CHEM 14 (2nd SEM: AY 14-15)

2.2.1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Instructor: SM SIBUG

 CHEMICAL REACTIONS: substances (reactants) get transformed into new substances

(products) by making and breaking chemical bonds
o Law of conservation of mass: Atoms are neither created nor destroyed during a
chemical reaction, merely rearranged

 STOICHIOMETRY: the area of study that examines the quantities of substances consumed
and produced in chemical reactions
o Example: formation of water from O2 and H2

 THE MOLE (mol): a quantity that describes the amount of substance by relating it to a
number of particles of that substance
1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number, NA) of something

o A mole is equivalent to the number of particles as there are in exactly 12 grams of

carbon-12

 MOLECULAR/FORMULA MASS (amu): the mass of 1 unit of compound

o The sum of the atomic masses of all constituent atoms
o Expressed in atomic mass units (amu): 1 amu = 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom
o Example: molecular mass of H2O

 MOLAR MASS (g/mol): the mass of one mole of a substance

o amu/particle ≡ g/mol

 Expressing amount of substance:

MASS (m) in MOLES (n) Number of

g in mol particles

PROBLEMS
Complete the following table, given that: H: 1.008 amu, C: 12.011 amu, N: 14.007 amu, O: 16.00 amu, Na: 22.99 amu,
Mg: 24.301 amu, S: 32.065 amu, Cl: 35.45 amu

Formula Molecular / Moles of Mass of Moles of Mass of # of atoms of

Formula Mass Sample Sample underlined underlined underlined
element element element
NaCl 25 g

CO 2.5 mol
2

CH 2.35 mg
3 8

MgCl 3.2 x 1022

2

Mg(OH) 0.88 mmol

2

(NH ) SO 3.3 x 10-2 g

4 2 4

Homework:
Mg(NO3)2 56.2 mg

C6H12O6 12.0 mmol

CHEM 14 (2nd SEM: AY 14-15)
2.2.1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Instructor: SM SIBUG

 EMPIRICAL vs MOLECULAR FORMULAS

o Empirical Formula: Shows the simplest ratio of one atom to another in the
compound
 The first formula computed from % elemental composition (by mass) analysis
 Note: for an ionic compound, the ionic formula is equivalent to the empirical
formula
 Example: CH2O
o Molecular Formula: Shows the actual number of atoms of each type in one molecule
 Example: from empirical CH2O, can have C2H4O2, C3H6O3, C6H12O6, etc.
 (CH2O)n, where factor n = (molecular mass)/(empirical mass)

Examples:
Compound % Composition (by mass) Empirical Formula Molecular Mass Molecular Formula
Glucose 40.00% C, 6.71% H, 53.29% O 180.16 g/mol

Acetic Acid 40.00% C, 6.71% H, 53.29% O 60.05 g/mol

Chemical X 92.26% C, 7.74% H 78.11 g/mol

Method 1: Assume 100 g of sample Method 2: Assume 1 mole of sample

PROBLEMS
(a) Indigo, the dye used for blue jeans, has a percent composition, by mass, of 73.27% C, 3.84% H, 10.68% N, and the
remainder is oxygen. The molecular mass of indigo is 262.3 amu. What is the molecular formula of indigo?

(b) Chlorophyll contains 2.72% Mg by mass. Assuming one Mg atom per chlorophyll molecule, what is the molecular mass
of chlorophyll?

 REPRESENTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

o BALANCING: Law of conservation of mass - no atoms must be lost or gained during
a chemical reaction
 Add coefficients in front of reactants and products to balance the total
number of atoms on each side
 Also note if reaction is a redox reaction! Apply half-reaction or oxidation
number method to balance
 Example: “glucose combusts to yield carbon dioxide and water”
CHEM 14 (2nd SEM: AY 14-15)
2.2.1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Instructor: SM SIBUG

 STOICHIOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS: a balanced chemical reaction gives the molar ratio of

products and reactants, and can be used to predict amounts of products produced or
reactants required
o Example: How many grams of O2(g) are required to combust 22.5 g of glucose?

o Combustion Analysis: an experimental method for establishing an empirical formula

for compounds that are easily burned, such as compounds containing C, H, O, N, S
 A weighed sample is burned in the presence of O2(g), and the products,
H2O(g) and CO2(g) are weighed
 Example: 2.54 g of a sample (MW 78.11 g/mol), containing only C and H, is
burned in excess oxygen, producing 8.59 g CO2 and 1.76 g H2O. What is the
molecular formula of the compound?

PROBLEM
(c) p-cresol is used as a disinfectant and in the manufacture of herbicides. A 0.4039 g sample of this carbon-hydrogen-
oxygen compound yields 1.1518 g CO2 and 0.2694 g H2O in combustion analysis. Its molecular mass is 108.1 amu. For
p-cresol, determine its (i) mass percent composition, (ii) empirical formula, (iii) molecular formula.

 Limiting and Excess Reactant/Reagent:

o Limiting Reactant: the reactant that gets completely consumed in a reaction;
determines the quantity of products formed
o Excess Reactant: the reactant that does not get completely consumed; some is left
over after a reaction
o Example: The reaction of calcium hydride and water produces calcium hydroxide and
hydrogen as products. How many moles of H2(g) will be formed in the reaction between
0.82 mol CaH2(s) and 1.54 mol H2O(l)? Determine the moles of excess reagent as well.

 Purity: some chemical reagents or samples are not 100% of a pure element/compound, but
may contain impurities

o In calculations involving a sample and a compound of interest, the mass of the

impurities
o Example: Determine the mass of H2(g) produced when 10.00 g of 97.1% pure CaH
reacts with water.
CHEM 14 (2nd SEM: AY 14-15)
2.2.1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Instructor: SM SIBUG

 Reaction Yield: Some reactions do not go to completion due to non-ideal conditions, side-
reactions, or equilibrium. Less product is formed than expected
o Theoretical Yield: the amount of a product formed, assuming that the reaction is
100% complete
o Actual Yield: the amount of a product formed in an experiment

o Example: In the reaction between 10.00 g 97.1% pure CaH and water, 0.201 g of H2
gas was produced. Determine the % yield of the reaction.

PROBLEMS
(d) Ammonia can be generated by heating together the solids NH 4Cl and Ca(OH)2. CaCl2 and H2O are also formed. (i) If a
mixture containing 33.0 g each of NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2 is heated, how many grams of NH3 will form? (ii) Which reactant
remains in excess, and in what mass?

(e) The reaction between Cr2O72- and HCl was used to prepare a small quantity of Cl2(g) in the laboratory. If a 62.6 g
sample that is 98.5% pure K2Cr2O7 was reacted with 325 mL of HCl(aq) with a density of 1.15 g/mL and 30.1 % HCl by
mass, how many grams of Cl2(g) was produced? [Hint: Cr2O72- gets reduced to Cr3+]

(f) In the reaction shown, 100.0 g of C6H11OH yielded 64.0 g C6H10. (i) What is the theoretical yield of the reaction? (ii)
What is the percent yield?
C6H11OH C6H10 + H2O

Homework
1) Dimethylhydrazine is a carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen compound used in rocket fuels. When burned in an excess of
oxygen, a 0.312 g sample yields 0.458 g CO2 and 0.374 g H2O. The nitrogen content of a 0.486 g sample is converted
to 0.226 g N2. What is the empirical formula of dimethylhydrazine?
Answer: CH4N

2) Solid silver oxide, Ag2O(s), decomposes at temperatures in excess of 300°C, yielding metallic silver and oxygen gas. A
3.13 g sample of impure silver oxide yields 0.187 g O2(g). What is the % purity of Ag2O in the sample? Assume that
Ag2O(s) is the only source of O2(g).
Answer: 86.5% Ag2O

3) The manufacture of ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH, yields diethyl ether (C2H5)2O, as a by-product. The complete
combustion of a 1.005 g sample of the product of this process yields 1.963 g CO2. What must be the mass percents of
ethyl alcohol and diethyl ether in this sample?
Answer: 90.73% ethyl alcohol

4) Warfarin, C19H16O4, is the active ingredient used in some anticoagulant medications. The amount of warfarin in a
particular sample was determined as follows: A 13.96 g sample was first treated with an alkaline I 2 solution to
convert C19H16O4 to CHI3. This treatment gives one mole of CHI3 for every mole of C19H16O4 that was initially present
in the sample. The iodine in CHI3 is then precipitated as AgI(s) by treatment with excess AgNO3:
CHI3(aq) + AgNO3(aq) + H2O(l)  AgI(s) + HNO3(aq) + CO(g) (n.b.)

If 0.1386 g solid AgI were obtained, then what is the percentage by mass of warfarin in the sample analyzed?
Answer: 0.4346% warfarin

5) Chlorine can be generated by heating together calcium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Calcium chloride and
water are also formed. (i) if 50.0 g Ca(OCl)2 and 58.96 g of HCl are allowed to react, how many grams of chlorine gas
will form? (ii) Which reactant, Ca(OCl)2 or HCl, remains in excess, and in what mass?
Answer: (i) 49.6 g Cl2, (ii) 7.96 g HCl in excess

6) How many grams of commercial acetic acid (97% CH3COOH by mass) must be allowed to react with an excess of PCl3
to produce 75.00 g of acetyl chloride (CH3COCl), if the reaction has 78.2% yield?
CH3COOH + PCl3 CH3COCl + H3PO3 (n.b.)
Answer: 75.6 g commercial acetic acid