JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

M. Tech – II Semester
L T P C
3 0
0 3 DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM
(PC 3)
Prerequisite: Power System Protection
Course Objectives:
 To study numerical relays.
 To develop mathematical approach towards protection.
 To study algorithms for numerical protection.
Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Learn the importance of Digital Relays.
 Apply Mathematical approach towards protection.
 Develop various Protection algorithms.

UNIT-I:
MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND TO DIGITAL PROTECTION
Overview of static relays, Transmission line protection, Transformer protection, Need
for Digital protection. Performance and operational characteristics of Digital
protection, Basic structure of Digital relays, Finite difference techniques, Interpolation
formulas, Numerical differentiation, Curve fitting and smoothing, Fourier analysis,
Walsh function analysis, Relationship between Fourier and Walsh coefficients.

UNIT-II:
BASIC ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL PROTECTION
Basic components of a digital relay, Signal conditioning subsystems, Conversion
subsystem, Digital relay subsystem, The digital relay as a unit.

UNIT-III:
DIGITAL RELAYING ALGORITHMS-I
Sinusoidal-Wave-Based algorithms: Sample and first-derivative methods, First and
second-derivative methods, Two-sample technique, Three-sample technique, An early
relaying scheme.
Fourier analysis based algorithms: Full cycle window algorithm, Fractional-cycle
window algorithms, Fourier-transform based algorithm, Walsh-function-based
algorithms.

UNIT-IV:
DIGITAL RELAYING ALGORITHMS-II
Least squares based methods: Integral LSQ fit, Power series LSQ fit, Multi-variable
series LSQ technique, Determination of measured impedance estimates.
Differential equation based techniques: Representation of transmission lines with
capacitance neglected, Differential equation protection with selected limits,
Simultaneous differential equation techniques.
Travelling-wave based protection: Fundamentals of Travelling-wave based
protection, Bergeron’s-equation based protection scheme, Ultra-high-speed polarity
comparison scheme, Ultra-high-speed wave differential scheme, Discrimination
function based scheme, Superimposed component trajectory based scheme.

UNIT-V:
DIGITAL PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS AND TRANSMISSION
LINES
Principles of transformer protection, Digital protection of Transformer using FIR
filter based algorithm, Least squares curve fitting based algorithms, Fourier-based
algorithm, Flux-restrained current differential relay.
Digital Line differential protection: Current-based differential schemes, Composite
voltage- and current-based scheme.
TEXT BOOKS:

1. A.G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp, “Computer Relaying for Power Systems”,

Wiley/Research studies
Press, 2009.
2. A.T. Johns and S. K. Salman, “Digital Protection of Power Systems”, IEEE
Press, 1999.

REFERENCES:

1. Gerhard Zeigler, “Numerical Distance Protection”, Siemens Publicis

Corporate Publishing, 2006.
2. S.R.Bhide, “Digital Power System Protection”, PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd,
2014.
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
M. Tech – II Semester
L T P C
3 0
0 3 POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS
(PC 4)

Prerequisite: Power Systems and Electrical Machines

Course Objectives:
 To develop mathematical models for synchronous machine, Exciter, Governor
and Prime mover.
 To study power system dynamic phenomena and the effects of exciter and
governor control.
 To improve dynamic stability of a system.
Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Understand the modeling of synchronous machine in details
 Understand the modeling of Exciter and Governor control
 Carry out simulation studies of power system dynamics using MATLAB-
SIMULINK, MI POWER
 Carry out stability analysis with and without power system stabilizer

UNIT-I:
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY: A CLASSICAL APPROACH
Introduction, Requirements of a Reliable Electrical Power Service, Swing Equation,
Power-Angle Curve, Stability analysis of SMIB system, Equal area criteria, Classical
Model of a Multimachine System, Shortcomings of the Classical Model, Block
Diagram of One Machine.
System Response to Small Disturbances: Types of Problems Studied, The
Unregulated Synchronous Machine, Modes of Oscillation of an Unregulated
Multimachine System, Regulated Synchronous Machine.

UNIT-II:
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODELING-I
Introduction, Park's Transformation, Flux Linkage Equations, Voltage Equations,
Formulation of State-Space Equations, Current Formulation, Per Unit Conversion,
Normalizing the Voltage and Torque Equations, Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous
Machine, The Flux Linkage State-Space Model, Load Equations, Sub-transient and
Transient Inductances and Time Constants, Simplified Models of the Synchronous
Machine, Turbine Generator Dynamic Models.

UNIT-III:
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE MODELING-II
Steady state equations and phasor diagrams, Determining steady state conditions,
Evaluation of Initial conditions, Determination of machine parameters, Digital
simulation of Synchronous machines, Linearization and Simplified Linear model and
state-space representation of simplified model.

UNIT-IV:
EXCITATION AND PRIME MOVER CONTROL
Simplified view of excitation control, Control configurations, Typical excitation
configurations, Excitation control system definitions, Voltage regulator, Exciter
buildup, Excitation system response, State-space description of the excitation system,
Computer representation of excitation systems, Typical system constants, and the
effects of excitation on generator power limits, Transient stability and dynamic
stability of the power system,.
Prime mover control: Hydraulic turbines and governing systems, Steam turbines and
governing systems.

UNIT-V:
SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS
Fundamental concepts of stability of dynamic systems, Eigen properties of the state
matrix, Small-signal stability of a single-machine infinite bus system, Effects of
excitation system, Power system stabilizer, System state matrix with amortisseurs,
Characteristics of small-signal stability problems.
TEXT BOOKS:

1. P. M. Anderson & A. A. Fouad, “Power System Control and Stability”,

Galgotia, New Delhi, 1981.
2. J Machowski, J Bialek & J. R W. Bumby, “Power System Dynamics and
Stability”, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

REFERENCES:

1. P.Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, McGraw Hill Inc.,1994.

2. E.W. Kimbark, “Power system stability”, Vol. I & III, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2002.
3. L. Leonard Grigsby (Ed.), “Power System Stability and Control”, 2nd
Edition, CRC Press, 2007.
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
M. Tech – II Semester
L T P C
3 0
0 3 RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEMS
(PE III.1)
Prerequisite: Power Systems
Course Objectives:
 To understand what is meant by restructuring of the electricity market
 To understand the need behind requirement for deregulation of the electricity
market
 To understand the money, power & information flow in a deregulated power
system
Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Describe various types of regulations in power systems.
 Identify the need of regulation and deregulation.
 Define and describe the Technical and Non-technical issues in Deregulated
Power Industry.
 Identify and give examples of existing electricity markets.
 Classify different market mechanisms and summarize the role of various
entities in the market.

UNIT-I:
Fundamentals of restructured system, Market architecture, Load elasticity, Social
welfare maximization.

UNIT-II:
OPF: Role in vertically integrated systems and in restructured markets, Congestion
management.

UNIT-III:
Optimal bidding, Risk assessment, Hedging, Transmission pricing, Tracing of power.

UNIT-IV:
Ancillary services, Standard market design, Distributed generation in restructured
markets.

UNIT-V:
Developments in India, IT applications in restructured markets, Working of
restructured power systems, PJM, Recent trends in Restructuring.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Lorrin Philipson, H. Lee Willis, “Understanding electric utilities and de-

regulation”, Marcel Dekker Pub.,1998.
2. Steven Stoft, “Power system economics: designing markets for electricity”,
John Wiley and Sons, 2002.

REFERENCES:

1. Kankar Bhattacharya, Jaap E. Daadler, Math H.J. Boolen, “Operation of

restructured power systems”, Kluwer Academic Pub., 2001.
2. Mohammad Shahidehpour, MuwaffaqAlomoush, “Restructured electrical
power systems: operation, trading and volatility”, Marcel Dekker.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
M. Tech – II Semester
L T P C
3 0 0 3

AI TECHNIQUES IN POWER SYSTEMS

(PE IV.1)
Prerequisite: Artificial Intellegence Techniques in Electrical Engineering
Course Objectives:
• To understand fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Networks
• To understanding Genetic Algorithms & Evolutionary Programming
Course Outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to:
• Learn the concepts of biological foundations of artificial neural networks
• Learn Feedback networks and radial basis function networks and fuzzy logics
• Identify fuzzy and neural network
• Acquire the knowledge of Genetic Algorithms

UNIT-I:
Biological foundations to intelligent Systems, Artificial Neural Networks, Single
layer and Multilayer Feed Forward NN, LMS and Back Propagation Algorithm,
Feedback networks and Radial Basis Function Networks.

UNIT-II:
Fuzzy Logic, Knowledge Representation and Inference Mechanism, Defuzzification
Methods. Fuzzy Neural Networks and their learning methods.

UNIT-III:
System Identification using Fuzzy and Neural Network.

UNIT-IV:
Genetic algorithm, Reproduction cross over, Mutation, Introduction to evolutionary
program.

UNIT-V:
Applications of above mentioned techniques to practical problems.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. J M Zurada , “An Introduction to ANN”, Jaico Publishing House.

2. Simon Haykins, “Neural Networks”, Prentice Hall.

REFERENCES:

1. Timothy Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with Engg.Applications”, McGraw Hill.

2. Driankov, Dimitra, “An Introduction to Fuzzy Control”, Narosa Publication.
3. Golding, “Genetic Algorithms”, Addison-Wesley Publishing Com.