Citric Acid Cycle: Step 1 Step 2 Step 8
Citric Acid Cycle: Step 1 Step 2 Step 8
Citric Acid Cycle: Step 1 Step 2 Step 8
O O
-
O C C CH3
CoA
O
CO2
CoA C CH3
-
- O
O
C O
C O -
HO C CH2 C O
NADH C O CH2 O
CH2 Step 1
NAD+ C O
-
C O O -
O
-
O Oxaloacetate (4C) Citrate (6C) Step 2 C O
-
H C CH2 C O
Step 8 HO CH O
NAD+
-
O Isocitrate (6C) C O
-
C O O
NADH
HC OH
CH2 Step 3
Malate (4C)
C O CO2
O
-
Citric Acid Cycle -
O
C O
Step 7 α‐Ketoglutarate (5C) CH2
CH2
-
O Furmate (4C) C O
C O C O
-
H2O O
CH
Succinyl CoA (4C)
CH
Succinate (4C) Step 4 CoA
C O
Step 6 - O
-
O
- C O
O C O
Pi CH2 NAD+
CH2 Step 5 CH2
CH2
FADH2 C O
C O CO2
FAD - CoA NADH
O
GDP
CoA GTP
ADP
ATP
The figure above represents the Citric Acid Cycle (also called the “Krebs Cycle”). The part of the molecule that becomes carbon
dioxide is highlighted in a blue box. Notice that a 4 carbon molecule called Oxaloacetate picks up 2 more carbons when it is joined
with an acetyl group from Acetyl CoA. Through the beginning steps of the cycle, 2 carbons are lost as carbon dioxide and the
molecule is again restored to a 4 carbon state, ready to pick up another acetyl group.
The details of the eight steps above are shown in the following pages. This time, the part of the molecule that undergoes a change
is highlighted in blue and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is in a green box.
-
Step 1 O
Citrate O
- O
-
H2O C O
C O
Synthase C O
-
The CH3 end of the acetyl CoA loses a
proton and becomes bonded to the
O
CoA C CH3 + C O
CH2
HO C CH2 C CoA
O
HO C
CH2
CH2 C O
O + CoA
second carbonyl carbon (C=O) of CH2
oxyloacetate. The coenzyme (CoA) is C O C O
C O -
subsequently lost with the input of O
- - O
O
water.
Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate
S‐Citryl‐CoA intermediate
-
Step 2 O
O
-
O
-
C O H2O H2O
C O C O
-
An isomerization reaction takes place. This HO C CH2 C O - -
C CH2 C O C CH2 C O
H
involves the removal of a water molecule H CH O
O O
H C HO CH
and then the insertion of a water molecule. C O Aconitase
The hydroxyl (OH) group changes position - C O C O
O - -
to a different carbon as a result. O O
citrate isocitrate
Cis‐aconitate intermediate
- -
Step 3 O
Isocitrate O
-
O
C O C O C O
This is the first of 4 oxidation steps in the - deyhdrogenase - CH2
H C CH2 C O H C CH2 C O
cycle. The carbon carrying the hydroxyl
HO CH O CH2
group (OH) is converted to a carbonyl O C O
group (C=O). CO2 is lost from the CO2 C O
C O
intermediate and alpha ketoglutarate is - C O C O
O -
produced. NADH is produced. Isocitrate NADH O -
NAD+ O
Oxylosuccinate intermediate α‐Ketoglutarate
-
Step 4 O O
-
C O C O
Another oxidation step that results in
CH2 α –Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
another loss of CO2. This reaction is CH2
very complex and is similar to the
reaction that converts pyruvate to
CH2
C O
+ CoA CH2
CO2
acetly CoA. NADH is produced. C O
C O
-
O NAD+ NADH CoA
α‐Ketoglutarate Succinyl‐CoA
- -
O O
Step 5
C O C O
CoA is displaced when an inorganic CH2
Succinyl ‐ CoA‐ synthase
CH2
phosphate replaces CoA. Then the
phosphate is used to phosphorylate CH2 CH2 + CoA
GDP to make GTP. Later the high C O C O
energy phosphate on GTP can be used H2O Pi -
to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP. CoA O
GDP GTP
Succinyl‐CoA Succinate
ADP
ATP
Step 6 O
-
O
-
C O Succinate dehydrogenase C O
In this, the third oxidation reaction,
two hydrogens are removed from H C H H C
succinate. FAD+ becomes reduced to H C H C H
FADH2.
C O C O
-
O -
FAD FADH2 O
Succinate
Furmate
Step 7 O
-
O
-
C O Furmase C O
Water is used in this reaction to place H C HO C H
a hydroxyl (OH) group on a carbon. C H H C H
C O
C O
-
H2O O
-
O
Malate
Furmate
-
Step 8 O
- O
C O C O
In this the final of the four oxidation Malate dehydrogenase
reactions, the carbon carrying the HO C H C O
hydroxyl group (OH) is converted to a H C H H C H
carbonyl group (C=O). NADH is created C O C O
as NAD+ accepts the proton and -
O -
electrons. Oxaloacetate is regenerated O
Malate NAD+ NADH
and ready to begin step 1 again. Oxaloacetate
Net Results of the Citric Acid Cycle
CoA
O
CoA C CH3
3‐NAD+
1‐FADH2
3‐NADH
1‐FAD+
2‐CO2
1‐ATP 1‐ADP
The citric acid cycle requires the input of an acetyl CoA. This acetyl CoA generally comes from the break down of glucose (Glycolysis) or
from the break down of fatty acids (Beta‐oxidation). One turn of the citric acid cycle releases two carbons as carbon dioxide and
produces 3 NADHs, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2. Ultimately the NADHs and the FADH2 will help with ATP synthesis in the electron transport
chain.