FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI

PMB 1526

REPORT ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

DONE AT

ELITEC ENGINEERING AND COMPANY LTD.

NO. 33 SULE STREET, MANGORO, OFF LAGOS-ABEOKUTA EXPRESSWAY,
LAGOS STATE

BY
CHUKWUJAMA CHIBUZOR HENRY
20161958313

SUBMITTED TO

THE SIWES COORDINATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR
OF ENGINEERING
AUGUST 2021

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE……………………………………………………… 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………… 2-
3

DEDICATION……………………………………………………
4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………
5

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………
6

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT…………………………..

7

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES……………………………………

8

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 NATURE OF BUSINESS AND LITERATURE REVIEW OF

POWER INDUSTRY……………………………………. 9-
10

2.2 HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION……………………..... 11-

12

2.3 COMPANY’S MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT.........

13

2.4 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE…………………………….

13

2
2.5 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN ELITEC ENGINEERING
COMPANY……………………………………………… 13-
14

2.6 ELITEC AS AN INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA, ITS

MARKET/ SERVICES SITUATION AND THE
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH IT
OPERATES………………………………………………. 14-15

3
CHAPTER THREE

3.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE(DUTIES)…… 17-

48

3.2 SKILLS DEVELOPED AND TECHNIQUES LEARNT....48-

49

3.3 PRACTICAL CHALLENGES FACED AT WORK………49-

50

3.4 THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES LEARNT DURING THE

PROGRAMME……………………………………………………. 51

3.5 SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS MADE TO THE

COMPANY…………………………………………………..
52

3.6 THE FUTURE OF THE BUSINESS WITHIN THE

NIGERIAN
ECONOMY…………………………………………………..
53

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RELEVANCE OF I.T. EXPERIENCE GAINED TO COURSE

OF STUDY……………………………………………… 54-
55

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 RECOMMENDATION………………………………… 55-

56

5.2 CONCLUSION…………………………………………. 56-

58

REFERENCE……………………………………………………….
59
4
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to God who saw me through my SIWES

program and also to my family and friends, for their kind gestures and
wonderful contribution offered to me during and after the course of
my six (6) months Industrial Training.

5
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My deepest appreciation and gratitude goes to God for his gift of life
given to me and strength to journey through the course of the program, and also
to Engr. Kayode Adedigba, the General Manager of ELITEC Engineering and
Company Limited, for giving me this very rare privilege and opportunity to
learn and to be trained under him.

I sincerely appreciate the entire staff of ELITEC Engineering and Company

Limited for their tutelage, time, patience and support in spite of all ups and
downs experienced during my training. Special thanks to my Industrial-Based
supervisor, Engr. Raji Opeyemi, my office supervisor, Engr. Ganiu Ahmed and
Engr. Sodiq Umar, for developing in me the awareness of the general
workplace, behaviour and interpersonal skills development, and giving me the
opportunity to get a feel of the work environment which has exposed me to the
engineer’s responsibilities and ethics.

6
 My innermost appreciation goes to my parents, Mr. & Mrs. Chukwujama
Cardinal Isaiah, and to the rest of my family members and friends for their
wonderful contribution to the success of my SIWES program. You are the best
of the best and I say a very big thanks to you all.

I can’t but say a very big thanks to everyone who has in one way or the
other contributed to the success of my SIWES program at large. I salute you.
Thanks, and God bless you all.

CHAPTER ONE

(1.1) INTRODUCTION.

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a national

program initiated, designed and introduced by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in
1973 as a result of a growing concern that graduates of higher institutions were
no longer responsive to the needs of the employers of labour because of their
lack of practical knowledge. The program thus, will bridge the gap between
theory taught in the classroom and the practical knowledge the industries
required. SIWES is therefore a six-month duration mandatory program for all
university students. It is part of the university curriculum and one of the

7
graduating criteria for tertiary students. The accumulation of theoretical
knowledge without its practical demonstration or exposure by student will only
lead to a world of abstract knowledge. Basically, for this reason, the Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) program, which was initially
meant for the polytechnics, got extended to the university sector due to the
complaints of the labour market in recent years of the missing of working skills
in the lives of
University graduates.

At inception in 1974, the Scheme started with 784 Students from 11

institutions and 104 eligible courses. By 2008, 210, 451 Students from 219
Institution participated in the Scheme with over 164 eligible courses. However,
the rapid growth and expansion of SIWES has occurred against the backdrop of
successive economic crises. The knowledge obtained in the lecture room is most
of the times not practicable in the Industrial market, this is to support the fact
that learning can only be completed and appreciated when one put into practice
that which has been acquired in the lecture room. It is also believed that things
done are better remembered than things heard. It is as a result of these
aforementioned reasons, that University students, most especially those in the
faculty of Science, Engineering and those in technical schools embark on
SIWES so as to be able to put into practice the theoretical knowledge that they
have acquired. The purpose of this SIWES report is therefore to emphasize the
skills acquired during my SIWES and to also make relevant recommendations.

(1.2) OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT

The major objective of SIWES report is to present the experience, skills

and training gathered during the course of the six months SIWES program in a

8
documented and written form, for quality and reference purposes. Nevertheless,
the following highlighted points are also some of the objectives of this report:

❖ To provide a detailed account of the knowledge and experience gained

during the training period by the student.

❖ To provide a technical report on the area covered by the student to the

authority concerned in the fulfilment of the Industrial Training Semester

program.

❖ To express the advantages of the scheme relevant to the field of study.

❖ To serve as a reference material, to me or any other intending users, in the

nearest future as the need might be in the field where I had the training
i.e.
Engineering field.
❖ To show to the appropriate bodies, most especially to the school’s SIWES
unit/department, that I was fully engaged and dutifully participated in the
compulsory six months SIWES program for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering Degree (B.Eng.)
❖ To display my ability in transferring the experience and knowledge
gained in the course of the training, from the brain onto paper in a
coherent, logical and correct form, at least to the best of my knowledge.
(1.3) OBJECTIVES OF SIWES.

Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) are to:

1. To provide students with opportunities to apply their theoretical

knowledge in real work situations thereby bridging the gap between
theory and practical.

9
 2. Prepare Students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after
graduation.
3. Expose Students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in their schools.
4. To provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire
industrial skills and experience in their course of study.
5. To enlist and strengthen employers involvement in the entire educational
process of preparing Universities graduates for employment in industries.

CHAPTER TWO

(2.1) NATURE OF BUSINESS AND LITERATURE REVIEW

OF POWER INDUSTRY

Electrical power is considered as an important factor for the development

and prosperity of any economy. Besides capital and labor, it can be regarded as
the third most important production factor in economic models. After the
10
intervention of the Ikeja and Eko Electricity Distribution Companies (IKEDC)
on the assets of the former Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), most
electricity consumers could testify that power supply in Nigeria has slightly
improved since the time they took over the management of power distribution.
In Lagos, under the Ikeja and Eko Electricity Distribution Companies (IKEDC)
have testified that supplies to the area have improved over the years Also in
Abuja, power is stable except for the few minutes that residents experience
power outages. This is an indication that stable power supply is achievable in
Nigeria. Nigeria’s electricity supply has shown significant improvements with
the current expansion and rehabilitation of the transmissions and distribution
systems. Its current generation capacity, however, still continues to hover
between 3,000 and 7,000 megawatts.
The peak generating capacity was attained in September, 2017 reaching
a whopping 7000 megawatts. According to World Bank report in 2015, about 75
million Nigerians lacked access to adequate electricity and Nigeria was ranked
highest amongst the countries with electricity access deficit when energy access,
efficiency and renewable are on the rise in many developing nations. Much of
the electricity distribution network at 2010 -2016 was poorly maintained and the
supply in a lot of areas was often described as epileptic in nature, characterized
by extreme voltage variations, load discharges, frequent and long outages and
reliance by small scale businesses, industries and affluent individuals on off-
grid generation.

The poor state of power supply in Nigeria was widely viewed as one of
the major constraints to the nation’s economic growth. While Nigeria has an
abundant supply of natural resources, including large reserves of oil and gas, it
had one of the lowest net electricity generations. Today however, with funding
from World Bank, Japan International Corporation Agency, the African
Development Bank, proceeds from the sale of the National Integrated Power

11
Project (NIPP), EXIM China and contractor-financed turnkey projects all
making up funding for the power sector reform.

Companies bear so much loss as outages often occur when goods are in
the middle of production. When power is taken unannounced in the process of
production, all goods are destroyed. Many firm generate power privately and cut
of dependence on the national grid. The consequence of incurring high cost of
power generation from the industries makes the nations industries less
competitive. A 2015 report on the Good Governance Initiative (GGI), say
Nigerians spent N3.5 trillion on fueling their generators annually and N2 trillion
spent on running generators by over 17 million small and medium scale
enterprises, banks, other corporate entities and traders across the country. It
can be inferred that an improved and stable power supply is vital to boost the
growth of any economy. Many functions necessary to present day living comes
to a halt when the supply of energy stops or fluctuates. The greater the per
capital consumption of electric power in a country, the higher the standard of
living of its people. The survival of industrial undertakings and our social
structures depends primarily upon low cost and uninterrupted power supply.
There is therefore need for an improved and regular electric power supply in the
country. This work aims to show that an improved power supply Nigeria is a
panacea to her industrial/economic development.

(2.2) HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION

ELITEC Engineering and Company Limited was established in 23 rd

May, 2010 by Engr. Sabitu Idowu Omoniyi, as an Engineering Company for
rendering professional services in the field of Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering services in buildings. The head office is located at No. 33 Sule
Street, off Lagos-Abeokuta expressway, Lagos, Nigeria.

12
 The organization is made up of dedicated teams in different departments
of the company such as: field and construction, marketing & sales, and office &
technical department. The organization mainly deals with both Mechanical and
Engineering services for domestic and industrial use.

The objectives of the company are to render purely professional

services on projects for the utmost interest of clients. The technical complexity
of building services requirement coupled with the prevailing economic
conditions dictates that designs must be handled with great technical expertise
as well as dexterity in costing to achieve effective installations.

ELITEC provides comprehensive built environment engineering

services clients in all sectors of human endeavor such as: construction, oil and
gas, trading and manufacturing. Our clients include individuals as well as
private and public corporate enterprises. Our services include:

➢ Mechanical and Electrical Services

(i) Systems engineering

(ii) Power distribution system designs

(iii) Power quality testing and

monitoring

(iv) Systems commissioning

(v) Lighting designs

(vi) CCTV

(vii) Fire detection and alarm

systems

(viii) Access control

13
(ix) Voice and Data systems.

Our core values: Integrity, Commitment, Responsiveness, Reliability,

Creativity and Innovation.

2.3 COMPANY’S MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT

MISSION

The company’s mission is “To serve humanity honorably, with integrity and
commitment by rendering purely professional services on projects for the
utmost interest of her clients

VISION

The company’s vision is “To become the most dependable, standard and first
class electrical and mechanical contractor in services to humanity and
consultancy”

2.4 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE

The company boasts of some competent workforces that help in the

actualization of her objectives. They include: The Managing Director, Electrical
& Mechanical Engineers, Supervisors (Electrical & Mechanical), Technicians
(Electrical & Mechanical), Marketers, Secretary, Mates / IT Students (Electrical
& Mechanical), Securities and Cleaners.

14
Below is an organigram showing the organizational setup of ELITEC
Engineering and Company Limited:

MANAGING
DIRECTOR

ELECTRICAL TECHNICIANS SUPERVISORS SECRETARY MECHANICAL

ENGINEER (ELECT/MECH) (ELECT/MECH) ENGINEER

MATES/ I.T SECURITIES MARKETERS

STUDENTS

Fig 1. Organization Chart of ELITEC Engineering Company

2.5 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN ELITEC ENGINEERING

AND COMPANY LIMITED
The following are the various departments in ELITEC Engineering and
Company Limited and their functions:

• Field and Construction Department: The head of this department is the

Chief Engineer. The department consists of Engineers, Technicians and
Mates whose duty is to handle the practical work done (majorly Electrical
/ Electronic and Mechanical installations) on construction sites.

• Office and Technical Department: The General Secretary heads this

department. The department takes charge of any official cases pertaining
to administrative duties and also gives prompt solutions to technical and
management issues.
15
 • Marketing Department: This department analyses market information
and promotes the company’s services and products.

• Security Department: The head of the department is the Chief Security

Officer. Under him is the security superintendent who supervises other
gatemen. This department ensures the plant’s safety from internal and
external saboteurs. The security men see to the movement of people and
goods in and out of the company.

2.6 ELITEC AS AN INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA, ITS

MARKET / SERVICES SITUATION AND THE
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH IT
OPERATES

ELITEC Engineering and Company Limited is a progressive

professional company that offers services in the field of Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering services in buildings. The head office is located at No. 33
Sule Street, off Lagos-Abeokuta expressway, Lagos, Nigeria. A southwest
region of Nigeria. We are popularly known for our professionalism in electrical
(surface, trunking and conduits wiring) and mechanical installations and designs
in Nigeria. Nevertheless, we are also known as the smart energy solution
provider. Due to constantly interrupted supply of power in Nigeria, inhabitants

16
and industries in Nigeria have opted mainly for the use of generators which has
disadvantages in the form of high cost of maintenance and ecological impact.

Therefore, ELITEC Engineering Company and Limited, as an industry in

Nigeria, has thereby helped realize sustainable living goals by helping people
save money and reducing ecological impacts by providing clean, standard and
affordable power generators.

The market service of the company is precisely very good in the sense that
not only does the company renders installations services such as House wiring,
CCTV, Burglar Alarms, Emergency Systems, Lighting, Power distribution,
Smoke detectors / escalators, air-conditioning systems e. t .c We also do
repairs and sales of electronics appliances such as Automatic voltage
regulators; Ranging from 1000W-5000W, Smart Televisions, Refrigerators,
Air-Conditioners, Pressing Irons e. t. c. ELITEC Engineering and Company
Limited also markets products such as Knockout boxes, Conduit Materials,
Electrical Fittings and Energy Saving Bulbs Ranging from 3W-65W, for the
benefits of her clients.

CHAPTER THREE

(3.1) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF WORK DONE (DUTIES)

It was truly a great experience working for six months at ELITEC
Engineering Company Limited. The system permitted me to alternate between
17
different engineering working departments after some weeks. This has greatly
improved my general perception of what Engineering and quite particularly
Electrical/Electronic Engineering is all about. Over the six months period of my
industrial training experience at ELITEC Engineering Company Limited, I was
trained on the following major areas which are: Electrical Installations and
Designs (mostly on construction sites); Electronics Designs and Installation;
Electronics Maintenance and Repairs. Specifically, the key areas are:
➢ Electrical Safety, Personal Protective Equipment and Site Services
➢ Electrical/Electronic Equipment, Machines, Materials and Applications
➢ Maintenance and Repairs of Work Tools and Machineries
➢ Electrical Installations and Wiring
➢ Site Plan drawing, Wiring Plan and Lighting design
➢ Cable Sizing and Selection
➢ Power Lighting Systems
➢ Distribution Panels
➢ Power Supply and Distribution
➢ Basic Electronics; Designs, Installations, Repairs and Maintenance.

In as much as each division entails the application of general

engineering principles and operations, they also have in some occasions
differences and specially modified applications of known stipulated engineering
principles and operations and of course, this comes with due respect to
dependent factors such as materials being worked on, location, accessibility,
system, environment etc. My involvement and participation are detailed below:

➢ ELECTRICAL SAFETY, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

(PPE) AND SITE SERVICES
During the course of my industrial training, I learnt that as an electrical
engineer, the need to properly understand the need for safety cannot be over

18
emphasized. ELITEC Engineering Company Limited’s electrical safety policies
are aimed at protecting electrical personnel’s and equipment from the different
hazards that are inherently present when working with electricity.
Gradually, I was made to understand the Company’s stance on site safety
through a series of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) essentials classes.
The classes were fundamental to my understanding of the importance of safety
both at work and home. Below, I have listed few safety tips I learnt during the
HSE essentials classes;
•Ladders and steps used for working on electrical equipment must be
constructed from nonconductive materials.
•All electrical motors, electrical panels and junction boxes must be grounded.
•All electrically energy sources must be properly identified and isolated before
any maintenance job (preventive or corrective) is carried out.
•A risk assessment must be carried out before working with any electrical
equipment.
•Proper control measures must be put in place to reduce to the barest minimum,
the likelihood of any hazard if any.
•Hand gloves must be worn while working at all times.

Below are some basic Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

• Hard Hat/Helmet
• Safety Jacket
• Safety Gloves
• Safety Boots
• Safety Eye Glasses

19
 Fig 2: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The following safety measures should be strictly adhered to while carrying out
any installation or maintenance operation on site services.

• Safety boots should always be worn while on site.

• Helmet or Hardhat and Hand gloves should be worn before commencing
work on a worksite.
• Reflective jackets should be worn while on site for easy recognition.
• Appropriate tools should be used for a particular job.
• Working environment should be kept clean at all times.
• Accessible means of isolation should be provided near each piece of
apparatus.
• Equipment must be isolated from supply before any circuit conductor is
touched.
• The tagged and isolated should be checked before progressing to
connections.
• Works on conductors/equipment should be carried out while they are
switched off.

20
 • After moving the handle of an isolating switch to the off position the
cover should be tested to confirm it has no contact with the tongue.
• In the absence of isolating switch, the circuit fuses should be removed
and placed in a safe position.
• Firefighting equipment e.g. portable fire extinguishers should be made
available in accessible positions. These appliances should be examined
periodically, kept in order and fully charged for immediate use.
• Warning signs should be placed at notable places on worksites.
• In case of electrical shock, first aid and artificial respiration should be
given to the victim before been taken to the hospital.

➢ ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT, MACHINES,

MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS

Truthfully speaking, this I.T program has not only given me the privilege to
identify some of the tools, materials and machineries used for both electrical
and electronics installation and designs but also helped me to practically make
use of them. I made use of Electrical/Electronic Equipment such as; Handy
Cable Cutter, Soldering Iron, Wire Stripper, Pliers, Measuring Tape, Steal
Square Ruler, Adjustable Spanner, Nipper, Screwdriver, Fishing tape, Saw
Blades, Hammer, Chisels, Bending Springs, Crimping Tool, Tool box, Circuit
Tester, Multi-tester etc.
Some of the machines I used are; Handy Drilling Machine, Cutting
Machine, Jackhammers etc. Also, the Materials used for Electrical and
Electronics installation which I encountered includes; Conduits Materials,
Cables (Wires of different sizes), Knockout boxes, Terminal Blocks, Circuit
Breakers, No Fuse Breakers, Magnetic Contactors, Push Buttons, Relays,
Switches, Receptacles, Electrical lighting Fittings, Vero Boards, Soldering
Lead, and some other electronics components such as; Resistors, Capacitors,
Diodes, Transistors etc. to mention a few.
21
Below is the pictorial representation of some of the Tools, Machines and
Materials as well as their applications:

❖ Handle Cable Cutter, Nipper and Plier: These are the tools used for
cutting and peeling cables or wires of different kinds. They are applicable
according to the size of the wire.

Fig 3: An image of a Cable Cutter, Nipper and Plier

❖ Measuring Tape: It is used for measuring the length of an electric material

and also to get the lighting points on slabs and walls on site.

Fig 4: Measuring Tape

22
❖ Soldering Iron: In doing electric wiring, splices and taps(connections made
to wire) should be soldered, unless you use solderless connectors.

Fig 5: Typical Soldering Equipment

❖ Screwdrivers, Hammers and Saw Blades: These are common tools which
are used for electrical installation and they differ, depending on the particular
task you want to do with them.

Fig 6: Images of Screwdrivers, Hammer and the Saw Blade

23
❖ Fishing Tape: The fishing tape is used to test for continuity in conduits after
installation so as to be sure that there are no blockages.

Fig 7: A typical Fishing tape for electrical Purposes

❖ Multimeter and Spirit Level: The multimeter combines several

measurement functions in one unit. It can measure the voltage, current and
resistance of an electric material. The Spirit Level is used to check whether
an installed material or device is horizontal or vertical.

Fig 8: Images of the Multi-meter and a Spirit Level

❖ Drilling Machine: This machine is used to make holes in building structure

passages of conduits and wires.

24
 Fig 9: Image of the Drilling Machine
❖ Cutting Machine: This machine has a diamond cutting disk which is used to
cut walls and concretes for conduit installation.

Fig 10: A Cutting Machine

❖ Jackhammer: This is also like the cutting machine but it is different in the
sense that it is a pneumatic tool that combines a hammer directly with a
chisel which is used to break up rock, pavement and concrete for easy
conduit installation in floors.

Fig 11: A Jackhammer

❖ Conduits: These are tubes which can be made of metal, PVC, fiber or fired
clay etc They are used to protect electrical cables embedded in concrete
structure (floor, slab or wall), for power, lighting or signal distribution in
buildings.

25
 Fig 12: Electrical Conduit Pipes

❖ Circuit Breaker: This is an automatically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess
current from an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt
current flow after a fault is detected.

Fig 13: A typical Circuit Breaker

❖ No Fuse Breaker: This material also does the same work as the circuit
breaker but operated manually and has no fuse embedded in it. It protects
cables by blocking a circuit when over-current flows in the circuit.

Fig 14: A No-Fuse Breaker

❖ Cables: An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side

by side or bundled used to carry electric current i.e. conducts current.

Fig 15: An Electrical Cable

26
❖ Push Button: This is an electrical switch which has two contacts (Normally
Open and Normally Close contacts), It momentarily allows current to flow
when button is pushed in and breaks current when released.

Fig 16: Push Buttons

❖ Relay: This is an electrically operated switch used where it is necessary to

control a circuit with a low-power signal. Most of the relays use an
electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch.

Fig 17: A typical Relay

All of these aforementioned tools, machineries and materials were used

during the course of my industrial training at IMEE Engineering Services
Limited. The ones being discussed up there were very important and vital, just
to mention a few. The others (mostly electronics materials) were discussed
vividly in other sections of this report.
27
 Tools and machines should be properly maintained so that workers are
not endangered. At IMEE, both preventive and corrective maintenance were
carried out on all work equipment from time to time so as to avoid unnecessary
hazards which can occur as a result of poor maintenance of tools and
machineries.

➢ ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND WIRING

I was opportune to be posted with the team of engineers and technicians to
work on this particular project;
Title of the Project: 70 UNITS TOWNHOUSES AT TWINLAKES
ESTATE, LEKKI LAGOS
Aim and Objective: Electrical Services Installation.
Work done:
I was part of the team who worked on this project and I was able to learn
everything that will be discussed in this chapter. The skills developed and
techniques learnt are discussed below:

WHAT IS ELECTRICAL WIRING?

Electrical Wiring can be described as the networking system or
arrangement of cables for the free flow of current in a circuit.

Types of Wiring includes: -

1. Conduit Wiring: - This is the process where electric cables are arranged

systematically in wall, slabs and floor through the use of PVC pipes in

order to transfer energy from one point to another in a circuit.

2. Surface Wiring: - This is a system of electrical installation in which

wires, outlets, switches or light fixtures are installed on the wall surface

without the hassle of cutting into walls, fishing tape and patching holes.
28
 3. Cleat Wiring: - This is a system of wiring done in an industry with the

help of a cleat chip made of different types of groove.

4. Trunking Wiring: - In the United States, this is referred to as wire duct. It

is a system used to contain wires and/or cables in a durable rectangular

plastic and laid with cover to protect the wires from dangerous metallic

materials.

Therefore, for this particular project, the Conduit method was used.

➢ SITE PLAN DRAWING AND LIGHTING PLAN

A site plan drawing with respect to electrical installation, is a type of

technical drawing that shows information about power, lighting, and signal for

an engineering or architectural project. Any electrical working drawing consists

of “lines, symbols, dimensions, and notations to accurately convey an

engineering's design to the workers, who install the electrical system on the

job".

A complete set of working drawings for the average electrical system in large

projects usually consists of:

• A plot plan showing the building's location and outside electrical wiring

• Floor plans showing the location of electrical systems on every floor

• Power-riser diagrams showing panel boards

• Control wiring diagrams

29
• Schedules and other information in combination with construction drawings.

Electrical consultants prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by

technicians who erect, install, and repair electrical equipment and wiring in

communication centres, power plants, electrical distribution systems, and

buildings.

Fig 18: Electrical lighting layout for Ground floor of the building

➢ WIRING PLAN

The wiring plan includes all enclosures and the interconnecting wiring.

The designer determines the location of the lighting points, outlets, distribution

boards and others. This diagram is a generalized way of Electrical design

30
representation using standard schematic symbols. Materials for wiring interior

electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:

I. Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit

II. Type of occupancy and size of the building

III. National and local regulations

IV. Environment in which the wiring must operate.

Wires and cables are rated by the circuit voltage, temperature rating and

environmental conditions (moisture, sunlight, oil, chemicals) in which they can

be used.

INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

✓ Marking out of lighting points

✓ Installation of looping boxes for conduits connection

✓ Installation of pipe sleeves for lighting, Air-Conditioners and smoke

detectors

✓ Continuity Testing of installed conduits by using Fishing tapes

✓ Installation of Knockout boxes for switches, socket outlets, water

heaters, extractor fans, smoke detectors and air conditioners

✓ Installation of Distribution Board

✓ Installation of conduit pipes in wall and connections for switches, socket

outlets, water heaters, extractor fans, smoke detectors and air

conditioners with sources and branches.

31
 ✓ Cables Installation (sizing and selection)

✓ Electrical Lighting and Power Fittings ✓ Testing and Evaluation.

PICTURES OF MY PARTICIPATION AT WORK

Lighting at Ascon Gas Station Socket Shelf

32
ETP Compressors Pest Control

Fig 20: Casting Process of the slab after conduits installation

After the casting process, then conduits continuity testing was carried out.
Colored ropes were inserted and tied to the boxes outlets to show continuity in
the conduits. This was made possible by the use of fishing tapes and the process
is called Fishing. Pictures are shown below:

33
 Fig 21: Testing for continuity in conduits by the use of Fishing Process

After the fishing process, we proceeded with the installation of knockout

boxes and conduits for switches, socket outlets, water heaters, extractor fans,
smoke detectors and air conditioners, including the installation of the
distribution board. Pictures shown below:

34
 Fig 21: Pictures of my involvement in the installation of knockout boxes and conduits
for lighting

Fig 22: Installation of Boards for ELV (extreme low voltage), LV(low voltage) and
Distribution Panel

35
 Fig 23: Conduits installation in Adaptable box

After the installation of conduit materials, then cable installation follows.

➢ CABLE SIZING AND SELECTION

A Cable is an assembly of conductors held together with an overall
sheath for transmission of electrical power from electricity source such as
transformer, generator, switchgear, distribution panel etc. to the terminal of
utilization equipment.

It is generally made of materials which are good conductors of electricity

like copper and aluminum. Great percentage of the cables is made using
copper because of its being a very good conductor and less vulnerability to
environmental attack.
Cables consist of three major components:
• Conductors
• Insulation
• Protective jacket.
The components of individual cables vary according to application.

36
 The construction and material are determined by three main factors:
• Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation
• Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the
conductors
• Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight
exposure, and mechanical impact, determining the form and composition
of the outer cable jacket.
Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also include metal
armour in the form of wires spiraled around the cable, or a corrugated tape
wrapped around it. The armour may be made of steel or aluminum, and
although connected to earth ground, it is not intended to carry current during
normal operations.
Criteria for Cable Selection and Sizing
There are basically 4 criteria to be considered when sizing a cable:
• Current Rating
• Thermal Short Circuit
• Voltage Drop
• Cable Impedance

37
Fig 24: Images of lighting cables installation for distribution board

38
 Fig 25: Cable installation in trunking box for lighting

There are different types of cable sizes: 1.5mm, 2.5mm, 4mm, 6mm etc.
1.5mm Cables were used for lighting
2.5mm Cables were used for sockets
4mm Cables were used for A.C/ Water Heaters
6mm Cables were used for Cooker Control Unit
10mm and 16mm were used for Incomer Cables on distribution board

➢ POWER LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Lighting is a vital rule to describe the importance of buildings. For

buildings to fulfil their function properly, they must be made as safe as
technological and economic resources will permit. And one of the most
effective instruments in the constant striving to create saver buildings is light.
39
Lighting for guidance, lighting to reveal all the features of both interior and
exterior part of the building and point of hazards. There are many ways in which
a lighting control system can be organized. Construction type, client
requirements, architectural restrictions, and many other factors determine the
best solution. In general, retaining control design flexibility produces the most
reliable results.

Centralized Systems
A centralized system is designed in such a way that all the high-voltage
circuits are terminated within a Crestron home automation enclosure and they
operate under a central control system. In a centralized design, the high-voltage
lighting, fans, motors, and switch circuits are individually wired directly to the
control modules in the Crestron home automation enclosure. The modules are
controlled by low voltage or RF user interfaces in the living area. This creates a
flexible and efficient design.
Also, a central processor is connected via a local area network to the
lighting modules. The user interface is dedicated to lighting, fans, motors, air
conditioners etc.
Decentralized Systems
A decentralized system is the traditional wiring system of individual
lighting circuits with local control. Some devices provide the power and
flexibility of automated control combined with local control.

Creston ilux
This is a complete, integrated lighting system designed for wall mount
installation in boardrooms, auditoriums, Theatres, or anywhere versatile and
cost-effective control of lighting and shades is required. The Crestron iLux
CLS-C6 has high innovation and reliability, combined with high-quality
integrated dimming and native shade control. It also has configurable rocker
40
buttons, extensive integration ability, and many other advanced features which
make iLux the best choice for all types of room lighting and shade control
applications.
Hybrid Systems
A hybrid of centralized system is the most efficient and attractive lighting
system design. It has a local control along with a standard central control.
Hybrid system limits the amount of wall clutter created by too many different
controls.

This level of control requires connection to a central dimming controller.

All of the dimmers in a hybrid system are grouped into the central controller for
wiring convenience.

During the course of my SIWES, I was opportune to get myself familiar

with different kinds of lighting fittings such as LED lights, Energy saving bulbs,
POP lights, Filament bulbs, Recessed downlight fittings, Pendant lights
(chandeliers) etc.

Fig 26: 18W crystal beads pendant luminaire with string and decorative glass diffusers

41
Fig 27: LED lights and downlight fittings

Fig 28: A Chandelier Fittings

42
Fig 29: 2 Gang Switch and Power Switch fittings and cable Installation

Fig 30: 3*6 Twin Socket Installation for power connection

43
 Fig 31: A junction Box, showing internal Cables interconnection

➢ DISTRIBUTION BOARD INSTALLATION

A distribution board is a component of an electricity supply system that

divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a

protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure.

Normally, a main switch, and in recent boards, one or more residual-current

devices (RCD) or residual current breakers with overcurrent protection (RCBO),

are also incorporated.

44
 Fig 32: A distribution board layout

The above schematic distribution board layout was the one we used

for this particular project. The DB is a D30 distribution board which consists of

10Amps, 13Amps, 15Amps, 20Amps, 30Amps, and 45Amps circuit breakers.

10Amps and 13 Amps circuit breakers were used for lighting connection;

20Amps circuit breakers were used for Air-conditioners

30Amps circuit breakers were used for Power sockets

45Amps circuit breakers were used for Cooker Control Unit

45
Fig 33: Line 3 distribution board room

➢ POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

POWER SUPPLY

According to what I learnt at ELITEC Engineering Company Limited,

Power Supply in buildings could be achieved through various means. The

means depend on the load in the building. In Nigeria, for small scale buildings

which are not isolated, the power supply will be achieved by tapping from a

skipper panel whose input is the output of the 11KV/415V Transformer. Due to

regular power failure, most buildings have a backup power supply (Generator or
46
Inverters). In larger installations (where the Three Phase load exceeds

90A), the building will need to have its own transformer, so as to preserve the

stability of the 415V line. In such scenarios a redundant or backup generators

are usually required so as to minimize the downtime.

POWER DISTRIBUTION

In electrical wiring, we can conclude that electric power distribution system

is the final stage in the delivery of electric power because it carries electricity

from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations

connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to

medium voltage ranging between 2kV and 35kV with the use of transformers.

Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution

transformers located near the customer's premises.

Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage

of household appliances and typically feed several customers through secondary

distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial and residential customers are

connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops. Customers

demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the

primary distribution level or the sub transmission level.

Power Distribution in a building or establishment could be at either High

Voltage (HV) or Low Voltage (LV).

47
Low Voltage Distribution

Low voltage describes 400V three-phase and 230 V single-phase supplies.

The cable is connected directly to the supplier’s cut-out. This is a fused unit

that protects the consumer’s installation up to the main switch.

High Voltage Distribution

In large commercial buildings and industrial installations with loads around

1000 kVA, it is required to have a high voltage supply which is typically eleven

thousand volts (11 kV). For the consumer, a high voltage supply will incur

higher costs than a low voltage supply.

(3.2) SKILLS DEVELOPED AND TECHNIQUES LEARNT

During the course of my six months Industrial Training, I have been able
to develop a lot of skills and techniques both in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering field and this would go a long way in helping me actualize my
dream of becoming a good Electrical and Electronics Engineer. Some of the
skills and techniques learnt include:

➢ Efficient use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) kits for safety at

workshops and construction sites.
➢ Efficient use of workshop tools and machineries.
➢ Electrical and Electronics Circuit analyzation and interpretation.
➢ Effective use of Electrical/Electronic Equipment, Machines, Materials
and Applications

➢ Maintenance and Repairs of Work Tools and Machineries

➢ Electrical Installations and Wiring (Conduits and Surface)

48
 ➢ Ability to interpret and comprehend Site Plan drawing, Wiring Plan and
Lighting design
➢ Knowledge of Cable Sizing their Selection for specific tasks
➢ Power Lighting Systems
➢ Distribution Panels wiring and Installation
➢ Power Supply and Distribution
➢ Basic Electronics; Designs, Installations, Repairs and Maintenance.
➢ Installation of Electrical Circuits on boards
➢ Installation of Electronics circuits on Vero boards
➢ Report writing and presentation skills.
➢ Efficient preparation of work quotations.

(3.3) PRACTICAL CHALLENGES FACED AT WORK

Over the six months of my SIWES program, there were series of

practical challenges faced at work and in-office. Some of the practical
challenges include:
o Challenges of operating the Grinder machine for cutting walls
during conduits installation
o Challenges of connecting cables to Circuit breakers terminals o
Difficulties in using the meter rule to mark out lighting points on
slabs and walls
o Challenges of bending conduit pipes for installation
o Insertion of pipe sleeves into iron reinforcements on slabs before
casting
o Relating the series and parallel connections on paper to the real
series and parallel connection in practice was a challenge.

49
 o Difficulty in working with a complete Personal Protection
Equipment (PPE) kit.
o Drilling and cutting through the wall to make a conduit cabling was
really difficult and tiring
o Working on site was really very stressful and risky as a mistake in
any connection could lead to destruction of the whole system
o Climbing, Fixing and installation of conduits and cables on top of
building roofs was really challenging.
o Troubleshooting process for electronic devices wasn’t really easy.
o Sight-reading of both Electrical and Electronics diagrams can be so
worrisome.
o Mounting, installation and wiring of knockout boxes for lighting,
air-conditioners and signal devices were so challenging in the sense
that they required a lot of good technical approach.
(3.4) THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES LEARNT DURING THE
PROGRAMME (THEORY VS EXPERIENCE)

During my industrial training exercise, I was able to visualize many

principles that was learnt in class in their practical form. Some of these are
stated as follow:
➢ The Principles of Electronics and Electricity that I learnt in school in courses
such as Applied Electricity I, Applied Electricity II and Circuit theory I,
were of great importance in analyzing and installation of electronics and
electrical circuits and designs at my place of attachment.

➢ Working Principle of a Transformer which is in Line with Faraday's Law of

Electromagnetic Induction learnt in Electromagnetic Theory in school was
also experienced by me during the course of my industrial training.
➢ The biasing principles behind the configuration of Diodes as taught in

50
 Analogue Electronics was also experienced and practicalized.

➢ Principles of choosing the type of wire conductor for electrical wiring of

buildings. This is relating to what I learnt in Material Science.

➢ The theoretical principle of half wave and full wave rectification (AC to DC),
as taught in Analogue Electronics was also experienced and practicalized.

➢ Newtonian’s principles of Motion learnt in Theoretical Physics, in school

were also experienced and practicalized during my program. An inductor
Motor which was at rest before an electric current was passed into its coil
was used to explain these Newtonian’s principles.
All these afore-mentioned Theoretical Principles were learnt, experienced and
partialized during the course of my industrial program at ELITEC Engineering
Company Limited, just to mention a few.

(3.5)SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS MADE TO THE

COMPANY

I assisted and contributed to the progress of the company by diligently

carrying out the given tasks. Highlighted below are some of the contributions
that I made to the company during my internship;

➢ I was able to handle eight (8) units sample flats building of one of the
company’s electrical services project at Lekki, Lagos State perfectly with
just an iota of supervision.
➢ I was able to represent the company effectively in their weekly
contractors meetings on construction sites, whereby I wrote down the
minutes of the meeting and also delivered the feedback to the company’s
management.

51
 ➢ I improved the company`s products sales by suggesting different
marketing strategies.
➢ I also improved the company`s services by generating customers for the
company through the voluntary awareness I made for the company.
➢ I also helped the company in training several students that came for
training in the company. This was because the management had strong
confidence in my intellectual ability.
➢ I helped the company in the installation and wiring of different building
projects.
➢ Apart from the administrative and ideological helps rendered to the
company, I equally worked in the capacity of a full-fledged staff in that I
worked and handled series of tasks, with full responsibility for
whatsoever happens
➢ I also carried out a lot of preventive and corrective maintenance on the
company’s tools and gadgets.

3.6 THE FUTURE OF THE BUSINESS WITHIN THE

NIGERIAN ECONOMY

ELITEC Engineering Company Limited, has a very buoyant and

prosperous future in the Nigerian Economy in the sense that the company deals
in multidimensional technical business enterprise which include practical
electrical and electronics services and training, construction of useful electrical
and electronic gadgets, and also provides alternative power solutions
(Generators).

This kind of business in which ELITEC Engineering Company Limited is

involved in, has a very bright future in the Nigerian economy due to the fact that
the economy cannot do without receiving or needing the both electrical and
52
electronics services and products. Let alone lack of constant supply of electricity
in the country. Even if there were to be constant supply of electricity, the use of
self-powered systems which can be installed, repaired and maintained by
electrical/electronic personnel would greatly reduce the amount paid for utility
supply and thereby enhancing the economy of the country. Also, having
conducted both primary and secondary research into the Engineering industry
market in Nigeria, the company has since then embarked on achieving its vision
which is aimed at rendering standard and quality electrical and electronics
services in Nigeria and lowering energy costs with every project being installed
therefore paving the way into bright and great future in the Nigerian economy.

53
 CHAPTER FOUR

(4.1) RELEVANCE OFINDUSTRIALTRAINING

EXPERIENCE GAINED TO COURSE OF STUDY

The relevance of the Industrial Training experience gained to my

course of study as a Physics and Electronics student cannot be over-emphasized.
The experience I gained during my industrial training has enabled me to
understand what it takes to be a successful Electrical and Electronics Engineer.
Nevertheless, here are some relevancies of my experience outlined below:

➢ I was practically exposed to the use of electrical measuring instruments

such as the measuring meter tape, multi-meter, voltmeter and ammeter
etc. Now, I have a better understanding on both electrical and electronics
measurements.
➢ I learnt practically Series and Parallel wiring connections of electrical
circuits both on panels and buildings.

➢ I was exposed to practical application of electronics components such as

Transistors, Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes, as have been taught
theoretically in Analog Electronics.

Therefore, as a result of this industrial training program, I can walk

into any Engineering industry and prove myself competent enough to
take up any job task relating to my area of specialization in which I have
been trained.

54
 CHAPTER FIVE
(5.1) RECOMMENDATION
✓ The Department and University should assist students in securing IT
placements.

✓ The University should ensure that students are adequately monitored

during the program.

✓ I will recommend that more Physics and Electronics students be posted to

the organization for their SIWES.

✓ The ITF should ensure frequent visit of supervisors to the companies

where students are posted so as to ensure students are serious during the

duration of their Industrial Training.

✓ Students should ensure to be posted on time so as to get enough

knowledge of what they should learn at their respective workplace

✓ The main essence of the scheme should be made known to the

companies, so that students are not assigned to tasks that are not of

benefit to his/her career development.

✓ The institution can also partner with the company in the services the
company offers, like the installation of Alternative Power Systems to
reduce the running cost of power in the school.
✓ More practical oriented courses should also be taught in the school than
abstract theories, as I faced with real life scenarios at the workplace.

55
(5.2) CONCLUSION

The compulsory six months Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) program for University undergraduate Students as part of the

requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree as

undertaken by me, an undergraduate student of the department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, has really impacted me by exposing me to real time

hands-on practical majorly in Electronics in relation to Electrical/ Electronic

Engineering. The scheme has really made me gain enough practical experience

to balance up with the already acquired theoretical knowledge as well as it has

revealed the areas where I need to improve on my theoretical knowledge

acquisitions. The SIWES has positively contributed to my training as a future

Industrial Physicist. At the SIWES workplace (i.e. ELITEC), I was able to

reconcile theoretical principles learnt in school with real Electrical/Electronic

engineering design practice.

Furthermore, I received extensive training on electrical design

fundamentals which included the following: Development of load and single

line diagrams, Design of electrical layout drawings (cable, earthing and lighting

drawings), Hazardous area classification drawings, Equipment sizing, cable and

circuit breaker sizing, preparation of material take-off and bill of quantities,

lighting design/calculations, and schematic/interconnection drawings.

56
SIWES gave me the opportunity to learn about good work ethics, good

interpersonal and communication skills.

In a nut shell, by virtue of the training received and practical knowledge

gained during the six months of my SIWES program, I have been set on a
platform on which I can start my future career, either directly in the field where
I had received the training or in fields relating to it.

57
 REFERENCE

1. ELITEC ENGINEERING AND COMPANY LIMITED Electrical Training

Manual (2018), Vol 1

2. Samsung Heavy Industries, Training Manual (2017), Vol 1

58