B.

V RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Vishnupur, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana-502313

Department of Physical Education

1. What are the principles of biomechanics? Explain the

importance of biomechanics in sports?

2. Briefly explain the Equilibrium? Principal's of Equilibrium?

3. What is sports psychology?Explain in detail importance of sports

psychology?

4. Define motivation? Explain different types of motivation and

importance of motivation in physical education and sports?

5. What are the fundamental skills and rules in badminton?

Explain?
6. What are the fundamental skills and rules in kabaddi? Explain?
7. Define digestive system ? Explain the effect of exercises on
digestive system ?
8. Describe effects of exercises on circulatory system?
1. What are the principles of biomechanics? Explain the
importance of biomechanics in sports?

Answer :-

Biomechanics:-

Biomechanics involves the study of the functions and structure of biological systems. This
body of research became popular in the 20th century. However, its conception dates back
many years ago, with Giovanni Alfonso, an Italian physicist and physiologist, among the first
people to study biomechanics as he described the basis of skeletal and muscular dynamics.

Biomechanics principles:-

The first principle of biomechanics is motion, how an object or body moves through space.

The Second element is force, the pull or push that enables an object to change direction,
slow down or stop

The third principle is momentum, the velocity and weight of an object as it moves.

The fourth principle is levers, one's legs and arms.

5. The fifth principle of biomechanics is balance, the stability or alignment of an object or a

person while considering all the variables such as gravity.

Importance Of Biomechanics In Sport :-

Improves sports performance:-

Biomechanics tell us the right techniques for effective and efficient results by using minimum
muscular force and gets maximum results.

Improvement in technique:-

Biomechanics helps to improve new techniques ,which helps us to get more results

Helps to develop best sports equipment:-

Biomechanics helps us to make correct and scientifically proven equipment.

Improvement in training:-
Coaches can give best training to athletes on the basis of scientific knowledge.he can analyse
the player’s movement in a better way.

 Prevents injuries:-

It helps us to know the forces that can lead to the injuries during the game
situation.

 Knowledge of safety principles:-

Biomechanics give the understanding to analyse different safety movements

 Helps in research work:-

It helps to impart scientific teaching and learning processes.

 Creates confidence in players:-

Players come to know correct techniques to execute the movement .thus it

improves the confidence of the player.

2.Briefly explain the Equilibrium? Principal's of Equilibrium?

Answer :-

Equilibrium:-

Equilibrium is a state of rest of the body either at stationary or in moving position. activities
equilibrium is called as balance, poise, position or stability the body movement of kind any
involves some aspect of equilibrium

Factors of equilibrium:-

stability is directly proportional to the area of the base on which the body rests.

stability is indirectly proportional to the distance of the center of gravity of the body above
the base.

for equilibrium to exist the center of gravity must fall within its base
stability is directly proportional to the horizontal distance of the centre of gravity to the edge
of the base in a given direction of movement

 stability is directly proportional to the weight of the base.

Types of equilibrium:-

all objects rest are in equilibrium. That means all the forces acting of them are equally
balanced. and sum of all the forces and of all torques equal zero.. But all the objects are not
equally stable

The following are the types of equilibrium:-

stable equilibrium

unstable equilibrium

neutral equilibrium

Guiding principles ( degree) of equilibrium

Following are the guiding derived from the factor of equilibrium:-

To start quickly in one direction, keep the c.g. As high as possible and as near as possible to
the edge of the base in the direction of movement.

E.g. Set position in sprints and swimming.

A body is said be in equilibrium when is c.g. Falls within its base and loses its equilibrium
when the c.g. Falls outside its base.

E.g. Wrestler's lying position and dribble low in basketball.

To stop quickly during rapid motion, drop the c.g. As low as possible, create greater area of
base as possible and move the c.g. Away from the edge of base nearest to the direction of
movement.

E.g. Sudden stop of moving basketball player.

In all arm support activities the c.g. Of the body should be as near as possible over point of
support.

E.g. Vaulting horse and exercises on bar.

When the body is free of support and the air the movement are not affected by the height of
c.g., but the c.g. Within the body can be changed by the body movement.

E.g. Sergeant jump.

When the body is free in the air, and head and feet move down, the hips move up and vice-
versa. Principle of end and middle is involved.

E.g. Crossing the hurdle.

When either hands or feet and supported, if one moves up, the hips move down and vice
versa.

E.g. Crossing the bar in pole-vault.

3.What is sports psychology?Explain in detail importance of sports psychology?

Answer :-

Definitions of Psychology: -

According to MC Douglas, “Psychology is the science that aims to give us better

understanding and control of the behaviour of an organism as a whole.”

According to wood worth, “Psychology is the science of activities of an individual in relation

to his environment”.

According to Crow and Crow, “psychology is the study of behaviour and human
relationship.”

Sports psychology:-

Sports psychology is that branch of psychology which is applied in the field of physical
education. In other words psychological principles applied during sports activities is called
sports psychology. It deals with the behaviour of athlete and teams engaged in competitive
sports. It is intimately connected with human behaviour on the play field, both under
practice and competitive situations with a view to bring about qualitative improvement in
performance and maintain the same even during stresses of competition. It deals with the
fitness of human body. It lays stress on the fact that physical as well as mental development
of human beings through games and sports. Hence sports psychology for physical education
has a great significance in the all-round development of an individual

Definitions of Sports psychology:-

Robert N . Singer,” Sports psychology is the applied psychology the science of psychology
applied to the athlete and athletic situations.”

K. M. Burns, “Sports psychology deals with the physical finesses of an individual through the
participation of games and sports.”

Dr. G Gosh, “Sports psychology is the science of athletics in mind its various facilities.”

4- Alderman, “Sports psychology studies the effect of sports itself on human behaviour.”

The importance of sports psychology:-

It analyses the behaviour of sportsmen.

Performance of a player depends upon the behavior which are influenced by various
factors such as sex differences, family conditions, personal background, heredity,
growth, physical and mental maturity levels etc.

It identifies talent for specific sport’s.

Every sport has specific psychological demands e.g. boxing requires more
aggressiveness, whereas archery and shooting require more concentration.

It stabilize the performance of a sportsperson for a longer period.

It helps in stabilizing the performance of a player for a longer period. Then the
performance of the player largely depends upon his psychological make up and
anxiety level
It is important from the research point of view.

Sports psychologists work in very close proximity to coaches to uplift the

performance of players. Research findings help in promotion of sports and games.

It encourages the players to make a comeback in professional sports.

Sports psychology encourages, the players, who, due to injury or some accident, are
forced to take a long break from their professional career, to return to their sport.

4.Define motivation? Explain different types of motivation and importance of

motivation in physical education and sports?

Answer :-

Motivation :-
The word motivation is derived from Latin word ‘Movere’ which means ‘to move’ or ‘to
change’. When we say that one is motivated, it means that he is driven or moved by an inner
urge or force to achieve the goal. Motivation may be regarded at something which or pushes
and emerges the individual to act or behave in a particular situation at a particular time for
attaining some specific goal or purpose. Motivation inculcates and stimulates the learner’s

interest in the learning activities. It makes the students interest in his studies, a players
interest in playing the game of his choice. It is a force which emerges a man to act and to
make constant effort in order to satisfy his basic motives. In this way motivation and learning
are interwoven. Motivation is an essential condition of learning. A person who have high
level of motivation is likely to perform better and show excellence as compared to the one
who is not motivated or less motivated. Motivation is a process in which the learner is made
eager towards attainment of the goal. It is the psychological force which creates interest for
achieving goal.

Definitions of motivation:

According to the Kelley, “Motivation is the central factor in the effective management of the
process of learning. Some type of motivation must be present in all learning.”

According to Murray, “Motivation is an internal factor that arouses, directs and integrates a
person’s behaviour.”

Types of motivation
1) Intrinsic Motivation

2) Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation: - Intrinsic motivation is directly linked with natural instincts, urges, or
impulses of an individual. In this type of motivation athlete engages themselves in an activity
of their own interest, he pays the game or perform for his own sake and derives pleasure in
performing an athlete activity. We can say that he is intrinsically motivated.

Extensive Motivation: - In such motivation source of pleasure does not lie within the task. It
means that such kind of motivation has no functional relationship with the task. Here the
individual does not learn for something for his own sake but as a means of obtaining desired
goal or getting some external reward such as winning of better grade and honour, learning
of skill to earn the livelihood or receiving praise from the employers .

Importance of motivation in physical education and sports:-

There is a close and strong relationship between learning and motivation. There cannot be
any learning without some kind of motivation working at the back of the learners mind. It is
one of the most essential attributes of effective performance it is a driving force which
compels the athlete to accomplish difficult and challenging tasks.

Study of elite athletes reveals that they are highly motivated lot. They have an exceptionally
strong urge, need or drive to achieve. Certainly there is a positive relationship between high
level of motivation and athlete performance successful athletes, with high level of
motivation seem to be able to deal with stress and arousal in a manner which allows them to
optimize performance over a wide range of situations. Researches studies have shown that
more

motivated athlete are able to reduce their arousal level in crucial moment. Just prior to
competition, where less motivated fail to do so. Motivation helps in setting touch goals and
in directing the energy and effort to achieve these goals. Intrinsically motivated athlete
strive hard to master the skill and are propelled by the inward drive to accomplish the task,
while at the same time they do enjoy the challenging situation encountered during
competition.

Willingness to participate in activity and readiness to overcome the obstacles therein can be
induced through different motivational techniques. Thus motivation is the tool in the hands
of physical education teacher and coach to bring about effective and needed changes in the
behaviour of learners at any stage. Motivation devices become more active when there is a
great change in success than failure. Success leads to pleasure and satisfaction which in turn
takes ones to future effort more vigorous drive for action.

So it imperative that a physical education teacher should use motivation as a means of the
improving the performance of his students very intelligently.

What are the fundamental skills and rules in badminton? Explain?

Answer :-

Fundamental Skills Of Badminton:-

Grip of racket (Right-hand grip) (left hand grip)

Stance (Defensive) (Offensive)

3. Foot Work

4. Footwork on guard stance

5. Pivot

6. Forehand return

7. Back Court return

8. Service:

(a) short service

(b) long service

(c) receiver in service

9.Strokes:

(a) Forehand stroke

(b) Backhand stroke

(c) Overhead stroke

(d) Net stroke

Fundamental rules Of Badminton:-

Rules

A player must wait until his opponent is ready before serving. If the opponent attempts a
return then he is ruled having been ready.
The feet of both players must remain in a stationary position until the serve is made. Your feet
can not be touching the line at this time.

It is not a fault if you miss the shuttle while serving.

The shuttle cannot be caught and slung with the racket.

A player cannot hold his racket near the net to ward off a downward stroke by his opponent or
to interfere with his racket.

Faults

The shuttle, at the instant of being hit is higher than the servers waist or the head of the racket
is higher than the servers racket hand.

The shuttle does not land in the correct service court.

The server's feet are not in the service court or if the feet of the receiver are not in the court
diagonally opposite the server.

The server steps forward as he/she serves.

Any player balking or feinting his opponent before serve or during serve.

A serve or shot that lands outside the court boundaries, passes under or through the net,
touches any other obstructions or a players body or clothing. The boundary and service lines
are considered in play.

The shuttle in play is struck before it crosses the net to the striker's side of the net. You may
follow through over the net.

A player touching the net or its supports with his body or racket while the shuttle is in play.

Hitting the shuttle twice in succession by a player or team.

Scoring System

A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21 points.

Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored.

The side winning a rally adds a point to its score.

At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point lead first, wins that game.

At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point, wins that game.

The side winning a game serves first in the next game.

Interval and Change of Ends

A 1 minute interval between each game is allowed.

In the third game, players change ends when the leading score reaches 11 points.
Singles

At the beginning of the game (0-0) and when the server’s score is even , the server serves
from the right service court. When the server’s score is odd, the server serves from the left
service court.

If the server wins a rally, the server scores a point and then serves again from the alternate
service court.

If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver scores a point and becomes the new server. They
serve from the appropriate service court – left if their score is odd, and right if it is even.

Doubles

A side has only one ‘set’.

The service passes consecutively to the players as shown in the diagram.

At the beginning of the game and when the score is even, the server serves from the right
service court. When it is odd, the server serves from the left court.

If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side scores a point and the same server serves
again from the alternate service court.

If the receiving side wins a rally, the receiving side scores a point. The receiving side
becomes the new serving side.

The players do not change their respective service courts until they win a point when their
side is serving.

What are the fundamental skills and rules in kabaddi?

Explain?

Answer :-

Skills of kabaddi game:-

Defensive skills of kabaddi game

Tackle
Block

Waist tackle

Ankle hold

Waist hold

Thigh hold

Diving ankle holds

Offensive skills of kabaddi game

raiding

Hand touch

Toe touch

Dubki

Squat thrust

kicking

RULES OF KABADDI:-

Team: 

Minimum 10 players & Maximum 12 players

But 7 players play the match in the ground and the remaining are substitutes who can
replace the players on the ground at any time necessary.

2)Duration:
Match consists of two halves each as long as 20 min with interval of 5 min.

The last raider of each half of the match gets to complete the raid even after completion of
the time.

3)Score:

1 point for each member made out.

2 additional points if all the members are made out.

Time out:

Each team has chance to take 2 'Time Outs' of 30 seconds in each half.

It is called by captain, coach or any member with the permission of the referee.

The team must stay on ground, if violated, a technical point is given to opponents.

Substitution:

5 reserved players can be substituted.

If any player is suspended, no substitutions are allowed for that particular player. Team plays
with less number of players.

Substitution is not allowed for out players.

It is done during time outs or interval.

Bonus points:

it is active when there are minimum of 6 players in the court.

1 point is awarded to the raider if he crosses the bonus line.If the raider gets caught, the
opponent team will also be awarded 1 point.

There is no revival for bonus point.

The raider will not be awarded bonus point if he crossed the line after a touch or struggle.

Result:

The team with better score wins.

TECHNICAL OFFICIALS:

The officials shall be 1 referee,2 umpires, 1 scorer and 2 assistant scorers.

The judgement of the umpires is final but the referee can give his decision if there is
disagreement between 2 umpires.

1)Warning cards:

Green card: It is a warning sign. If green card is given twice to a player or coach or manager
twice, the next card shall be directly yellow card

Yellow card:That member is temporarily suspended for 2 min. If yellow card is give  twice to
a player or coach or manager twice, the next card shall be   directly red card.

Red card:Suspension from match or debarred from tournament. 

2.Duties of the Referee:

Take the toss.

Supervise the match.

Announces the score of each side before the last 5 min of the match.

Takes care of recording the time.

Warns about the time remaining at last 5 min of second half of the match.
3)Duties of Umpire:

The umpire conducts the match and gives decisions according to the rules of the game.

4)Duties of Scorer:

Fills in the score sheet.

Announces the score with the permission of referee at the end of each half.

Complete the score sheet in all respects and get it duly signed by the umpires and referee. 

5)Duties of Assistant scorers:

Maintains record of the players who are out.

Sees that the players out are seated in the order of being out.

Will help referee regarding any player goes out of boundary.

7.Define digestive system ? Explain the effect of exercises on digestive system ?

Answer :-

Digestive System :-

The process of breakdown of food in to their smallest parts so that the body can use them to
build and enuresis cells and to provide energy.The process of digestion starts in mouth
where the teeth grind up the food. As food is chew edit is mixed with the saliva secreted by
the salivary gland contains digestive enzyme called Salivary amylase. After it passes through
the Esophagus, it carries the food to the stomach.The stomach secretes gastric Juice that
helps break down proteins and fat by enzyme action.After passing the food through
duodenum it is mixed with bile from the liver and pancreatic juice of the pancreas Bile of
liver helps in digestion of fats and pancreatic juice helps in

digestion of proteins fats and carbohydrates. Then food goes down in to small intestines and
absorbed through the walls of intestines and sends digested food into blood stream. Finally
the digested food enters in to large intestines where remaining water is absorbed and then
are passed on to the rectum for expulsion. The whole journey of food from the time of eaten
to the time when it remains are expelled from the rectum takes about 24 hours.
Effect of Exercises on Digestive System:-

Exercises helps healthy digestion and allows the body to absorb nutrients more effectively
and helps us to maintain healthy weight.

The benefit of exercises on digestive system is to turn the food in to energy more efficiently.

Exercises speeds up the digestion process as it increases the circulation of blood.

The digestive glands like Salivary, pancreas, liver, Gall-bladder etc become more active by
exercises with this digestion is easier and smoother

Exercises helps in reduces intestines sluggishness by stimulating muscles to push digestive

waste through body.

The risk of colon cancer and ulcer is decreased by exercise.

7. With regular exercises the appetite also increases

8.Describe effects of exercises on circulatory system?

Answer :-

Circular System of the Human Body :-

Circulatory system consists of heart and other blood vessels that supply the blood to whole
body parts. It transports oxygen and food to all the body cells and carries away wastes such
as carbon dioxide that body cells produce.

Circulatory system consists of major three parts Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood. All of them
are described below as:

Heart :

Heart has a sack like structure about the size of our fist. Average adults heart is about 300
grams. It is located in the centre of chest inclined slightly to left between two lungs. The
heart is composed of four chambers two upper ‘auricles’ and two lower ventricles’. The
heart is divided into right and left side by a septa and upper chamber are separated from
lower chambers by values. The job of heart is to pump blood and keep blood

moving through body.

Blood:

Blood is a substance made up of RBC’s and WBC’s, Platelets and Plasma which runs
throughout the body. Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and carries
away wastes such as carbon dioxide.

Blood Vessels:
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins constitute blood vessels. These vessels carry blood to and
from the heart and other body parts. Blood vessels form a branching network of about
97000 kilometers.

They are divided into three types:

i.Arteries carry blood from the heart.

ii.Veins carry blood to the heart.

iii.Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.

Effects of Exercises on Circulatory System

It has been observed that exercise affects various parameters of circulatory system in many
ways. These are as under

Size of a Heart:

Endurance training of more than 12 weeks increases hearts volume, weight and contraction
ability. This further increases internal size of left ventricle. Therefore, filling of blood into the
left ventricle increases.

Heart Rate:

Heart rate is markedly decreased due to regular physical exercises and endurance training.
Decreasing heart rate shows the improvement in cardiovascular endurance. Normal resting
heart rate of an adult is 70 beats/minute. However, it comes down

to 40 beats/minute in case of highly trained athletes.

Stroke Volume:

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle

of the heart. As a result of physical exercise and training the Stroke volume increases. Stroke
volume of untrained individuals at rest is 55-75 ml, where as in trained athletes it is about
80-

90 ml and in highly trained athletes it is about 100-120 ml.

Cardiac Output:

It is the amount of blood pumped in one minute either by left or

right ventricle of the heart. After exercises cardiac output increases. In untrained individuals
it is 14-20 liters/minute. In trained athletes it is 25-30 liters/minute and 40 liters/minute in

highly trained endurance athletes.

Blood Volume:

Physical exercise or training increases the blood volume. Untrained individuals is having 5-6
liters of total blood volume, while as highly trained athletes may have more than 7 liters of
total blood volume.

Blood Pressure:

Due to physical exercises and endurance training arterial blood

pressure changes very little during normal work-outs but the resting pressure is lowered in
individual who are having high blood pressure. This reduction takes place both in systolic
and diastolic blood pressure.

Blood Viscosity:

Blood viscosity (thickness of blood) is decreased due to exercise,

resulting in good circulating and abundant oxygen availability.