 1 = 10ms −1
Fig. Principle of conservation of linear momentum
as the particle is moving in same direction
Or, m1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = v1 (m1 + m 2 )
m u + m 2 u 2 4 × 10 + 16 × 4 40 + 64 104
Or, v1 = 1 1 = = = = 5.2
m1 + m 2 4 + 16 20 20
∴ v1 = 5.2 ms −1
1 1  1 1 
Energy loss (Eloss) = E1 – E2 =  m1u 12 + m 2 u 22  −  m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 
2 2  2 2 
1
= [(m1u 1 + m 2 u 2 ) − (m1 + m 2 ) × v 2 ]
2 2 2

2
1
= [(4 × 10 2 + 16 × 4 2 ) − (4 + 16)(5.2) 2 ]
2
1
= [656 − 540.8]
2
1
= × 115.2
2
Eloss = 57.6 J
Second case:
m 1 = 4kg m 2 = 16kg m1 m2 m1
m2
A + B = A B = A B v

u 1 = 10ms −1 u 2 = − 4ms −1

Fig. Principle of conservation of linear momentumas the

particles are moving in opposite direction initially
From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,
 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER | 17

m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v1 + m 2 v 2
Or, m1u 1 + m 2 u 2 = v 2 (m1 + m 2 )
m1u 1 + m 2 u 2 4 × 10 + 16 × (− 4) 40 − 64 24
Or, v 2 = = = =− = −1.2 ms −1
m1 + m 2 4 + 16 20 20
∴ v 2 = −1.2 ms −1
Energy loss due to collision,
1 1  1 1 
(Eloss) = E1 – E2 =  m1u 12 + m 2 u 22  −  m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 
2 2  2 2 
1
= [(m1u12 + m 2 u 22 ) − (m1 + m 2 ) v 22 ]
2
1 1 1
= [(4 ×102 + 16 × 42 ) − ( 4 + 16)(−1.2) 2 ] = [656 − 28.8] = × 627.2
2 2 2
∴Eloss = 313.6 J
Hence, in first case the common velocity is v 1 = 5.2 ms −1 , the energy loss is Eloss = 57.6 J and in
second case the common velocity is v 2 = 1.2 ms −1 , the loss in energy is Eloss = 313.6 J respectively.
10. A stationary mass explodes into two parts of mass 4 units and 40 units respectively. If the larger
mass has an initial kinetic energy of 100 J, what is the initial kinetic energy of the smaller mass?
[Ans: 1000 J]
Solution:
Mass of the smaller part (m1) = 4 units
Mass of the larger part (m2) = 40 units
Initial K.E. of the larger mass (E2) = 100 J
Initial K.E. of the smaller mass (E1) = ?
The kinetic energy is inversely proportional to the mass of the body,
E 1 ∝ 1 / m1 … … … (1)
∴ E 2 ∝ 1 / m 2 … … … (2)
Combining the relations (1) and (2), we get
E 1 / m1 m 2
Or, 1 = =
E 2 1 / m 2 m1
m2 40
Or, E1 = E 2 × = 100 × = 1000 J
m1 4
∴ E1 = 1000 J
Hence, the kinetic energy of the smaller mass is E 1 = 1000 J.